ANATOMY
Which of the following is correct? a-The femoral nerve provides cutaneous innervation to the posterior compartment of the thigh. b- The femoral nerve provides cutaneous innervation to the medial compartment of the thigh. c- The femoral nerve provides cutaneous innervation to the anterior compartment of the thigh. d-The femoral nerve provides cutaneous innervation to the lateral compartment of the leg. e-The femoral nerve provides cutaneous innervation to the lanterior compartment of the leg.
C
A patient in the clinic exhibits a Trendelenburg pattern of walking. You observe: a-Pelvis drop on one side and trunk shift to opposite side b- Excessive knee flexion to avoid foot drag c-Small shuffling steps and slowness of movement d- Clumsy, staggering, wide-based steps
a
What nerve innervates the extensor pollicis longus and brevis as well as the abductor pollicis longus? a-Deep branch of radial nerve b- Median nerve c-Anterior interosseous nerve d-Deep branch of ulnar nerve e-Recurrent branch of median nerve
a
Which of the following is correct regarding lumbrical muscles of the hand? a- The third and fourth lumbricals are innervated by the ulnar nerve. b- The four lumbricals attach to flexor digitorum superficialis. c- Lumbricals pass posterior to the MP joints. d- All four lumbricals are innervated by the median nerve. e-Lumbricals can simultaneously extend at the MP joints and flex at the IP joints.
a
Which of the following is correct? a-ACL is most taut in full extension and resists anterior displacement of tibia. b- ACL is most taut in full flexion and resists anterior displacement of tibia. c-ACL is most taut in full flexion and resists posterior displacement of tibia. d-PCL is most taut in full flexion and resists anterior displacement of tibia. e- PCL is most taut in full extension and resists anterior displacement of tibia.
a
Which of the following is correct? a-The clavicle articulates with the manubrium of the sternum. b-The head of the radius articulates with the glenoid fossa. c-The scapula articulates with the sternum at the manubrium. d-The glenohumeral joint is a gliding joint. e- The clavicle articulates with the humerus.
a
Which of the following is correct? a-The dorsal aspect of the foot is innervated by the deep fibular nerve. b- The dorsal aspect of the foot consists of four layers of muscles/tendons. c-The plantar aspect of the foot is innervated by the deep fibular nerve. d- The dorsal aspect of the foot is an extension of the posterior compartment of the leg. e- The dorsal aspect of the foot is innervated by branches of the tibila nerve.
a
Which of the following is correct? a- The rhomboid major and minor act to medially rotate and retract the scapula. b- The trapezius and levator scapulae depress the scapula. c-The dorsal scapular nerve innervates the serratus anterior, causing lateral rotation of the scapula. d-The serratus anterior is involved in retraction of the scapula. e-The pectoralis minor and inferior fibers of the trapezius act to elevate the scapula.
a
Which of the following is correct? a-The talus articulates with tibia and fibula at talocrural (ankle) joint. b- The subtalar joint is the site of dorsiflexion/plantarflexion of the foot. c-The talocrural joint is the site of inversion/eversion of the foot. d-The transverse tarsal joint is the site of dorsiflexion/plantarflexion of the foot. e-The talus articulates with tibia and femur at the talocrural (ankle) joint.
a
Which of the following is false regarding spinal nerve exit from the vertebral column? a-The L1 spinal nerve exits superior to the pedicles of L1 vertebra. b- Cervical spinal nerves exit superior to corresponding numbered vertebra. c-The C2 spinal nerve exits superior to the axis (C2). d-Below the T1 vertebra, all spinal nerves exit inferior to same numbered vertebra. e-The C8 spinal nerve exits between C7 and T1 vertebrae
a
Which of the following is false regarding the collateral nerves arising from the Brachial Plexus? a-The medial pectoral nerve arises from the posterior cord of the brachial plexus. b- The superior subscapular nerve arises from the posterior cord of the brachial plexus. c-The long thoracic nerve arises from the C5 ventral ramus. d-The dorsal scapular nerve arises from the C5 ventral ramus.The dorsal scapular nerve arises from the C5 ventral ramus. e-The thoracodorsal nerve arises from the posterior cord of the brachial plexus.
a
Which of the following is false regarding the course of the Brachial Plexus? a- The plexus, arising in the lateral neck, passes through an interval formed by the middle and posterior scalene muscles. b- Below the clavicle, the plexus courses through the axilla. c-The pectoralis major, which is part of the anterior wall of the axilla, covers the brachial plexus. d-The plexus arises in the lateral neck by passing through an interval formed by the anterior and middle scalene muscles. e-The inferior part of the brachial plexus courses over upper lobe of the lung, crosses the first rib, and then enters the axilla.
a
Which of the following is the correct segmental innervation of lower limb movements? a-Ankle plantarflexion (S1, S2) b-Knee flexion (L3, L4) c-Knee extension (L5, S1) d- Ankle dorsiflexion (S1, S2) e- Hip extension (S1, S2)
a
Which of the following muscles are involved in plantar flexion at the ankle joint? a- Tibialis posterior b- Extensor hallucis longus c- Tibialis anterior d-Peroneus tertius e-Extensor digitorus longus
a
Which of the following muscles contribute to adduction of the thigh at the hip? a-Gracilis b-Gluteus minimus c-Gluteus medius d-Gluteus maximus e-Tensor fasciae latae
a
Which of the following nerve lesions results in difficulty with hip abduction, causing pelvic tilt? a-Superior Gluteal nerve b- Femoral nerve c-Common fibular nerve d-Obturator nerve e-Tibial nerve
a
Which of the following nerves is likely to be lesioned by a surgical neck fracture of the humerus? a-Axillary nerve b- Ulnar nerve c-Musculocutaneous nerve d-Median nerve e- Radial nerve
a
Which of the following statements is correct? a-All muscles in the upper limb are innervated by at least two cord segments of the brachial plexus. b- The branching pattern of the plexus consists of five divisions branching into five terminal nerves. c- The branching pattern of the brachial plexus consists of five roots branching into lateral, posterior, and medial trunks. d- The branching pattern of the brachial plexus consists of three trunks branching into three divisions (anterior, middle, and posterior). e- Muscles in the upper limb are innervated via a distal to proximal gradient through the brachial plexus.
a
Which of the following statements is correct? a-The medial epicondyle is the common flexor tendon of superficial anterior forearm muscles. b-The lateral epicondyle is the common flexor tendon of superficial posterior forearm muscles. c-The medial epicondyle is the common flexor tendon of superficial posterior forearm muscles. d- The lateral epicondyle is the common extensor tendon of superficial anterior forearm muscles. e-The lateral epicondyle is the common flexor tendon of superficial anterior forearm muscles.
a
Which of the following statements is false? a-The hamstring muscles are all innervated by the tibial nerve. b-The hamstrings flex the leg at the knee. c-Gluteus maximus and hamstring muscles in posterior thigh extend the thigh at the hip. d-The short head of the biceps femoris is innervated by the common fibular nerve. e- Hamstrings extend thigh at hip from a partially flexed position.
a
Which of the following statements regarding interosseus muscles of the hand is false? a-The four palmar interosseous muscles adduct the fingers at the MP joints. b- The dorsal and palmar interossei are innervated by the deep branch of the ulnar nerve. c-The thumb does not need a palmar interosseous muscle because it has its own adductor. d-There is no palmar interosseous muscle acting on the middle finger. e-The four dorsal interosseous muscles act to abduct the fingers at the MP joints.
a
Which of the following statements regarding the anterior forearm muscles is correct? a-Flexor digitorum profundus flexes distal phalanges at distal IP joints. b-Flexor digitorum superficialis is innervated by the ulnar nerve. c- Flexor digitorum superficialis flexes distal phalanges at distal IP joints. d-Flexor pollicis longus flexes distal phalanges at distal IP joints. e- Pronator quadratus flexes distal phalanges at distal IP joints.
a
Which of the following statements regarding the cords of the brachial plexus is correct? a- The lateral cord of the brachial plexus consists of C5-C7 fibers. b- Cords are named for their relationship to the radial artery. c- The medial cord of the brachial plexus consists of C5-C7 fibers. d- The posterior cord of the brachial plexus consists of C5-C7 fibers. e- Cords intermingle to form 3 terminal nerves.
a
Which of the following statements regarding the musculocutaneous nerve of the brachial plexus is false? a- The musculocutaneous nerve innervates the posterior arm muscles. b- The musculocutaneous nerve innervates the biceps brachii, brachialis, and coracobrachialis. c- The musculocutaneous nerve consists of C5,C6, and C7 nerve fibers. d- The musculocutaneous nerve pierces the coracobrachialis muscle. e- The musculocutaneous nerve innervates the skin of the lateral forearm via a lateral cutaneous branch.
a
Which of the following statements regarding the nervous system is correct? a-A spinal nerve is formed when a dorsal root joins a ventral root b- The central nervous system consists of cranial and spinal nerves c-There are more cranial nerves than spinal nerves d-The dorsal and ventral rami of spinal nerves branch off of the spinal nerve far from the spinal cord segment e- All branches of each spinal nerve have either motor or sensory axons, but not both.
a
Which of the following upper limb nerve is least likely to be injured in a humeral fracture? a-Musculocutaneous nerve b-Axillary nerve c-Median nerve d- Radial nerve e-Ulnar nerve
a
A young basketball player falls on her outstretched hand during a game and now complains of pain, swelling, tenderness of the anatomic snuffbox. She has most likely fractured which bone? a- Lunate b- Scaphoid c- Hook of the hamate d-Distal ulna e- Distal radius
b
An office secretary complains of paresthesia, pain, and numbness in the lateral 3 and 1/2 digits of her hands. You suspect entrapment of which nerve as the source of her symptoms? a-Radial nerve b- Median nerve c- Musculocutaneous nerve d-Axillary nerve e- Ulnar nerve
b
Choose the correct statement: a- The forearm is superior to the arm. b-The leg is inferior to the knee. c-The head is inferior to the neck. d- The abdomen is superior to the thorax. e- A wristwatch is worn on the arm.
b
Choose the correct statement: a-A mid sagittal plane divides the body into equal upper and lower halves. b- The thumb is lateral to the pinkie. c- Anterior and dorsal are synonymous terms. d-Superior and inferior are terms that describe structures relative to a coronal plane. e- In the anatomic position, the feet are hips width apart and the palms face backwards.
b
Which of the following is correct regarding supination at the radio-ulnar joint? a-The pronator teres contributes to supination at the radio-ulnar joint. b-The biceps brachii are innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve. C- The supinator muscle is innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve. d-The biceps brachii is the only muscle involved in supination. e-Supination results in posterior facing palms.
b
Which of the following is correct regarding the actions of back muscles? a-Superficial back muscles act as accessory muscles of respiration. b-Superficial back muscles act on the humerus. c- Intermediate layer muscles act on the vertebral column. d-Intermediate layers back muscles act on the humerus. e-Deep layer back muscles act on the Atlas and Axis.
b
Which of the following is correct? a-The spinal cord begins below the foramen magnum and is found in the vertebral canal. b-There are three layers of meninges: dura, arachnoid, and pia mater. c-Like the spinal cord, the meninges end at L1-L2. d- The cranial cavita dura consists only of meningeal dura because periosteal dura is fused to vertebrae. e- The cranial cavita dura consists only of meningeal dura because periosteal dura is fused to vertebrae.
b
Which of the following is correct? a-The transverse tarsal joint is the sight of dorsiflexion/plantarflexion. b-The medial ligament of the talocrural joint is stronger than the lateral ligament of the ankle joint. c-The talocrural joint is the sight of inversion/eversion. d-The subtalar joint is the sight of dorsiflexion/plantarflexion. e-The medial ligament is more frequently torn than the lateral ligament in ankle sprains.
b
Which of the following is correct? a-The vertebral bodies increase in size from the cervical to sacral levels. b-The vertebral bodies increase in size from the cervical to lumbar levels. c- The thoracic vertebrae transfer weight to the pelvic bones. d-The vertebral bodies decrease in size from the cervical to sacral levels. e- The vertebral bodies decrease in size from cervical to lumbar levels.
b
Which of the following is false regarding the anatomy of the intervertebral disk? a-The nucleus pulposus is a gel like matrix positioned in the posterior part of the disk. b-The annulus fibrosus is thicker posteriorly than anteriorly in the disc. c- Intervertebral discs distribute weight across bodies of vertebrae and act as shock absorbers. d- Intervertebral disks consist of an annulus fibrosus and a nucleus pulposus. e- The annulus fibrosis is an outer ring of fibrocartilage in the disk.
b
Which of the following is false? a-The cervical region of the vertebral column transmits the spinalcord and vertebral arteries between the head and neck. b- The lumbar region of the vertebral column provides a framework for the posterior aspect of the pelvis. c- Vertebral arteries travel in transverse processes of C6-T1, before passing through the foramen magnum. d- 31 spinal nerves exit the vertebral column. e- The skull and the vertebral column (spine) form the axial skeleton.
b
Which of the following is true regarding the axillary artery? a- The superior thoracic artery is a branch of the axillary artery deep to the pectoralis major. b-The lateral thoracic artery is a branch of the axillary artery deep to the pectoralis major. c-The thoraco-acromial is a branch of the axillary artery proximal to the pectoralis major. d-The superior thoracic artery is a branch of the axillary artery distal to the pectoralis major. e- The axillary artery is called the brachial artery proximally and the subclavian artery distally.
b
Which of the following joints is not a hinge joint? a-Knee joint b-Hip joint c- Elbow joint d-Dorsal Interphalangeal (IP) joint e-Ankle joint
b
Which of the following nerve lesions can result in foot drop? a-Tibial nerve b-Common Fibular nerve c- Superior Gluteal nerve d-Obturator nerve e- Inferior Gluteal nerve
b
Which of the following plantar foot muscles is not innervated by the medial plantar nerve? a-Flexor digitorum brevis b-Second lumbrical c- Flexor hallucis brevis d-Abductor hallucis e- First lumbrical
b
Which of the following statements is correct regarding the apical ectodermal ridge (AER)? a-The AER is a structure of endodermal cells at the proximal end of the limb bud, guiding further limb development. b- The AER is a structure of ectodermal cells at the distal end of the limb bud, guiding further limb development. c-The AER is a structure of neural crest cells at the distal end of the limb bud, guiding further limb development. d- The AER is not involved in limb development. e-The AER is a structure of mesodermal cells at the proximal end of the limb bud, guiding further limb development.
b
Which of the following statements is correct? a- The Brachial Plexus consists of the ventral rami from the C5 -C8 spinal nerves that intermingle at four different points. b-The Brachial Plexus consists of the ventral rami from the C5 -T1 spinal nerves that intermingle at three different points. c-The Brachial Plexus consists of the ventral rami from the C5 -T2 spinal nerves that intermingle at six different points. d- The Brachial Plexus consists of the ventral rami from the C5 -C7 spinal nerves that intermingle at five different points. e-The Brachial Plexus consists of the ventral rami from the C5 -C6 spinal nerves that intermingle at two different points.
b
Which of the following statements is correct? a-Pronation of the foot involves dorsiflexion, eversion, and adduction. b-Pronation of the foot involves dorsiflexion, eversion, and abduction. c-Pronation of the foot involves dorsiflexion, inversion, and adduction. d-Pronation of the foot involves dorsiflexion, inversion, and adduction. e- Pronation of the foot involves plantarflexion, inversion, and adduction.
b
Which of the following statements is correct? a-The axillary nerve consists of C5, C6, C7, and C8 fibers. b-The radial nerve consists of C5, C6, C7, and C8 fibers. c- The ulnar nerve consists of C5, C6, C7, and C8 fibers. d- The median nerve consists of C5, C6, C7, and C8 fibers. e- The musculocutaneous nerve consists of C5, C6, C7, and C8 fibers.
b
Which of the following statements is correct? a- The Middle trunks of the brachial plexus is formed when C5 fibers join C6. b- The Upper and Lower trunks of the brachial plexus are most common sites of an intra-plexus injury. c- The Upper and Middle trunks of the brachial plexus are most common sites of an intra-plexus injury. d-The Upper trunk of the brachial plexus is formed when C7 fibers join C8. e- The Middle and Lower trunks of the brachial plexus are most common sites of an intra-plexus injury.
b
Which of the following statements regarding the CSF is false? a-CSF is produced and secreted by the choroid plexus, into ventricles in the CNS. b-CSF has a significantly higher concentration of protein than serum (7000 mg/dl versus 35 mg/dl). c-The adult ventricular system and subarachnoid space contains 90-150 cc of CSF. 400-500 cc are produced daily. d-To enter the subarachnoid space, CSF exits from Fourth ventricle at Foramen of Magendie and 2 Foramina of Luschka. e- CSF circulates through the subarachnoid space and is returned to dural venous sinuses inside the cranial cavity via arachnoid granulations.
b
Which of the following statements regarding the upper limb blood supply is false? a- The subclavian artery arises from the brachiocephalic artery on the right. b-The subclavian artery arises from the brachiocephalic artery on the left. c- The subclavian artery becomes the axillary artery at the lower border of the first rib. d- The subclavian artery arises from the aortic arch on the left. e- The axillary artery becomes the brachial artery at the lower border of the teres major tendon.
b
Which structure courses through the carpal tunnel with the median nerve? a-Adductor pollicis b-Flexor pollicis longus c- Pronator teres d- Flexor carpi ulnaris e-Palmaris longus
b
Which term referes to the condition in which absent spinous processes reults in protrusion of a cyst lined by dura and arachnoid, but without spinal cord displacement? a-Myelomeningocele b-Meningocele c- Spina bifida occulta d-Myeloschisis e- None of the above
b
Choose the correct statement about connective tissue: a- Dense connective tissue directly underlies epithelial tissue b-Connective tissue can be distinguished from smooth muscle with a Hematoxylin & Eosin stain c- Bone and cartilage are specialized connective tissues d-Dense irregular connective tissue forms tendons of muscles e- Both loose and dense irregular connective tissue contains collagen, but not elastic fibers
c
Femoral nerve lesion near the inguinal ligament results in which of the following deficits? a- Inability to extend thigh at the hip b-Inability to flex the leg at the knee c-Altered sensation in the anterior thigh d- Altered sensation in posterior leg e- Altered sensation in the posterior thigh
c
Following a long surgical procedure, a patient complains of altered sensation in his lateral leg and dorsum of foot. You are concerned about prolonged compression of which lower extremity nerve? a- Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve b-Sciatic nerve c-Common fibular nerve d- Superior gluteal nerve e-Tibial nerve
c
Which muscle(s) act(s) to protract the scapula? a-Pectoralis minor b-Trapezius c-Serratus anterior d-Levator scapulae e-Rhomboid major and minor
c
Which of the following back muscles is innervated by a cranial nerve? a-Serratus posterior superior b-Iliocostalis c- Trapezius d- Rhomboid major e- Latissimus Dorsi
c
Which of the following is NOT a structure found within the tarsal tunnel? a- Tendon of the flexor hallucis longus b- Tendon of the flexor digitorum longus c-Anterior tibial artery and vein d- Tibial nerve e-Tendon of the tibialis posterior
c
Which of the following is a correct statement? a-The sternoclavicular joint is a hinge joint. b-The glenohumeral joint is a hinge joint. c- The humeroulnar/radial joint is a hinge joint. d- The distal radioulnar joint is a hinge joint. e-The proximal radioulnar joint is a hinge joint.
c
Which of the following is correct regarding spinal nerves? a-There are 5 thoracic vertebrae and 6 thoracic spinal nerves. b-There are 5 thoracic vertebrae and 5 thoracic spinal nerves. c-There are 7 cervical vertebrae and 8 cervical spinal nerves. d-There are 7 cervical vertebrae and 7 cervical spinal nerves. e- A variable number of spinal nerves normally exit the vertebral column.
c
Which of the following is correct regarding the femoral triangle? a-Femoral triangle is bounded by the adductor longus, adductor magnus, and inguinal ligament. b-Femoral triangle is bounded by the sartorius, adductor magnus, and inguinal ligament. c-The deep (profunda) femoral artery courses the femoral triangle. d-Femoral triangle is bounded by the adductor longus, femoral nerve, and inguinal ligament. e-Femoral triangle is bounded by the adductor longus, adductor magnus, and sartorius.
c
Which of the following is correct regarding the lower limb blood supply? a-Major vascular structures are in the roof of the femoral triangle. b- The femoral artery supplies most of the thigh and the deep femoral supplies the leg and foot. c-The femoral artery becomes the popliteal artery after traversing the adductur hiatus. d-Tibial artery supplies the anterior thigh. e- The femoral artery becomes the external iliac artery distally, after passing under the inguinal ligament.
c
Which of the following is correct? a- The femoral nerve provides cutaneous innervation to the posterior compartment of the thigh. b-The femoral nerve provides cutaneous innervation to the medial compartment of the thigh. c-The femoral nerve provides cutaneous innervation to the anterior compartment of the thigh. d- The femoral nerve provides cutaneous innervation to the lateral compartment of the leg. e- The femoral nerve provides cutaneous innervation to the lanterior compartment of the leg.
c
Which of the following is correct? a- The pubofemoral ligament facilitates hip abduction. b- The pubofemoral ligament is also called the Y ligament of Bigelow. c- The iliofemoral ligament tightens with extension and "screws home" the femoral head in the acetabulum. d-The pubofemoral ligament resists hyperextension during quiet standing. e-The pubofemoral ligament tightens with extension and "screws home" the femoral head in the acetabulum.
c
Which of the following is correct? a-Flexor pollicis brevis is a hypothenar muscle. b-The deep branch of the ulnar nerve is referred to as the "million dollar nerve." c-Abductor pollicis brevis is innervated by the recurrent branch of the median nerve (aka the "million dollar nerve") d- Abductor digiti minimi is a hypothenar muscle involved in adduction. e-Abductor pollicis brevis is a hypothenar muscle involved in abduction.
c
Which of the following is false regarding distal ulnar nerve lesion effects? a- Difficulty "finger spreading" can occur. b-Ulnar claw hand, which is the clawing of ring and pinkie due to medial lumbrical weakness, can occur. c- Loss of thumb opposition can occur. d- Altered sensation in the medial palm and medial 1 1/2 digits can occur. e-Difficulty with abduction and adduction of fingers can occur.
c
Which of the following is false regarding the collateral nerves arising from the Brachial Plexus? a-The medial cutaneous nerve of arm arises from the medial or lateral cords of the brachial plexus. b- The medial cutaneous nerve of forearm arises from the medial or lateral cords of the brachial plexus. c-The lateral pectoral nerve arises from the posterior cord of the brachial plexus. d-The medial pectoral nerve arises from the medial or lateral cords of the brachial plexus. e-The inferior subscapular nerve arises from the posterior cord of the brachial plexus.
c
Which of the following is false regarding the glenohumeral joint? a-The glenohumeral joint is a ball and socket joint. b-The glenohumeral joint is the most mobile joint of the human body. c-The glenohumeral joint sacrifices range of motion for security of the shoulder joint. d-The glenohumeral joint is an articulation between the scapula's glenoid cavity and the head of the humerus. e-Glenohumeral joint sacrifices security for range of motion
c
Which of the following is false regarding the muscles of the anterior leg? a- Act to extend toes b-Aid in dorsiflexion at the ankle c-Supplied by posterior tibial artery d- Innervated by the deep fibular (peroneal) nerve e-Contribute to foot inversion
c
Which of the following muscles are not involved in flexion at the elbow? a-Biceps brachii b-All of the above are involved in elbow flexion. c-Triceps d-Brachialis e-Brachioradialis
c
Which of the following muscles is/are not involved in flexion of the arm at the shoulder joint? a-Clavicular part of deltoid b-Coracobrachiolis c- Latissimus dorsi d-Short head of biceps brachii e- Pectoralis major, clavicular head
c
Which of the following nerve lesions results in a winged scapula? a- Ulnar nerve b-Axillary nerve c-Long Thoracic nerve d- Musculocutaneous nerve e- Median nerve
c
Which of the following nerves is likely to be lesioned by a midshaft of spiral groove fracture of the humerus? a-Musculocutaneous nerve b-Ulnar nerve c-Radial nerve d-Median nerve e- Axillary nerve
c
Which of the following sequences correctly describes the major segments of each of the terminal nerves of the brachial plexus? a- Musculocutaneous (C6-C8), Axillary (C7), Radial (C5), Median (C7-T1), Ulnar (C8) b- Musculocutaneous (C7), Axillary (C7), Radial (C7), Median (C7-T1), Ulnar (C7) c- Musculocutaneous (C6), Axillary (C6), Radial (C5), Median (C7-T1), Ulnar (C8) d- Musculocutaneous (C6), Axillary (C7), Radial (C8), Median (C7-T1), Ulnar (C8) e- Musculocutaneous (C6), Axillary (C6), Radial (C6), Median (C6-T1), Ulnar (C6)
c
Which of the following statements is correct regarding lumbar puncture? a- An intrathecal injection site allows anesthetic to diffuse through the meninges but not into the subarachnoid space. b- Lumbar puncture is commonly performed between the L2 and L3 vertebrae which correspond to a transverse plan extending across the top of the iliac crests. c- Lumbar puncture is performed below the tip of the conus medullaris (L2) and the end of the meninges and subarachnoid space at S2. d-Epidural injection can sample CSF. e- Lumbar puncture injection sites are typically between S1 and S2 vertebrae spinous processes.
c
Which of the following statements is correct? a-The plantar foot consists of five layers of muscles/tendons. b- Plantar innervation of the foot is provided by the deep peroneal nerve. c-Plantar innervation of the foot is provided by branches of the tibial nerve. d- The lateral plantar nerve innervates the flexor digitorum brevis and first lumbrical. e- Flexor hallucis longus is innervated by the medial plantar nerve.
c
Which of the following statements is false regarding the cauda equina? a-The cauda equina descends below the end of the spinal cord. b-The nerve roots of the cauda equina are invested by pia mater. c-The cauda equina is synonymous to the conus medullaris. d-The cauda equina descends below the level of the L2 vertebra. e-Cauda equina consists of lumbosacral spinal nerves inside the subarachnoid space.
c
Which of the following structures passes through the lesser sciatic foramen? a-Sciatic nerve b-Piriformis muscle c-Pudendal nerve d- Superior and inferior gluteal arteries e-Lumbosacral plexus
c
An upper extremity X-ray shows an injury to the humerus that may compromise the integrity of the axillary nerve. You expect a humeral fracture in which location? a-Supracondylar region of humerus b- Midshaft of humerus c-Medial epicondyle of humerus d- Surgical neck of humerus e- Spiral groove of humerus
d
Complete the following statement: Thumb opposition involves.... a-abduction, extension, and medial rotation of the 1st metacarpal b-adduction, extension, and lateral rotation of the 1st metacarpal c-abduction, extension, and lateral rotation of the 1st metacarpal d-abduction, flexion, and medial rotation of the 1st metacarpal e- adduction, flexion, and medial rotation of the 1st metacarpal
d
When does patterning and initial outgrowth of the limbs occur in prenatal development? a-During the second week of development b-During the last trimester of development c-During the third week of development d-During weeks 4-8 of development e-During the first week of development
d
Which of the following describes the clinical presentation that can result from L5 nerve compression by herniated disks? a-Weakness of the gastrocnemius and soleus b-Difficulty walking on toes c-Diminished ankle jerk reflex d-Difficulty with dorsiflexion of the great toe and foot. e- Altered sensation over the back of calf and lateral heel.
d
Which of the following describes the correct anterior to posterior tendon relationships to the medial malleolus? a- posterior tibial vein -> tibial nerve -> flexor hallucis longus -> tibialis posterior -> flexor digitorum longus -> posterior tibial artery b- flexor digitorum longus -> posterior tibial artery -> posterior tibial vein -> flexor hallucis longus -> tibialis posterior -> tibial nerve c-flexor digitorum longus -> posterior tibial artery -> posterior tibial vein -> tibial nerve -> flexor hallucis longus -> tibialis posterior d- tibialis posterior -> flexor digitorum longus -> posterior tibial artery -> posterior tibial vein -> tibial nerve -> flexor hallucis longus e- flexor digitorum longus -> posterior tibial vein -> tibial nerve -> flexor hallucis longus -> tibialis posterior -> posterior tibial artery
d
Which of the following is a common site of osteoarthritis? a- Intervertebral disks b-Intervertebral foramen c- Vertebral bodies d-Zygapophyseal (facet) joints e- Ligamentum flavum
d
Which of the following is correct regarding dermatomes? a-Dermatomes do not overlap. b- Each dermatome innervation is supplied by a single spinal nerve. c-Cutaneous branches of dorsal rami innervate skin of the trunk. d- Branches of three consecutive spinal nerves innervate parts of each dermatome. e- Dermatomes of the back are supplied by ventral rami.
d
Which of the following is correct regarding disk herniation? a- Disk herniation between L4 and L5 compresses the L4 spinal nerve. b-L4-L5 disk compression will result in diminished or absent ankle jerk reflex. c- Disk herniation between C5 and C6 compresses the C5 spinal nerve. d- Disk herniation affects the spinal nerve corresponding to the number of the vertebra below the disk. e- Only L5-S1 disk herniation can result in sciatica, which is numbness, tingling, and pain in the L5 and S1 dermatomes.
d
Which of the following is correct regarding nerve compression? a-Proximal nerve lesions have fewer signs and symptoms compared to distal nerve lesions. b- Distal nerve lesions have more signs and symptoms compared to proximal nerve lesions. c-Motor weakness typically precedes sensory signs like numbness and tingling. d-Sensory deficits from nerve compression typically precede motor weakness. e- Sensory signs such as pain, tingling, and numbness are rare.
d
Which of the following is correct regarding normal adult curvatures of the vertebral column? a-Thoracic curvature or secondary curvature is called lordosis. b-Lumbar curvature or secondary curvature is called kyphosis. c-Sacral curvature or secondary curvature is called lordosis. d-Thoracic curvature or primary curvature is called kyphosis. e- Thoracic curvature or primary curvature is called lordosis.
d
Which of the following is correct regarding the arterial blood supply to the upper limb? a-Arteries pass on the extensor side of joints. b-The radial artery becomes the brachial artery distally. c-The radial artery can be found in the radial groove. d-Arteries must pass on the flexor side of joints. e-The brachial artery becomes the axillary artery distally
d
Which of the following is correct regarding the collateral nerves arising from the Brachial Plexus? a- The collateral nerves contain cord segments C6 and C7. b- The collateral nerves contain cord segments C8 and T1. c-The collateral nerves contain cord segments C7 and C8. d- The collateral nerves contain cord segments C5 and C6. e- The collateral nerves innervate distal muscles of the upper limb.
d
Which of the following is correct regarding the sacral and coccygeal spinal nerves? a-Sacral ventral rami exit at the posterior sacram foramen. b- The S5 and Coccygeal spinal nerves exit at the sacral canal. c-Sacral dorsal rami exit at the anterior sacral foramen. d-The S5 and Coccygeal spinal nerves exit at the sacral hiatus. e- S5 and Coccygeal spinal nerves exit at the posterior sacral foramen.
d
Which of the following is correct? a-The gluteus medius and minimus are innervated by the obturator nerve. b-Contraction of the gluteus minimus and medius on stance side causes excessive pelcvic tilt during the swing phase on the opposite side. c-The gluteus minimus aids the gluteus medius in adducting the thigh at the hip. d-The gluteus medius and minimus keep the pelvis level when the opposite limb is off the ground. e-The gluteus medius adducts and medially rotates the thigh at the hip.
d
Which of the following is correct? a-The hamstrings extend the leg at the knee. b-The quadriceps femoris flex the leg at the knee. c-The quadriceps femoris are innervated by the tibial nerve. d-The hamstrings flex the leg at the knee. e-The hamstrings are innervated by the femoral nerve.
d
Which of the following is correct? a-The supraspinatus abducts the arm at the shoulder from 15 to 180 degrees. b- The deltoid middle fibers abduct the arm at the shoulder for the first 15 degrees. c-The teres major abducts the arm at the shoulder for the first 15 degrees. d-The deltoid middle fibers abduct the arm at the shoulder from 15 to 180 degrees. e-The latissimus dorsi abducts the arm at the shoulder for the first 15 degrees.
d
Which of the following is correct? a-The ulna articulates with the lunate through an articular disk. b-The radius articulates with the triquetrum through an articular disk. c-The ulna articulates with the scaphoid through an articular disk. d-The ulna articulates with the triquetrum through an articular disk. e-The radius articulates with the lunate through an articular disk.
d
Which of the following is correct? a-A blocked axillary artery deep to the pectoralis minor can result in collateral circulation development between the two branches of the thyrocercival trunk and the profunda brachii artery. b-The radial and ulnar arteries provide collateral circulation to the hand and digits through a single palmar arch. c- The brachial artery divides into the radial artery and ulnar artery in the carpal tunnel. d-The superficial and deep palmar arches provide collatreal circulation to the hand and digits. e-The axillary artery becomes the subclavian artery distal to the teres major tendon.
d
Which of the following is false regarding spina bifida? a- Meningocele is defined as protrusion of a cyst lined by dura and arachnoid where the spinouse processes are missing. b- Myelomeningocele is defined as spinal cord displacement into the cyst lined by dura and arachnoid. c-Spina bifida results when vertebral laminae fail to fuse and spinous processes are absent. d-In myeloschisis, skin with a tuft of hair grows over the vertebral defect. e-Spina bifida occulta occurs when an unfused nural arch results in missing lumbar spinous processes.
d
Which of the following is false regarding the pectoral girdle? a-The pectoral girdle can be moved horizontally along lateral chest wall. b-The pectoral girdle can be protracted or retracted. c-All pectoral girdle movements occur at the sternoclavicular joint. d-The pectoral girdle can be elevated but not depressed. e-The pectoral girdle can be laterally or medially rotated when arm is abducted or adducted.
d
Which of the following is false? a-Trauma to the lateral aspect of the knee may stretch the tibial collateral ligament. b- Trauma to the lateral aspect of the knee can result in what is referred to as the "Terrible Triad." c-Trauma to the lateral aspect of the knee may tear the medial meniscus. d- Trauma to the lateral aspect of the knee commonly tears the posterior cruciate ligament. e-Trauma to the lateral aspect of the knee may tear the anterior cruciate ligament.
d
Which of the following musces is innervated by the deep peroneal nerve? a-Gastrocnemius b-Soleus c-Peroneus longus d-Extensor digitorus longus e- Tibialis posterior
d
Which of the following statements concerning spinal nerves is correct? a- All of the neuron cell bodies of the dorsal root are inside the spinal cord. b- All of the neuron cell bodies of a ventral root are in a ventral root ganglion. c-Dorsal rami do not innervate skeletal muscle. d-Dorsal rami and ventral rami of the same spinal nerve innervate an individual dermatome and a myotome e- Intercostal nerves are dorsal rami that innervate muscles on the dorsal thoracic wal
d
Which of the following statements is correct regarding disk herniation? a-At lumbar levels, spinal nerve compressed corresponds to the vertebra above the disk. b-L4-5 disk herniation will compress L4 spinal nerve. c-The nucleus pulposus typically herniates anterolaterally. d-At lumbar levels, spinal nerve compressed corresponds to the vertebra below the disk. e- L5-S1 disk herniation will compress L5 spinal nerve.
d
Which of the following statements is correct? a-Distal muscles of the upper limb are innervated by nerves containing C5. b- Proximal muscles of the upper limb are innervated by nerves containing T1. c- Proximal muscles of the upper limb are innervated by nerves containing C8. d- Distal muscles of the upper limb are innervated by nerves containing C8. e- Distal muscles of the upper limb are innervated by nerves containing C6.
d
Which of the following statements is false? a-The medial pectoral nerve innervates the pectoralis minor, which acts to depress the scapula. b-The long thoracic nerve innervates the serratus anterior, which acts to protract the scapula. c-The accessory nerve innervates the trapezius, which elevates and depresses the scapula and contributes to lateral rotation. d- The accessory nerve innervates the trapezius, which contibutes to medial rotation of the scapula (in adduction). e- The dorsal scapular nerve innervates the levator scapulae and rhomboid major and minor.
d
Which of the following statements regarding the median nerve of the brachial plexus is true? a-The median nerve innervates skin of the medial two digits. b- The median nerve innervates the skin of the medial palm. c- The median nerve innervates all of the anterior forearm muscles. d-The median nerve innervates the thenar muscles and 2 lumbricals in the hand. e- The median nerve innervates the biceps brachii and brachialis.
d
Choose the correct statement about epithelial tissue: a-Epithelium is one of four tissues that makes up an organ system b- Epithelium functions as a nonselective barrier c- Epithelium covers only internal surfaces of the body d-Epithelium sits inside of loose connective tissue e-Epithelium is avascular
e
Which of the following is correct regarding spinal nerve exit from the vertebral column? a-Cervical spinal nerves exit inferior to corresponding numbered vertebra. b-Nerve C8 emerges superior to the pedicle of CVII vertebra. c- Below T1, all spinal nerves exit superior to the same numbered vertebra. d-Nerve C1 emerges inferior to the C1 vertebra. e- Nerves C2 to C7 emerge superior to pedicles of the corresponding numbered vertebra.
e
Which of the following is correct? a- The radial nerve innervates 1 ½ forearm muscles and all intrinsic hand muscles except those innervated by median nerve. b- The radial nerve innervates the teres minor and deltoid muscles and skin over deltoid. c- The radial nerve innervates skin of the medial 1 ½ digits of the hand. d-The radial nerve innervates anterior arm and forearm muscles. e- The radial nerve innervates posterior arm and forearm muscles.
e
Which of the following is correct? a-Rotator cuff muscles arise from the scapula and connect to the head of the radius. b-The rotator cuff muscle act to destabilize the glenohumeral joint (shoulder joint). c-Three rotator cuff muscle tendons converge to form the rotator cuff tendon. d-The four rotator cuff muscles are the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, rhomboid major, and rhomboid minor. e-The four rotator cuff muscles are the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis.
e
Which of the following is correct? a-The median cubital vein in the axilla is the phlebotomists' venipuncture site. b- The median cubital vein is a superficial vein in the axilla. c- The brachial artery in the cubital fossa is the phlebotomists' venipuncture site. d- The axillary vein in the cubital fossa is the phlebotomists' venipuncture site. e-The median cubital vein in the cubital fossa is the phlebotomists' venipuncture site.
e
Which of the following is correct? a-The spinal cord begins below the foramen magnum and is found in the vertebral canal. b-The tip of the cauda equina is at the level of the L2 vertebra. c-In an adult, the spinal cord ends at the level of the L4 vertebra. d-The cauda equina is the tapered end of the cord that contains the sacral and coccygeal cord segments. e-The cauda equina are the roots of lumbosacral spinal nerves that descend below the end of the cord.
e
Which of the following is correct? a-The trochlea of the humerus articulates with the head of the radius. b-The capitulum of the humerus articulates with the radial notch of the ulna. c-The trochlea of the humerus articulates with the radial notch of the ulna. d-The capitulum of the humuerus articulates with the head of the ulna. e-The head of the radius articulates with the radial notch of the ulna.
e
Which of the following is correct? a-Flexion/Extension occurs only at the metacarpophalangeal joints. b-Flexion/Extension occurs only at the Proximal interphalangeal (IP) joints. c- Abduction/Adduction occurs at the Distal interphalangeal (IP) joints, the proximal IP joints, and the metacarpophalangeal joints. d- Flexion/Extension occurs only at the Distal interphalangeal (IP) joints. e-Abduction/Adduction occurs only at the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints.
e
Which of the following is false regarding the posterior compartment of the leg? a-The tibial nerve innervates muscles in the posterior thigh, leg, and foot. b-The deep muscles of the posterior leg act to flex the toes and invert the foot. c- The superficial muscles of the posterior leg (Gastrocnemius/Soleus) form the Achilles tendon and contribute to plantar flexion of the foot. d-The popliteus unlocks the knee joint by laterally rotating the femur at the start of flexion. e-The tibial nerve innervates all muscles in the posterior leg and foot.
e
Which of the following is false regarding upper limb innervation? a-The upper limb undergoes a 90-degree rotation laterally during development. b- The dermatomes of the upper limb are innervated by cutaneous branches of ventral rami C5-T1. c-The brachial plexus is found between lower cervical vertebrae and the distal end of the armpit or axilla. d-The dermatome involving the thumb is supplied by C6. e- The dermatome involving the fifth digit is supplied by C6.
e
Which of the following is the primary blood supply to the femur? a-Popliteal artery b-Inferior gluteal artery c-External iliac artery d-Superior gluteal artery e-Median circumflex femoral artery
e
Which of the following muscles is involved in leg flexion at the knee joint? a-Gluteus maximus b-Vastus lateralis c-Rectus femorus d-Popliteus e-Semimembranosus
e
Which of the following muscles is not innervated by the femoral nerve? a-Quadriceps b-Pectineus c-Sartorius d-Iliopsoas e-Gracilis
e
Which of the following muscles is not innervated by the obturator nerve? a-Pectineus b-Medial thigh muscles c-Gracilis d-Obturator externus e-Quadriceps
e
Which of the following muscles is not involved in extension of the arm at the shoulder joint? a- Long head of triceps b-Posterior fibers of deltoid c-Teres major d- Latissmus dorsi e- Trapezius
e
Which of the following nerves is most commonly lesioned as it crosses the neck of the fibula? a-Superior Gluteal nerve b-Obturator nerve c-Tibial nerve d- Femoral nerve e-Common fibular nerve
e
Which of the following statements is correct? a- The three terminal nerves of the brachial plexus are the lateral, posterior, and medial cords arranged around the second part of the axillary artery. b- The three trunks of the brachial plexus are the lateral, posterior, and medial cords arranged around the second part of the axillary artery. c- The three divisions of the brachial plexus are the lateral, posterior, and medial cords arranged around the second part of the axillary artery. d- The three roots of the brachial plexus are the lateral, posterior, and medial cords arranged around the second part of the axillary artery. e- The three cords of the brachial plexus are the lateral, posterior, and medial cords arranged around the second part of the axillary artery.
e
Which of the following statements is correct? a-Anterior thigh muscles extend the thigh at the hip. b-Gluteus maximus and hamstring muscles in posterior thigh flex the thigh at the hip. c-Posterior thigh muscles are innervated by the femoral nerve. d-Posterior thigh muscles flex the thigh at the hip. e-The three hamstring muscles extend the thigh at the hip and flex the leg at the knee.
e
Which of the following statements is correct? a-Skeletal and smooth muscle are under voluntary control b-Autonomic nerves innervate skeletal muscle c-Somatic nerves regulate how cardiac muscle contracts d-Nociception is muscle position sense e- Skeletal and cardiac muscle are striated
e
Which of the following statements is correct? a-The supraspinous ligament resists extension. b-The interspinous ligament is the only intervertebral ligament which resists flexion of the vertebral column. c-The anterior longitudinal ligament resists flexion. d- The posterior longitudinal ligament resists extension. e- The interspinous ligament resists flexion.
e
Which of the following statements is false? a-The pronator teres and pronator quadratus act to pronate the arm at the radio-ulnar joint. b- The radioulnar joint is involved in upper limb pronation and supination. c-The supinator and biceps brachii act to supinate the arm at the radio-ulnar joint. d- Only the radius moves in pronation and supination of the upper limb. e-Only the ulna moves in pronation and supination of the upper limb.
e
Which of the following statements regarding dorsal rami is false? a-Dorsal rami supply deep back muscles. b- Dorsal rami supply (typically unnamed) joints between vertebrae. c-Dorsal rami supply the skin of the back. d-Dorsal rami supply the Epimere, which consisnts of ntrinsic muscles of the back and skin covering them. e- Dorsal rami supply named muscles of the trunk and limbs.
e
