Anatomy, Physiology, and Lifespan Development

Hypoxic Drive

A "backup system" to control respiration; senses drops in the oxygen level in the blood.

Hypoperfusion

A condition in which the circulatory system fails to provide sufficient circulation to maintain cellular function; also called shock.

Shock

A condition in which the circulatory system fails to provide sufficient circulation to maintain normal cellular functions; also called hypoperfusion.

Renal Pelvis

A cone-shaped area that collects urine from the kidneys and funnels it through the ureter into the bladder.

Sphygomomanometer

A device used to measure blood pressure.

Atherclerosis

A disorder in which cholesterol and calcium build up inside the walls of blood vessels, eventually leading to partial or complete blockage of blood flow.

Thyroid Cartilage

A firm prominence of cartilage that forms the upper part of the larynx; the Adam's apple.

Cricoid Cartilage

A firm ridge of cartilage that forms the lower part of the larynx.

Pancreas

A flat, solid organ that lies below the liver and the stomach; it is a major source of digestive enzymes and produces the hormone insulin.

Pubic Symphysis

A hard, bony, and cartilaginous prominence found at the midline in the lowermost portion of the abdomen where the two halves of the pelvic ring are joined by cartilage at a joint with minimal motion.

Heart

A hollow muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body.

Ball-And-Socket Joint

A joint that allows internal and external rotation, as well as bending.

Foramen Magnum

A large opening at the base of the skull through which the brain connects to the spinal cord.

Liver

A large, solid organ that lies in the right upper quadrant immediately below the diaphragm; it produces bile, stores glucose for immediate use by the body, and produces many substances that help regulate immune responses.

Testicle

A male genital gland that contains specialized cells that produce hormones and sperm.

Cardiac Output (CO)

A measure of the volume of blood circulated by the heart in 1 minute, calculated by multiplying the stroke volume by the heart rate.

V/Q Ratio

A measurement that examines how much gas is being moved effectively and how much blood is flowing around the alveoli where gas exchange (perfusion) occurs.

Lactic Acid

A metabolic by-product of the breakdown of glucose that accumulates when metabolism proceeds in the absence of oxygen (anaerobic metabolism).

Urinary Bladder

A sac behind the pubic symphysis made of smooth muscle that collects and stores urine.

Gallbladder

A sac on the undersurface of the liver that collects bile from the liver and discharges it into the duodenum through the common bile duct.

Cellular Metabolism

A set of chemical reactions that supplies cells with energy. Includes both anaerobic and aerobic metabolism.

Prostate Gland

A small gland that surrounds the male urethra where it emerges from the urinary bladder; it secretes a fluid that is part of the ejaculatory fluid.

Ureter

A small, hollow tube that carries urine from the kidneys to the bladder.

Appendix

A small, tubular structure that is attached to the lower border of the cecum in the lower right quadrant of the abdomen.

Plasma

A sticky, yellow fluid that carries the blood cells and nutrients and transports cellular waste material to the organs of excretion.

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A subdivision of the autonomic nervous system, involved in control of involuntary, vegetative functions, mediated largely by the vagus nerve through the chemical acetylcholine.

Epinephrine

A substance produced by the body (commonly called adrenaline), and a drug produced by pharmaceutical companies that increases pulse rate and blood pressure; the drug of choice for an anaphylactic reaction.

Cricothyroid Membrane

A thin sheet of fascia that connects the thyroid and cricoid cartilages that make up the larynx.

Epiglottis

A thin, leaf-shaped valve that allows air to pass into the trachea but prevents food and liquid from entering.

Lymph

A thin, straw-colored fluid that carries oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to the cells and carries waste products of metabolism away from the cells and back into the capillaries so that they may be excreted.

Oropharynx

A tubular structure that extends vertically from the back of the mouth to the esophagus and trachea.

Preconventional Reasoning

A type of reasoning in which a child acts almost purely to avoid punishment or to get what he or she wants.

Postconventional Reasoning

A type of reasoning in which a child bases decisions on his or her conscience.

Conventional Reasoning

A type of reasoning in which a child looks for approval from peers and society.

Early Adult

A young adult age 19 to 40 years.

Infant

A young child age 1 month to 1 year.

Adolescent

A young person age 12 to 18 years.

Somatic nervous system

Activities such as walking, talking, and writing are regulated by the:

elasticity of the lungs decreases

Breathing is often more difficult in older adults because:

Diffusion

Movement of a gas from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Skeletal Muscle

Muscle that is attached to bones and usually crosses at least one joint; striated, or voluntary, muscle.

Voluntary Muscle

Muscle that is under direct voluntary control of the brain and can be contracted or relaxed at will; skeletal, or striated, muscle.

Sphincters

Muscles arranged in circles that are able to decrease the diameter of tubes. Examples are found within the rectum, bladder, and blood vessels.

Medulla Oblongata

Nerve tissue that is continuous inferiorly with the spinal cord; serves as a conduction pathway for ascending and descending nerve tracts; coordinates heart rate, blood vessel diameter, breathing, swallowing, vomiting, coughing, and sneezing.

Motor Nerves

Nerves that carry information from the central nervous system to the muscles of the body.

Life Expectancy

The average number of years a person can be expected to live.

Nephrons

The basic filtering units in the kidneys.

Flexion

The bending of a joint.

Metabolism

The biochemical processes that result in production of energy from nutrients within cells.

Abdomen

The body cavity that contains many of the major organs of digestion and excretion. It is located below the diaphragm and above the pelvis.

Mandible

The bone of the lower jaw.

Radius

The bone on the thumb side of the forearm.

Musculoskeletal System

The bones and voluntary muscles of the body.

Frontal Bones

The bones of the cranium that form the forehead.

Phalanges

The bones of the fingers and toes.

Vertebrae

The bones of the vertebral column.

Parietal Bones

The bones that lie between the temporal and occipital regions of the cranium.

Central Nervous System (CNS)

The brain and spinal cord.

Sternum

The breast bone.

Urethra

The canal that conveys urine from the bladder to outside the body.

Thorax

The chest cavity that contains the heart, lungs, esophagus, and great vessels.

Thoracic Cage

The chest or rib cage.

Perfusion

The circulation of oxygenated blood within an organ or tissue in adequate amounts to meet the certain needs of the cell.

Clavicle

The collarbone; it is lateral to the sternum and anterior to the scapula.

Circulatory System

The complex arrangement of connected tubes, including the arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins, that moves blood, oxygen, nutrients, carbon dioxide, and cellular waste throughout the body.

Endocrine System

The complex message and control system that integrates many body functions, including the release of hormones.

Sacroiliac Joint

The connection point between the pelvis and the vertebral column.

Systole

The contraction, or period of contraction, of the heart, especially that of the ventricles.

Brain

The controlling organ of the body and center of consciousness; functions include perception, control of reactions to the environment, emotional responses, and judgment.

atherosclerosis

The decline in cardiac function that commonly occurs in late adulthood is MOST often related to:

Germinal Layer

The deepest layer of the epidermis where new skin cells are formed.

Acetabulum

The depression on the lateral pelvis where its three component bones join, in which the femoral head fits snugly.

Bile Ducts

The ducts that convey bile between the liver and the intestine.

Orbit

The eye socket, made up of the maxilla and zygoma.

Tendons

The fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone.

Joint Capsule

The fibrous sac that encloses a joint.

Cecum

The first part of the large intestine, into which the ileum opens.

Pulmonary Circulation

The flow of blood from the right ventricle through the pulmonary arteries and all of their branches and capillaries in the lungs and back to the left atrium through the venules and pulmonary veins; also called the lesser circulation.

Pulmonary Veins

The four veins that return oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart.

Skeletal System

The framework of the body, consisting of bones and other connective tissues, which protects and supports the body tissues and internal organs.

Neurons

The functional units of the nervous system, also called nerve cells.

Salivary Glands

The glands that produce saliva to keep the mouth and pharynx moist.

Sweat Glands

The glands that secrete sweat, located in the dermal layer of the skin.

Tarsals

The group of bones situated between the lower leg bones (ie, tibia and fibula) and the metatarsal bones of the foot.

Brachial Artery

The major vessel in the upper extremities that supplies blood to the arm.

Intervertebral Discs

Tough, elastic structures between adjoining vertebrae that act as shock absorbers

Intracellular Space

The space within a cell or cells.

Greater Trochanter

A bony prominence on the proximal lateral side of the thigh, just below the hip joint.

heat

A by-product of involuntary muscle contraction and relaxation is:

Toddler

A child age 1 to 3 years.

Preschooler

A child age 3 to 6 years.

Esophagus

A collapsible tube that extends from the pharynx to the stomach; muscle contractions propel food and liquids through it to the stomach.

Diaphragm

A muscular dome that forms the undersurface of the thorax, separating the chest from the abdominal cavity. Contraction of this (and the chest wall muscles) brings air into the lungs. Relaxation allows air to be expelled from the lungs.

Norepinephrine

A neurotransmitter and drug sometimes used in the treatment of shock; produces vasoconstriction through its alpha-stimulator properties.

Neonate

A newborn age birth to 1 month.

ventricular contraction

A patient has a blood pressure of 130/70 mm Hg. The "130" in this measurement represents:

Obstructive

A patient has a large accumulation of blood in the sac surrounding the heart. Which of the following types of shock would this condition cause?

Articular Cartilage

A pearly layer of specialized cartilage covering the articular surfaces (contact surfaces on the ends) of bones in synovial joints.

School Age

A person who is 6 to 12 years of age.

Malleolus

A rounded bony prominence on either side of the ankle; also called the ankle bone.

a decreased ability to clear wastes from the body and a decreased ability to conserve fluids when needed

Age-related changes in the renal system result in:

Brainstem

All critical life functions are coordinated in which part of the brain?

Respiratory System

All the structures of the body that contribute to the process of breathing, consisting of the upper and lower airways and their component parts.

Hypercapnia

An abnormally high level of carbon dioxide in the bloodstream; also called hypercarbia.

Middle Adult

An adult age 41 to 60 years.

Older Adult

An adult age 61 years or older.

Spinal Cord

An extension of the brain, composed of virtually all the nerves carrying messages between the brain and the rest of the body. It lies inside of and is protected by the spinal canal.

Sagittal (Lateral) Plane

An imaginary line where the body is divided into left and right parts.

Transverse (Axial) Plane

An imaginary line where the body is divided into top and bottom parts.

Coronal (Frontal) Plane

An imaginary plane where the body is divided into front and back parts.

Midsagittal (Midline) Plane

An imaginary vertical line drawn from the middle of the forehead through the nose and the umbilicus (navel) to the floor, dividing the body into equal left and right halves.

beta-1 receptors

An increase in heart rate and contractility occurs due to stimulation of:

Sucking Reflex

An infant reflex in which the infant starts suckling when his or her lips are stroked.

Moro Reflex

An infant reflex in which, when an infant is caught off guard, the infant opens his or her arms wide, spreads the fingers, and seems to grab at things.

Palmar Grasp Reflex

An infant reflex that occurs when something is placed in the infant's palm; the infant grasps the object.

Rooting Reflex

An infant reflex that occurs when something touches an infant's cheek, and the infant instinctively turns his or her head toward the touch.

Blood pressure directly corresponds to body weight

An infant's blood pressure typically increases with age because:

Pons

An organ that lies below the midbrain and above the medulla and contains numerous important nerve fibers, including those for sleep, respiration, and the medullary respiratory center.

Hemoglobin

An oxygen-carrying protein found in red blood cells.

Dead Space

Any portion of the airway that does contain air and cannot participate in gas exchange, such as the trachea and bronchi.

Fontanelles

Areas where the neonate's or infant's skull has not fused together; usually disappear at approximately 18 months of age.

alveoli

As the bronchus divides into smaller bronchioles, the terminal ends of these smaller passages form the:

10 to 18 months

At what age does separation anxiety typically peak in infants and small children?

Ligaments

Bands of fibrous tissue that connect bones to bones. Ligaments support and strengthen a joint.

Retroperitoneal

Behind the abdominal cavity.

White Blood Cells

Blood cells that have a role in the body's immune defense mechanisms against infection; also called leukocytes.

Metatarsals

Bones of the foot, situated between the tarsals and phalanges.

Metacarpals

Bones of the hand, situated between the carpals and phalanges.

Red Blood Cells

Cells that carry oxygen to the body's tissues; also called erythrocytes.

blood flow into the pulmonary circulation

Contraction of the right ventricle causes:

Hypoxia

Deficient oxygen concentration in the tissues.

Arenal Glands

Endocrine glands located on top of the kidneys that release adrenaline when stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system.

Axons

Extensions of a neuron that carry impulses away from the nerve cell body to the dendrites (receivers) of another neuron.

Semen

Fluid ejaculated from the penis and containing sperm.

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

Fluid produced in the ventricles of the brain that flows in the subarachnoid space and bathes the meninges.

Sebaceous Glands

Glands that produce an oily substance called sebum, which discharges along the shafts of the hairs.

shows little emotional response to a parent or caregiver following repeated rejection.

In contrast to secure attachment, anxious-avoidant attachment occurs when a child:

Act almost purely to avoid punishment and to get what they want

In preconventional reasoning, children:

Barotrauma

Injury caused by pressure to enclosed body surfaces, for example from too much pressure in the lungs.

Smooth Muscle

Involuntary muscle; it constitutes the bulk of the gastrointestinal tract and is present in nearly every organ to regulate automatic activity.

Hinge Joints

Joints that can bend and straighten but cannot rotate; they restrict motion to one plane.

Symphesis

Joints that have grown together to form a very stable connection.

Reticular Activating System (RAS)

Located in the upper brainstem; responsible for maintenance of consciousness, specifically one's level of arousal.

five

Mental function often begins to decline within ____ years before death.

Aerobic Metabolism

Metabolism that can proceed only in the presence of oxygen.

Anaerobic Metabolism

Metabolism that takes place in the absence of oxygen; the main by-product is lactic acid.

Cerebellum

One of the three major subdivisions of the brain, sometimes called the "little brain"; coordinates the various activities of the brain, particularly fine body movements.

Inferior Vena Cava

One of the two largest veins in the body; carries blood from the lower extremities and the pelvis and the abdominal organs to the heart.

Superior Vena Cava

One of the two largest veins in the body; carries blood from the upper extremities, head, neck, and chest into the heart.

Ventricle

One of the two lower chambers of the heart.

Atrium

One of the two upper chambers of the heart.

Sacrum

One of three bones (sacrum and two pelvic bones) that make up the pelvic ring; consists of five fused sacral vertebrae.

Ilium

One of three bones that fuse to form the pelvic ring.

Ischium

One of three bones that fuse to form the pelvic ring.

Pubis

One of three bones that fuse to form the pelvic ring.

Adrenergic

Pertaining to nerves that release the neurotransmitter norepinephrine, or noradrenaline (eg, adrenergic nerves, adrenergic response); also pertains to the receptors acted on by norepinephrine.

increase in fatty tissue, which leads to weight gain.

Physical changes that typically occur in early adults include an:

Beta-Adrenergic Receptors

Portions of the nervous system that, when stimulated, can cause an increase in the force of contraction of the heart, an increased heart rate, and bronchial dilation.

Alpha-Adrenergic Receptors

Portions of the nervous system that, when stimulated, can cause constriction of blood vessels.

Thoracic Spine

The 12 vertebrae that lie between the cervical vertebrae and the lumbar vertebrae. One pair of ribs is attached to each of the thoracic vertebrae.

Carpals

Small bones that compose the wrist.

Seminal Vesicles

Storage sacs for sperm and seminal fluid, which empty into the urethra at the prostate.

Enzymes

Substances designed to speed up the rate of specific biochemical reactions.

Hormones

Substances formed in specialized organs or glands and carried to another organ or group of cells in the same organism; they regulate many body functions, including metabolism, growth, and body temperature.

Sympathetic Nervous System

The adrenergic part of the autonomic nervous system responsible for the fight-or-flight response.

Alveoli

The air sacs of the lungs in which the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place.

Residual Volume

The air that remains in the lungs after maximal expiration.

Tidal Volume

The amount of air moved in and out of the lungs in one relaxed breath; about 500 mL for an adult.

Expiratory Reserve Volume

The amount of air that can be exhaled following a normal exhalation; average volume is about 1,200 mL.

Inspiratory Reserve Volume

The amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal inhalation; the amount of air that can be inhaled in addition to the normal tidal volume.

9 and 18 months

The anterior fontanelle fuses together between the ages of:

Brainstem

The area of the brain between the spinal cord and cerebrum, surrounded by the cerebellum; controls functions that are necessary for life, such as respiration.

Posterior Tibial Artery

The artery just behind the medial malleolus; supplies blood to the foot.

Dorsalis Pedis Artery

The artery on the anterior surface of the foot between the first and second metatarsals.

Cardiac Muscle

The heart muscle.

Myocardium

The heart muscle.

Calcaneus

The heel bone.

Coxae

The hip bones (singular: coxa).

19 and 25 years

The human body should be functioning at its optimal level between the ages of:

Respiratory Compromise

The inability of the body to move gas effectively.

Respiration

The inhaling and exhaling of air; the physiologic process that exchanges carbon dioxide from fresh air.

Ulna

The inner bone of the forearm, on the side opposite the thumb.

Dermis

The inner layer of the skin, containing hair follicles, sweat glands, nerve endings, and blood vessels.

Patella

The knee cap; a specialized bone that lies within the tendon of the quadriceps muscle.

Biceps

The large muscle that covers the front of the humerus.

Cerebrum

The largest part of the three subdivisions of the brain, sometimes called the "gray matter"; made up of several lobes that control movement, hearing, balance, speech, visual perception, emotions, and personality.

Coccyx

The last three or four vertebrae of the spine; the tailbone.

Temporal Bones

The lateral bones on each side of the cranium; the temples.

Synovial Membrane

The lining of a joint that secretes synovial fluid into the joint space.

Mucous Membranes

The lining of body cavities and passages that communicate directly or indirectly with the environment outside the body.

Lumbar Spine

The lower part of the back, formed by the lowest five nonfused vertebrae; also called the dorsal spine.

Rectum

The lowermost end of the colon.

Aorta

The main artery leaving the left side of the heart and carrying freshly oxygenated blood to the body.

Radial Artery

The major artery in the forearm; it is palpable at the wrist on the thumb side.

Pulmonary Artery

The major artery leading from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs; carries oxygen-poor blood.

Femoral Artery

The major artery of the thigh, a continuation of the external iliac artery. It supplies blood to the lower abdominal wall, external genitalia, and legs. It can be palpated in the groin area.

Carotid Artery

The major artery that supplies blood to the head and brain.

Tunica Media

The middle and thickest layer of tissue of a blood vessel wall, composed of elastic tissue and smooth muscle cells that allow the vessel to expand or contract in response to changes in blood pressure and tissue demand.

Occipital Bone

The most posterior bone of the cranium.

Ventilation

The movement of air between the lungs and the environment.

Triceps

The muscle in the back of the upper arm.

Involuntary Muscle

The muscle over which a person has no conscious control. It is found in many automatic regulating systems of the body.

Xiphoid Process

The narrow, cartilaginous lower tip of the sternum.

Umbilicus

The navel; also called the belly button.

Sensory Nerves

The nerves that carry sensations such as touch, taste, smell, heat, cold, and pain from the body to the central nervous system.

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

The nucleotide involved in energy metabolism; used to store energy.

Heart Rate (HR)

The number of heartbeats during a specific time (usually 1 minute).

Urinary System

The organs that control the discharge of certain waste materials filtered from the blood and excreted as urine.

Epidermis

The outer layer of skin, which is made up of cells that are sealed together to form a watertight protective covering for the body.

Vagina

The outermost cavity of a woman's reproductive tract; the lower part of the birth canal.

Stratum Corneum

The outermost or dead layer of the skin.

Midbrain

The part of the brain that is responsible for helping to regulate the level of consciousness.

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

The part of the nervous system that consists of 31 pairs of spinal nerves and 12 pairs of cranial nerves; these may be sensory nerves, motor nerves, or connecting nerves.

Somatic Nervous System

The part of the nervous system that regulates activities over which there is voluntary control.

Autonomic Nervous System

The part of the nervous system that regulates functions, such as digestion and sweating, that are not controlled voluntarily.

Nasopharynx

The part of the pharynx that lies above the level of the roof of the mouth, or palate.

Axial Skeleton

The part of the skeleton comprising the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage.

Cranium

The part of the skull that encloses the brain and is composed of eight bones.

Joint

The place where two bones come into contact; also called an articulation.

Systemic Circulation

The portion of the circulatory system outside of the heart and lungs.

Small Intestine

The portion of the digestive tube between the stomach and the cecum, consisting of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.

Large Intestine

The portion of the digestive tube that encircles the abdomen around the small bowel, consisting of the cecum, the colon, and the rectum. It helps regulate water balance and eliminate solid waste.

Appendicular Skeleton

The portion of the skeletal system that comprises the arms, legs, pelvis, and shoulder girdle.

Cervical Spine

The portion of the spinal column consisting of the first seven vertebrae that lie in the neck.

Anatomic Position

The position of reference in which the patient stands facing forward, arms at the side, with the palms of the hands forward.

Pleural Space

The potential space between the parietal pleura and the visceral pleura; described as "potential" because under normal conditions, the space does not exist.

Hydrostatic Pressure

The pressure of water against the walls of its container.

Oncotic Pressure

The pressure of water to move, typically into the capillary, as the result of the presence of plasma proteins.

Blood Pressure (BP)

The pressure that the blood exerts against the walls of the arteries as it passes through them.

Ovaries

The primary female reproductive organs that produce an ovum, or egg, that, if fertilized, will develop into a fetus.

Digestion

The processing of food that nourishes the individual cells of the body.

Lesser Trochanter

The projection on the medial/superior portion of the femur.

Femoral Head

The proximal end of the femur, articulating with the acetabulum to form the hip joint.

Zygomas

The quadrangular bones of the cheek, articulating with the frontal bone, the maxillae, the zygomatic processes of the temporal bone, and the great wings of the sphenoid bone.

Diastole

The relaxation, or period of relaxation, of the heart, especially of the ventricles.

Genital System

The reproductive system in men and women.

Systemic Vascular Resistance (SVR)

The resistance that blood must overcome to be able to move within the blood vessels; related to the amount of dilation or constriction in the blood vessel.

Pleura

The serous membranes covering the lungs and lining the thorax, completely enclosing a potential space known as the pleural space.

Tibia

The shinbone; the larger of the two bones of the lower leg, responsible for supporting the major weight-bearing surface of the knee and the ankle.

Scapula

The shoulder blade.

Synovial Fluid

The small amount of liquid within a joint used as lubrication.

Hair Follicles

The small organs that produce hair.

Fibula

The smaller of the two bones that form the lower leg, located on the lateral side.

Arterioles

The smallest branches of arteries leasing to the vast network of capillaries.

Cartilage

The smooth connective tissue that forms the support structure of the skeletal system and provides cushioning between bones; also forms the nasal septum and portions of the outer ear.

Interstitial Space

The space in between the cells.

Trust Versus Mistrust

The stage of development from birth to approximately 18 months of age, during which infants gain trust in their parents or caregivers if their world is planned, organized, and routine.

Extension

The straightening of a joint.

Vertebral Column

The structure formed by the 33 vertebrae, separated by intervertebral disks. It houses and protects the spinal cord; also called the spinal column.

Pathophysiology

The study of how normal physiologic processes are affected by disease.

Physiology

The study of the normal functions of living organisms and their parts.

Anatomy

The study of the physical structure of the body and its components.

Chyme

The substance that leaves the stomach. It is a combination of all of the eaten foods with added stomach acids.

Topographic Anatomy

The superficial landmarks of the body that serve as guides to the structures that lie beneath them.

Humerus

The supporting bone of the upper arm.

Pectoral Girdle

The supporting structure for the arms, which attaches the arms to the axial skeleton. It comprises the clavicles and scapulae; also called the shoulder girdle.

Pelvic Girdle

The supporting structure for the legs, which serves to connect the legs to the axial skeleton.

Nervous System

The system that controls virtually all activities of the body, both voluntary and involuntary.

Scalp

The thick skin covering the cranium, which usually bears hair.

Femur

The thighbone; the longest and one of the strongest bones in the body.

Capillary Vessels

The tiny blood vessels between the arterioles and venules that permit transfer of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste between body tissues and the blood.

Fallopian Tubes

The tubes that connect each ovary with the uterus and are the primary location for fertilization of the ovum.

Maxillae

The upper jawbones that assist in the formation of the orbit, the nasal cavity, and the palate and hold the upper teeth.

Manubrium

The upper quarter of the sternum.

Labored Breathing

The use of muscles in the chest, back, and abdomen to assist in expanding the chest; occurs when air movement is impaired.

Minute Volume

The volume of air that moves in and out of the lungs per minute; calculated by multiplying the tidal volume and respiratory rate; also called minute ventilation.

Stroke Volume (SV)

The volume of blood pumped forward with each ventricular contraction.

Mucus

The watery secretion of the mucous membranes that lubricates the body openings.

Pulse

The wave of pressure created as the heart contracts and forces blood out the left ventricle and into the major arteries.

Peristalsis

The wavelike contraction of smooth muscle by which the ureters or other tubular organs propel their contents.

Trachea

The windpipe; the main trunk for air passing to and from the lungs.

Chordae Tendineae

Thin bands of fibrous tissue that attach to the valves in the heart and prevent them from inverting.

Platelets

Tiny, disk-shaped elements that are much smaller than the cells; they are essential in the initial formation of a blood clot, the mechanism that stops bleeding.

Lymph Nodes

Tiny, oval-shaped structures located in various places along the lymph vessels that filter lymph.

Subcutaneous Tissue

Tissue, largely fat, that lies directly under the dermis and serves as an insulator of the body.

Kidneys

Two retroperitoneal organs that excrete the end products of metabolism as urine and regulate the body's salt and water content.

Hydrostatic

___________ pressure is the pressure exerted by a liquid that occurs when blood moves through an artery at relatively high pressures.

Agonal Gasps

abnormal breathing pattern characterized by slow, gasping breaths, sometimes seen in patients in cardiac arrest