anatomy - sense organs

1. color 2. violent, red 3. sensitivity 4. colorblind 5. red-green deficiency, protanopia, protanomaly, deuteranopia, durtaranomaly 6. tritanomally 7. total colorblindness 8. ishihara color perception test

COLORBLINDNESS 1. the wavelength of a particular kind of light determines the ___ perceived from it. 2. for example, the shortest wavelength of visible light are perceived as ___, while the longest wavelengths are received as ___. 3. some persons have defective color vision, apparently due to decreased ___ in some cones. 4. such people perceive colors differently from those with normal vision and are said to be ___. 5. most cases of colorblindness are characterized by a ___ deficiency, which may take several forms: ___ (complete red deficiency), ___ (partial red deficiency), ___ (complete green deficiency), and ___ (mild green deficiency). 6. a rare blue-yellow deficiency is called ___. 7. failure to discriminate any colors results in ___ and is the most rare form of the disorder. 8. testing for colorblindness may be accomplished by conducting the ___, developed in 1917 by dr. shinobu ishihara.

1. problems, empathy 2. parasympathetic nervous system, hopelessness 3. vagus, lacrimal sacs, lacrimal ducts 4. cause 5. hormones, estrogen, prolactin 6. puberty

CRYING 1. crying serves as a way for humans to communicate ___ and ___. 2. the process is controlled by the ___, and is often stimulated by feelings of ___. 3. the ___ nerve activates glands known as ____ to release tears, which then flow through ___ and into the eyeball. 4. the content of tears varies, based on the ___ of the stimulation. 5. if the crying is brought on by emotions, tears often contain ___, including ___ and ___. 6. males and females cry the same amount until ___, after which the amount varies.

1. age 2. reproduce

DISORDERS OF GUSTATION: 1. although taste buds are located close to the surface of the tongue, and are somewhat exposed to damage by environmental factors, the ones of taste is not likely to diminish with ___ as much as the sense of smell. 2. this is because taste cells constantly ___, so that any one of these cells functions for only about a week before it is replaced.

1. astigmatism, lens 2. distorted

DISORDERS OF THE EYE 1. ___ occurs when there is a defect in the curvature of the cornea, or sometimes the ___ 2. as a result, some portions of an image are in focus on the retina, but other portions are blurred, and vision is ___

1. 50% 2. myopia, hypomyopia 3. myopia 4. front 5. hypomyopia 6. behind

DISORDERS OF THE EYE 1. eye disorders affect more than ___ of the people in the united states. 2. the most common eye disorders are ___ and ____. 3. ___, also called near sidedness, occurs when the eyeball is too long from front to back. 4. in myopia, light focused by the lens falls at a point in ___ of the retina, causing a blurred image of distant objects. 5. ___, also called far sightedness, occurs when the eyeball is too short form front to back. 6. in hyperopia, light is focused at a point ___ the retina, resulting in a blurred image of close objects.

1. sensorneural deafness 2. temporary 3. tumors, brain damage, antibiotic families

HEARING DISORDERS: 1. is hearing loss caused by excessively loud sounds. 2. if the exposure is of short duration, the hearing loss may be ___. 3. other causes may include ___ in the cns, ___ as a result of vascular accidents, and the usage of certain drugs, such as some of the ___.

1. conductive deafness 2. eardrum, ossicles 3. weber, rinne 4. forehead 5. ear 6. front 7. continue, not

HEARING DISORDERS: 1. is hearing loss caused by simple plugging of the external auditory meatus by an accumulation of wax or the persons of some foreign object. 2. impairment may also be caused by changes in the ___ (may be torn or perforated by disease or injury) or the ___ (may be damaged, destroyed by disease, or may lose their mobility). 3. two tests used to diagnose conductive deafness are the ___ and ___ tests. 4. in the weber test, the handle of a tuning fork that is vibrating is placed against the ___. 5. a person with normal hearing will hear the sound coming from in front, while a person with conduction blockage will hear the sound going from the behind the ___. 6. after the sound is no longer heard by conduction through the bones of the skull, the fork is moved to just in ___ of the ear canal. 7. a normal ear will ___ to hear it, while a person with conductive deafness ___.

presbycusis

HEARING DISORDERS: 1. is loss of hearing as a result of aging

1. variety of factors 2. vibrations, damage

HEARING DISORDERS: 1. partial or complete hearing loss can be caused by a ___. 2. these may include interference with the transmission of ___ to the inner ear, or ___ to the cochlea, auditory nerve or auditory nerve pathways.

1. auditory canal, eardrum 2. malleus, incus, stapes 3. oval window, cochlea 4. hair cells, auditory nerve, temporal

HOW THE EAR FUNCTIONS: 1. as vibrations reach the ear, they travel through the ___ to the ___. 2. the next pass to the ___, which touches the eardrum, and then to the ___ and the ___. 3. the stapes touches the ___, which sets the fluid in the ___ in motion. 4. stimulated by fluid motion, ___ in the cochlea generate nerve impulses that travel along the ___ to the auditory center in the ___ lobe of the brain.

1. vibrates 2. 20-2000 3. 2000-3000

HOW THE EAR FUNCTIONS: 1. sound waves are generated when any object ___, or moves back and forth, in the air. 2. the human ear can detect sounds between ___ and ___ vibrations per second. 3. the range of greatest is between ___ vibrations per second

1. cornea, pupil, lens, retina 2. rods, cones, occipital lobe, optic nerve 3. one million 4. optic nerve 5. optic disc 6. join 7. right 8. join 9. both 10. binocular 11. optic chiasma

HOW THE EYE FUNCTIONS 1. light passes through the ___, aqueous humor, ___, ___, and vitreous humor on its way to the ___. 2. impulses generated by the ___ and ___ travel to the visual center in the ___ of the brain by means of the ___. 3. the nerve from each eye consists of around ___ nerve fibers. 4. no rods or cones exist at the point where the ___ enters the retina. 5. this area, called the ___ (or blind spot), does not transmit impulses. 6. near the bases of the brain, half of the nerve fibers from the left eye cross over and ___ half of the nerve fibers from the right eye. 7. all these fibers go to the ___ side of the brain. 8. likewise, half of the nerve fibers from the right eye ___ half from the left eye and go to the left side of the brain. 9. therefore, each side of the brain receives images from ___ eyes. 10. this enables humans to view and interpret objects with two eyes, and is called ___ vision. 11. the point at which the partial crossing-over of the fibers occurs is the ___.

1. gases 2. watery fluids 3. olfactory nerves 4. ethmoid bone, olfactory bulbs 5. temporal lobe

HOW THE NOSE FUNCTIONS: 1. chemicals that stimulate the olfactory receptors enter the nasal cavity as ___. 2. before they can be detected, they must dissolve at least partially in the ___ that surround the cilia. 3. once the receptors have been stimulated, nerve impulses are triggered and they pass along the fibers of the ___. 4. they pass through tiny openings in the ___ and lead to neurons located in enlargements called ___. 5. for here, the impulses travel along the olfactory tracts to interpreting centers located in the ___ of the brain.

1. sniff, force 2. adaptation 3. 50, one second

HOW THE NOSE FUNCTIONS: 1. since the olfactory organs are located high in the nasal cavity, a person may have to ___ and ___ air over the receptor areas to smell something with a faint odor. 2. olfactory receptors undergo ___ quickly. 3. intensity of an olfactory sensation drops about ___% within ___ following stimulation.

1. chemical reactions 2. saliva 3. food molecules 4. taste cells 5. 3, cerebral cortex

HOW THE TONGUE FUNCTIONS: 1. taste depends upon ___ that take place only in solution. 2. ___ constantly coats the taste buds, reaching receptor cells through the taste pores. 3. ___ also enter the taste pores. 4. the solutions stimulate the ___, which give rise to impulses. 5. the impulses travel through ___ different nerves to the taste center in the ___ in the brain.

1. sensation 2. sense organs 3. interprets 4. received 5. receptors 6. projection 7. stimulation

INTRODUCTION: 1. a ___ is a feeling that occurs when sensory impulses are interpreted by the brain. 2. impulses from all ___ are basically alike. 3. the way the brain ___ them is what differs. 4. impulses from each sense organ are interpreted in only one way, according to where they are ___. 5. at the same time a sensation is created, the brain causes it to seem to come from the ___ being stimulated. 6. this process is called ___ because the brain projects the sensation back to its apparent source. 7. projection allows the person to pinpoint the region of ___.

1. image 2. sound 3. energy, interpret

INTRODUCTION: 1. for example, when the eye receives light signals, it produces impulses that the brain interprets as an ___. 2. when the ear receives sound vibrations it produces impulses that the brain interprets as ___. -the brain never interprets impulses from the eye as sound or impulses from the ear as image. 3. even if some other type of ___ generates an impulse in a receptor cell, the brain will ___ it like all impulses from that receptor. - for example, a blow to the eye may cause you to see an image, even though the impulse was generated not by light but by mechanical pressure.

1. 5 2. stimuli 3. chemoreceptors, pain receptors, thermoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, photoreceptors

INTRODUCTION: 1. it is possible to identify ___ groups of sensory receptors. 2. they are classified according to ___ that activate them. -3. what are they (5)?

1. sense organs 2. eyes, ears, nose, mouth, skin 3. stimuli 4. external environment 5. internal environment

INTRODUCTION: 1. many receptors that enable the body to obtain information from the environment are located highly specialized organs called the ___. 2. the most familiar sense organs are the ___, ___, ___, ___, and ___. 3. all sense organs have specialized receptors for ___. -4. most sense organs have receptors that pick up stimuli from ___. 5. other kinds of receptors can pick up stimuli from the body's ___.

1. transducers 2. transform 3. impulses 4. sight

INTRODUCTION: 1. sense organs act as ___. 2. this means that they ___ one form of energy to another. 3. for example, when light rays strike the inner lining of the eye, they are changed into ____. 4. these impulses move along a nerve to the brain's visual center where they are interpreted as ___.

1. selective 2. light, sound 3. synesthesia

INTRODUCTION: 1. sense receptors are highly ___. 2. the receptors for taste will not respond to ___; the receptors for sight cannot be activated by ___, etc. 3. one unusual exception to this is the disorder known as ___, in which there is a blending or crossing of 2 or more senses.

1. sensory adaptation 2. slower rates, sense organs 3. adapted, strength 4. odor 5. weaken 6. restimulated

INTRODUCTION: 1. when they are subjected to continuous stimulation, many receptors undergo an adjustment called ___. 2. as the receptors adapt, impulses leave at ___, until finally they may completely tail to ___. 3. once receptors have ___, impulses can be triggered only if the ___ of the stimulus changes. 4. for example, sensory adaptation may occur when a person enters a room where there is an ___. 5. the sensation may first seem quite strong, but as the receptors adapt, the sensation may ___. 6. if the person leaves the room and the reenters it, the receptor will be ___.

1. chemoreceptors 2. taste, smell

INTRODUCTION: -it is possible to identify five groups of sensory receptors. -they are classified according to stimuli that activate them. 1. receptors that are stimulated by changes in concentration of chemicals 2. these receptors are associated with the senses of ___ and ___.

1. pain receptors

INTRODUCTION: -it is possible to identify five groups of sensory receptors. -they are classified according to stimuli that activate them. 1. receptors that are stimulated by tissue damage and generate impulses interpreted as pain

1. thermoreceptors

INTRODUCTION: -it is possible to identify five groups of sensory receptors. -they are classified according to stimuli that activate them. 1. receptors that respond to heat or cold, either inside or outside of the body

1. mechanoreceptors 2. hair cells

INTRODUCTION: -it is possible to identify five groups of sensory receptors. -they are classified according to stimuli that activate them. 1. receptors that respond to mechanical pressures, such as changes in pressure or movement of fluids. - examples include sound vibrations, touch, muscle contractions or movements of joint. 2. ___, which have extremely fine projections like cilia, are the most common of this type of receptor

1. photoreceptors 2. eyes

INTRODUCTION: -it is possible to identify five groups of sensory receptors. -they are classified according to stimuli that activate them. 1. receptors that respond whenever they are exposed to sufficient intensity of light. 2. they occur only in the ___.

1. anosmia 2. inflammation, nasal cavity, drugs 3. loss of smell

OLFACTORY DISORDERS: 1. partial or complete loss of smell is called ___. 2. this condition may be caused by a variety of factors including ___ of the ___ (resulting from a head cold or excessive tobacco usage) and use of certain ___ such as steroids or cocaine. 3. persons who have damaged their olfactory bulbs, olfactory tracts, or olfactory interpreting center will experience some degree of ___

1. direct, outside 2. damage 3. replaced 4. 1

OLFACTORY DISORDERS: 1. the neurons that function as olfactory receptors are the only parts of the nervous system that are in ___ contact with the ___ environment. 2. due to their exposed positions, these neurons are subject to ___. 3. because damaged neurons are not usually ___, a person's sense of smell may diminish with age. 4. it is estimated that a person loses ___% of their olfactory receptors each year.

1. migraine 2. 4-72, nausea, vomiting, light, sound 3. 1/3, aura 4. visual, olfactory 5. 75%, female 6. unknown

SENSE OF PAIN: 1. one potentially debilitating form of headache is known as a ___. 2 this form of headache can last ___ hours, and if often accompanied by symptoms of ___, ___, and hypersensitivity to ___ and ___. 3. approximately ___ of migraine sufferers experience an "___" prior to the onset of the headache. 4. this aura is an unusual ___ (most common), ___, or other sensory experience which acts as a forewarning of the impending headache. 5. ___ of adult patients who suffer from migraines are ___. 6. the cause of migraines is ___.

1. visceral organs 2. blood flow, chemicals 3. surface tissue 4. different area 5. referred pain 6. common nerve pathways, skin areas, visceral organs 7. left arm, heart attack 8. vagus, trigeminal 9. pancreas 10. gallbladder

SENSE OF PAIN: 1. pain receptors are the only receptors in ___ whose stimulation produces sensations. 2. these receptors are most sensitive to lack of ___ and the presence of certain ___ such as polypeptides, histamine, or acetylcholine. 3. these receptors seem to respond differently to stimulation than those associated with ___. 4. the sensations they produce are likely to feel as if they were in a ___. 5. this is called ___. 6. the occurrence seems to be related to ___ that are used by sensory impulses coming both from ___ and ___. -examples include: 7. pain from the heart may be referred to the ___, and is often one of the first indications of a ___ 8. the condition known as brain freeze is referred pain originating in the ___ or ___ cranial nerves, resulting form the cooling and rewarming of the capillaries in the sinuses 9. pain from the ___ may be felt in the back. 10. pain from the ___ may be felt from between the shoulder blades.

1. headaches 2. pain 3. stressful situations 4. dilation, fluid, muscle spasms 5. headache

SENSE OF PAIN: 1. probably the most common pain felt in the human body is associated with ___. 2. although brain tissue lacks ___ receptors, nearly all other tissues of the head are well supplied with them. 3. most headaches seems to be related to ___ which result in fatigue, tension, anxiety, or frustration. 4. these cause physical changes, such as ___ of cranial nerves, ___ in tissues, and ___ of the face, scalp, and neck. 5. it is these physical changes which cause the sensation of a ___.

1. nerve fiber endings 2. skin, internal tissues, brain 3. protective, tissues, reticular formation 4. sensitive 5. mechanical damage, temperature 6. pain-stimulating 7. threshold 8. sensitive 9. increasing, heat 10. very little

SENSE OF PAIN: 1. the sense of pain involves receptors that consist of free ___. 2. these receptors are widely distributed throughout the ___ and ___, except for the nerve tissue in the ___, which lacks pain receptors. 3. pain receptors are thought to be ___ in function, as they are stimulated when ___ are damaged, stimulating the ___ which activates the brain. 4. though pain receptors can often be stimulated by more than one type of change, some are more ___ to specific stimuli more than others. 5. for instance, some pain receptors are most responsive to ____, whole others are most responsive to ___. 6. when blood flow is interrupted to an area, such as in a muscle cramp or injury, ___ chemicals accumulate. 7. these chemicals can cause the ___ of pain receptors to be lowered. 8. this can explain why inflamed tissues may become more ___ to heat or pressure than before. 9. ___ blood flow to sore tissues may relieve the resulting pain; this is why ___ is applied to reduce muscle soreness. 10. pain receptors adapt ___, and once such a receptor has been activated, it may continue to send impulses to the cns for some time.

1. skin, muscles, joints, visceral organs 2. 3 3. body surface 4. muscles, tendons, body position 5. visceral organs

SOMATIC SENSES 1. somatic senses are those that involve receptors associated with the ___, ___, ___, and ___. 2. these senses can be divided into ___ groups: 3. those associated with changes occurring at the ___, which include the senses of touch, pressure, and temperature 4. those associated with changes occurring in ___ and ___ and in ___ 5. those associated with changes occurring in ___

1. orbit 2. eye lids, eye lashes 3. mucus, tears

SPECIAL SENSE ORGAN: THE EYE -the eye is protected in a number of ways. 1. a fatty layer within the ___ (a socket in the skull) cushions the eyeball. 2. ___ and ___ protect the organ from foreign particles. 3. the eyeball is moistened by ___ and ___.

1. sclera 2. connective 3. spherical shape 4. eye muscles 5. 80% 6. cornea 7. fastest healing tissue

SPECIAL SENSE ORGAN: THE EYE 1. (aka. sclerotic coat): this is the outer layer of the eye. 2. it is composed of tough, white ___ tissue. 3. it helps to maintain the ___ of the eye. 4. six ___ insert of this layer. 5. about ___ of the sclere, including the "white" or the eye, is opaque. 6. the remainder in a transparent layer called ___. 7. the cornea is noted for being ___ in body.

1. cataracts 2. cloudy 3. retina 4. artificial

SPECIAL SENSE ORGAN: THE EYE 1. a relatively common eye disorder is older people is ___. 2. in this condition, the lens loses its transparency and becomes ___. 3. as a result, clear images can't focus on the ___, and in time the person may become blind. 4. cataracts are usually treated surgically removing the lens and replacing it with an ___ one

1. 2.5 cm 2. longer 3. 3 4. stereoscopic vision

SPECIAL SENSE ORGAN: THE EYE 1. the eye, or eyeball, is a sphere with a diameter of approximately ___ (1 in.). 2. it is slightly ___ than it is wide. 3. our eyes provide us with the ability to see objects in ___ dimensions: height, width, and depth. 4. this is called ___.

1. fluids 2. shape, refract 3. aqueous humor 4. cornea, nutritive 5. vitreous humor 6. maintain 7. aqueous humor 8. blindness 9. glaucoma

SPECIAL SENSE ORGAN: THE EYE 1. the hollow inside of the eyeball is filled with ___. 2. they help maintain the ___ of the eyeball and help to ___ light rays, which brings them into focus on the retina. 3. the fluid in front of the lens is called the ___. 4. it is a transparent, watery fluid that helps to maintain the shape of the ___ and has ___ value. 5. the fluid behind the lens is called the ___, and has a jellylike consistency. 6. it helps to ___ the shape of the eye. 7. the ___ is constantly being formed, drained, and replaced. 8. if drainage is blocked for any reason, the internal pressure of the eye will increase and damage that could lead to ___ will occur. 9. this condition is called ___.

1. 9 mm, pupil 2. ligaments 3. relaxed 4. curved 5. far sighted, elasticity 6. presbyopia

SPECIAL SENSE ORGAN: THE EYE 1. the lens of the eyes about ___ in diameter and lies directly behind the ___. 2. it is held in place by a large number of strong but delicate ___ attached to the ciliary muscles. 3. when we look at distant objects, the ciliary muscle is ___ and the lens has only a slightly curved shape. 4. to focus on nearby objects, the ciliary muscle must contract, causing the lens to become more ___. 5. as we grow older, many people become ___ because our lenses lost their ___ and can no longer curve as they should. 6. this condition is called ___.

sclera, uveal layer, retina

SPECIAL SENSE ORGAN: THE EYE 1. the wall of the eye is composed of 3 layers:

1. retina 2. nerves, receptors 3. 1 million, rods, cones, shape 4. rods 5. night vision 6. color 7. bright light, sharp images 8. light-sensitive pigments 9. photoreceptors, neurons 10. rhodopsin 11. erythrolabe, chlorolabe, cyanolabe 12. white, black 13. retina 14. fovea

SPECIAL SENSE ORGAN: THE EYE 1. this is the innermost layer of the eye. 2. it contains the ___ responsible for vision and ___. 3. the retina contains about ___ of these light sensitive receptors, which we call ___ and ___, named for their ___. 4. ___ are extremely sensitive to light and can detect various shade of gray even in dim light. 5. they are important for ___. 6. they cannot distinguish ___, and they produce poorly defined images. 7. cones are important for seeing in ___, are capable of detecting colors, and produce ___. 8. both rods and cones contain ___ that decompose when they absorb light energy. 9. as the energy is absorbed, ___ are stimulated and ___ in the optic nerve are triggered, sending a message to the brain about what was seen. 10. this light sensitive pigment in rods is called ___. 11. there are 3 different types of cones, each containing a different light sensitive pigment: ___, most sensitive to red lightwaves, ___, most sensitive to green, and ___, most sensitive to blue. 12. if all 3 sets of cones are stimulated, a person senses the light as ___, and if none are stimulated, the person senses ___. 13. in a tiny pit at the center of the ___ is a concentration of cones. 14. this area, called the ___, produces the sharpest image.

1. uveal layer 2. choroid coat, ciliary body, iris 3. blood vessels, pigment granules, reflection of light 4. support, modify 5. ciliary 6. iris 7. amount, distribution 8. blue, melanin 9. blue 10. melanin 11. pupil

SPECIAL SENSE ORGAN: THE EYE 1. this is the middle layer of the eye. 2. it is composed of three parts: ___, ___, and the ___. 3. the choroid coat supplies ___ to the layers of the eyes, and also contains ___ that prevent ___ within the eye. 4. the ciliary body contains muscles which ___ and ___ the shape of the lens. 5. they are referred to as ___ muscles. 6. the ___ is the colored part of the eye. 7. the color of the iris depends on the ___ and ___ of pigment. 8. the iris has two layers; the back layer is ___ and the front layer may contain ___ or lack pigment. 9. if the front layer lacks pigment, a person's eyes will appear ___. 10. if the front layer contains ___, the amount will determine if the person's eyes are green, brown, etc. 11. the hole in the center of the iris is called the ___.

1. length, tension 2. muscle spindles, golgi tendon organs 3. stimulated 4. skeletal muscles 5. muscle, contract 6. tendons, muscles 7. increases, relax

STRETCH RECEPTORS: 1. stretch receptors are receptors that provide information to the spinal cord and brain concerning the ___ and ___ of muscles. 2. there are two main kinds of stretch receptors: ___ and ___. 3. no sensation results when they are ___. 4. muscle spindles are located in ____. 5. they are stimulated when a ___ is relaxed, and they initiate a reflex that causes the muscle to ___. 6. golgi tendon organs are found in ___, close to their attachment to ___. 7. they are stimulated when muscle tension ___ and they initiate a reflex that causes a muscle to ___.

adaptation

TEMPERATURE SENSES: 1. both heat and cold receptors demonstrate rapid ___, so that within about a minute following stimulation the sensation of heat or cold begins to fade

1. 10° C, 20° C 2. pain receptors, freezing sensation

TEMPERATURE SENSES: 1. cold receptors are most sensitive to temperatures between ___ (50° F) and ___ (68° F). 2. if the temperature drops below 10° C, ___ are stimulated and the person feels a ___

1. heat, cold 2. 25° C, 45° C 3. pain receptors, burning sensation

TEMPERATURE SENSES: 1. there are two kinds of thermoreceptors: ___ and ___ receptors. 2. the heat receptors are most sensitive to temperatures above ___ (77° F) and become unresponsive at temperatures above ___ (113° F) . 3. at temperatures above 45° C ___ are triggered, producing a ___.

1. outer ear, middle ear, inner ear

THE EAR 1. the ear is divided into 3 major sections: the ___, the ___, and the ___. -each region has a specific function

1. hearing, balance 2. temporal

THE EAR 1. the ear serves two functions: ___ and ___. 2. it is composed of 3 major divisors, with the largest part of the ear lying hidden from view inside the ___ bone.

1. middle ear 2. ossicles 3. malleus, incus, stapes 4. eardrum, incus 5. oval window 6. vibrations 7. auditory 8. 40 mm 9. yawn, swallow, cough, blow your nose 10. middle ear, throat 11. bulge 12. extensions 13. otitis media, mastoiditis

THE EAR -each region has a specific function 1. the ___ (aka. tympanic cavity) is a tiny cavity hollowed out of the temporal bone. 2. this cavity is lined with mucous membrane and contains three very small bones known as ___. 3. these bones are named for the latin words that describe their shapes: ___ (hammer), ___ (anvil), and ___ (stirrup). 4. the "handle" of the malleus attaches to the inside of the ___, and the "head" attaches to the ___. 5. the incus attaches to the stapes, and the stapes fits into a small opening, the ___, that opens into the internal ear. 6. these small bones transmit ___ across the middle ear cavity. 7. a duct called the ___ or eustachian tube connects the middle ear to the pharynx. 8. it is approximately ___ in length. 9. the tube is normally closed, but it opens when you ___, ___,___, or ___. 10. this helps to equalize pressure between the ___ and the ___. 11. if the pressure is not equalized, it can build up, causing the eardrum to ___; this can result in pain and difficulty in hearing. 12. the mucous lining of the middle ears, eustachian tubes, and throat are ___ of one continuous membrane. 13. consequently, a sore throat may spread and produce ___ (a middle ear infection) or ___ (an infection in the mastoid sinus).

1. outer ear 2. pinna 3. temporal bone 4. auditory canal 5. 2.5 cm, tympanic membrane 6. serumen 7. cilia, earwax 8. sound waves

THE EAR -each region has a specific function 1. the ___ has two portions 2. the cartilage flap which is visible to the eye is called the ___, or auricle. 3. the opening.within this area leads to the second part, a curving tube in the ___ that leads from the pinna to the middle ear. 4. this tube is called the ___, or the external acoustic meatus. 5. it extends about ___ into the temporal lobe, and is closed by the ___ (aka. the eardrum). 6. the auditory canal is lined with cilia and special cells that secrete ___ (aka. earwax). 7. together, the ___ and ___ help to prevent foreign objects from entering the ear. 8. the function of the external ear is to gather ___.

1. inner ear 2. bone, membrane 3. hearing, balance 4. labyrinth 5. cochlea, vestibule, semicircular canals 6. fluid, hair cells 7. snail 8. 3 9. balance, head movement 10. semicircular canals, cochlea

THE EAR -each region has a specific function 1. the ___ is the most important part of the auditory apparatus. 2. it is made of ___ and a ___ inside the bone. 3. it contains the sensory receptors for ___ and ___. 4. because of its complicated shape, the inner ear is called a ___. 5. it consists of three main parts: the ___, the ___, and the ___. 6. the cochlea is a bony, coiled tube filled with ___ and lined with ___. 7. the word "cochlea" means ___. 8. the semicircular canals are composed of ___ fluid-filled tubes positioned at right angles to each other. 9. these canals help maintain ___ by responding to ____. 10. the vestibule is a bony chamber which lies between the ___ and the ___.

1. inner 2. organ of corti 3. receptor cell 4. stimulated 5. sets 6. macula, crista 7. exceleration

THE EAR -each region has a specific function 1. two special sense organs for two different kinds of sensations lie within the ___ ear. 2. the ___ is the hearing sense organ; it lies within the cochlea. 3. this structure contains ___ (hair cells) which are arranged in rows and contain many hair-like projections. 4. as sound vibrations pass over the hairs, the receptors are ___. 5. different frequencies of sound stimulate different ___ of hair cells. 6. there are two balance sense organs: the ___ is located in the vestibule, and the ___ is located in the semicircular canals. 7. these two organs have the ability to detect changes in ___.

1. primary odors

THE NOSE: 1. any particular odor might be described as one of the ___ or some combination of 12 or more of them

1. poorly 2. classify 3. seven 4. camphoraceous 5. musky 6. floral 7. pepperminty 8. ethereal 9. pungent 10. putrid

THE NOSE: 1. how various substances stimulate the olfactory receptors is ___ understood. 2. attempts to ___ the sensations associated with odors have only been partially successful. 3. many researchers agree that there are at least ___ groups of primary odors: 4. ___ (like the scent of camphor) 5. ___ (like the scent of musk) 6. ___ (like the scent of flowers) 7. ___ (like the scent of oil of peppermint) 8. ___ (like the scent of ether) 9. ___ (like the scent of spices) 10. ___ (like the scent of decaying meat)

1. chemoreceptors 2. nasal mucosa 3. 50 million 4. sensitive 5. adaptation

THE NOSE: 1. olfactory receptors are ___, stimulated by chemicals dissolved in liquids. 2. these receptors are embedded in the mucous membrane in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called the ___. 3. there are about ___ of these special cells in each nasal passage. 4. olfactory receptors are extremely ___, and are able to distinguish hundreds of odors, even in small concentration. 5. they are capable of ___.

1. olfaction, pronation

THE NOSE: 1. the nose serves as the organ of ___ (smell), as well as aiding in ___ (production of proper sounds for speech).

1. sweet 2. sour 3. salty 4. bitter

THE TONGUE: - the four primary taste sensations are recognized to be: 1. ___ (as produced by table sugar) 2. ___ (as produced by vinegar) 3. ___ (as produced by table salt) 4. ___ (as produced by caffeine or quinine)

1. taste 2. gustation, olfaction

THE TONGUE: 1. each ___ you experience is a result of one of these sensations, or a combination of two or more of them. 2. the way we experience flavors is often a combination of ____ and ___, which explains why, for instance, when we have a stuffy nose our to a cold, we often lack an appetite.

1. surface 2. tip 2. sides 3. upper front 4. rear

THE TONGUE: 1. each of the four major types of test receptors is most highly concentrated in certain regions of the tongue's ___. 2. sweet receptors are most concentrated near the ___ of the tongue. 2. sour receptors occur mostly along the ___ of the tongue. 3. salt receptors are most common on the ___ portion. 4. bitter receptors are located near the ___.

1. 40 taste cells, supporting cells, taste pore 2. papillae 3. 10000

THE TONGUE: 1. each taste bud consists of about ___ (which act as receptors), ___, and opening called the ___. 2. the taste buds lie in bunches called ___, which are the visible bumps on your tongue. 3. the average person has approximately ___ taste buds.

alkaline, metallic, unami

THE TONGUE: 1. in addition, some scientists recognize 3 other sensations, which they called ___, ___, and ___

1. gustation 2. surface, tongue 3. roof, pharynx

THE TONGUE: 1. the tongue is the special organ of ___ (taste). 2. the chemical receptors for taste are clusters of sensory hair cells located in the taste buds, found primarily on the ___ of the ___. 3. taste buds also occur in smaller numbers in the ___ of the mouth and the walls of the ___.

1. receptors 2. mechanical forces 3. epithelia, touch, pressure 4. connective tissue cells, hairless, lips, fingertips, palms, light touch, texture 5. connective tissue fibers, cells, subcutaneous , hands, feet, tendons, ligaments, heavy pressure

TOUCH AND PRESSURE SENSES: 1. these senses employ several kinds of ___ 2. these receptors are sensitive to ___ - they include: 3. sensory nerve fibers (common in ___; associated with ___ and ___) 4. meissner's corpuscles (small groups of flattened ___ found in ___ portions of the skin, such as the ___, ___, and ___; sensitive to ___ and ___) 5. pacinian corpuscles (large structures of ____ and ___; found in deeper ___tissue of such areas as the ___ and ___; they also occur in ___ and ___ of joints; they are stimulated by ___)