Anatomy Summer Class Chapter 1
Choose the correct arrangement of items 1-5, ranking them from the highest to the least level of complexity. (1) organism (2) tissue (3) chemical or molecular (4) cellular (5) organ system
1, 5, 2, 4, 3 organism, organ system, tissue, cellular, chemical/molecular
Which of the following is NOT a primary function of the kidneys in the urinary system?
All of the above are primary functions of the kidneys.
What is the basic anatomical pattern that humans and other vertebrate animals share?
Answer: All of these organisms have a braincase of cartilage or bone that surrounds the brain. All vertebrates have a hollow dorsal nerve cord, ventral body cavities, and a muscular tail, although in humans this structure is reduced to the four elements of the coccyx. All vertebrates also share the "tube within a tube" pattern of hollow body cavities that contain tubular structures, such as the digestive tract. At some stage of development (often only embryonic), vertebrates also have a notochord and pharyngeal (gill) arches.
How does improper functioning at the chemical level affect cellular, tissue, organ, and organism function?
Answer: Each complex level is totally dependent upon all the levels that are less complex, therefore damage at the level of the smallest structure affects larger and more complex structures throughout the system. For example, the inability of a protein to function in a cell causes improper functioning of the cell. The faulty cell then leads to a tissue that is not fully capable of its functions. The organ is affected by the development of defective tissue. Finally, the entire organism is affected because the organ is not functioning properly.
body cavities
Thoracic cavity - pleural (lung) and pericardial (heart) cavity Abdominopelvic cavity - peritoneal cavity (farther towards back), abdominal cavity, pelvic cavity
Why is it important for all health care professionals to understand anatomical/medical terminology?
Answer: Effective communication begins with speaking, writing, and reading the same language. In effect, anatomy uses a special language that must be learned at the start. Just as an individual who does not speak Spanish is lost in Spain, an individual who does not understand the language of anatomy is lost in the hospital.
How does comparative anatomy contribute to the study of human gross anatomy?
Answer: Observed similarities of anatomical structure among different species of animals demonstrate evolutionary relationships and the similarity of developmental processes. Comparison of the same systems among different animals also shows how these systems are adapted to serve different anatomical and physiological functions.
What is the function of an organ system in the body?
Answer: Organ systems are groups of organs that function together to produce coordinated effects, such as the example of the cardiovascular system, which consists of the heart, blood, and the network of blood vessels (circulatory system).
How does the definition of posterior, as it is used in human terminology, differ from the usage with four-legged animals (quadrupeds)?
Answer: Posterior means "behind," which is equivalent to dorsal ("the back") in humans. Because of the difference in standing position, the two terms are not equivalent in quadrupeds, dorsal still meaning the back of the animal, but posterior meaning the tail (or caudal) end.
What is the role of serous membranes in the body?
Answer: Serous membranes provide a slippery cover for the inside of the body cavities and the outside of most organs located in these cavities. This slippery lining prevents friction between moving organs and the body wall.
How does the regional approach differ from the systemic approach in the study of anatomy?
Answer: Systemic anatomy considers all of the components of each organ system simultaneously, regardless of body location. Regional anatomy considers all of the superficial and internal structures in a specific area of the body, regardless of the organ system.
In general, why must larger organisms have specialized structures to permit some life functions to occur?
Answer: The organismal level of organization reflects the interactions among organ systems, all of which are vital. In other words, every system must be working properly and in harmony with every other system, or survival will be impossible. In large organisms, for example, specialized structures are required for movement of materials through exposed surfaces and transport of materials between body regions because (1) many cells are too far from an exposed surface and (2) there is not enough total surface area to allow all of the body's cells to exchange nutrients, oxygen, and wastes directly with the environment. Other life functions, such as reproduction, are also complicated by organisms' larger size.
Why is radiographic anatomy an increasingly important science?
Answer: The specialized radiographic procedures, which are performed on an intact body, include non-invasive techniques that use radioisotopes, radiation, and magnetic fields to provide detailed information about and images of internal systems and structures. Such information can be gathered in a non-invasive manner and diagnostics can begin almost immediately after many procedures.
hallux
BIG TOE
Many cellular functions were known decades before the electron microscope revealed the anatomical basis for those functions.
Which is the most accurate statement?
Epigastric: left lobe of liver Right hypochondriac: right lobe of liver, liver fundus Left hypochondriac: stomach fundus, spleen Umbilical: small intestine, transverse colon Right lumbar: ascending colon Left lumbar: descending colon Hypogastric: urinary bladder, appendix (position varies), major portion of the small intestine Right inguinal: cecum, appendix (position varies) Left inguinal: sigmoid colon
Epigastric: left lobe of liver Right hypochondriac: right lobe of liver, liver fundus Left hypochondriac: stomach fundus, spleen Umbilical: small intestine, transverse colon Right lumbar: ascending colon Left lumbar: descending colon Hypogastric: urinary bladder, appendix (position varies), major portion of the small intestine Right inguinal: cecum, appendix (position varies) Left inguinal: sigmoid colon
Atoms interacting to form three-dimensional compounds with distinctive properties in the body show organization at the tissue level.
FALSE
Multiple tissues that interact to perform a united group of functions show organization at the organismal level.
FALSE
Facies is the anatomical term, which refers to the chin.
FALSE cervical
Which of the following statements about anatomical information is correct?
It describes body parts and considers probable function.
Abdominopelvic region
RUQ: Most of the liver, gallbladder LUQ: Most of the stomach, spleen RLQ: cecum, appendix, right ureter, right ovary, right spermatic cord LLQ: left ureter, left ovary, left spermatic cord
Organs such as the liver, stomach, and pancreas are located within the ________ cavity, superior to the level of the pelvis.
abdominal
abdomen
abdominal
Which of the following is/are the primary function(s) of the digestive system?
absorption of organic nutrients, minerals, vitamins, and water
shoulder
acromial
tarsus
ankle (tarsal)
The anatomical name for the front of the elbow is ________.
antecubitis
Which of the following directional reference pairs consists of anatomical equivalents when referring to the human body?
anterior, ventral
brachium
arm (brachial)
axilla
armpit (axillary)
dorsum
back (dorsal)
olecranon
back of elbow (olecranal)
popliteus
back of knee (popliteal)
A transverse section at the level immediately below the nipple would pass through which body cavity(ies)?
both the pleural cavities and the pericardial cavity
mamma
breast (mammary)
gluteus
buttock (gluteal)
sura
calf (sural)
Gas exchange is also facilitated by the ________ system, which is responsible for the internal transport of cells and dissolved materials, including nutrients, wastes, and gases.
cardiovascular
The hips are ________, or inferior, to the shoulders.
caudal
buccca
cheek (buccal)
thoracis
chest (thorax/thoracic)
The study of anatomical features that may undergo recognizable pathological changes during illness is called ________ anatomy.
clinical
The space that contains organs of the respiratory, cardiovascular, digestive, urine, and reproductive systems is called the ________.
coelom
Which of the following is the primary function of the thymus in the lymphatic system?
controls the development and maintenance of one class of lymphocytes
________ anatomy is a new subspecialty of gross anatomy as new advances, such as computed tomography and spiral scans, have emerged.
cross-sectional
The analysis of the smallest units of life is called ________.
cytology
The process of cellular specialization to perform particular functions is called ________.
differentiation
A failure to maintain homeostatic conditions in the body is known as ________.
disease
A frontal (coronal) section is in a plane that ________.
divides the body into anterior and posterior sections
Excretion involves ________.
elimination of unnecessary or potentially harmful materials from the body
Cellular structures and the functions of major organelles focus attention at the cellular level.
TRUE
Cranial refers to "toward the head."
TRUE
Developmental anatomy refers to the study of body changes over time.
TRUE
Gluteus refers to the portion of the body upon which one sits.
TRUE
The femur is deep to the surrounding skeletal muscles.
TRUE
The term to describe "away from the midline" is lateral.
TRUE
The study of the early processes during the first two months of development from conception to physical maturity is called ________.
embryology
The ________ system contains glandular structures that direct long-term changes in the activities of other organ systems.
endocrine
The ________ abdominopelvic region is sandwiched between the right and left hypochondriac regions.
epigastric
auris
er (otic)
Which of the following includes ONLY structures enclosed within the mediastinum?
esophagus, trachea, thymus
oculus
eye (orbital/ocular)
facies
face (facial)
The anatomical term calcaneus refers to the calf
false calcaneus - heel sural - calf
digits
fingers (digital)
pes
foot (pedal)
antebrachium
forearm (antebrachial)
frons
forehead (frontal)
antecubitis
front of elbow (antecubital)
inguen
groin (inguinal)
manus
hand (manual)
In anatomical position, a person stands with the legs together and the feet flat on the floor. Additionally, the ________.
hands are at the sides, and the palms face anteriorly
cephalon
head (cephalic)
The pericardial cavity contains which of the following?
heart
calcaneus
heel of foot (calcaneal)
The branch of science that studies groups of cells and how they work together is called ________.
histology
The discipline that might examine structural interactions within a sheet of muscle tissue, or groups of specialized cells and cell products that work together to perform specific functions, is called ________.
histology
The axilla is ________ and ________ to the nasus.
inferior; lateral
The major functions of the ________ system are temperature control and protection of the body from the external environmental hazards.
integumentary
patella
knee cap (patellar)
Pain originating from the spleen would most likely be felt in the ________ abdominopelvic quadrant.
left upper quadrant
crus
leg (crural)
lumbus
loin (lumbar) lower back
Which of the following organs occupies the pleural cavity?
lungs
Which of the following refers to all the chemical operations underway in the body?
metabolism
A ________ section through the umbilicus divides the human body into equal left and right portions.
midsagittal
oris
mouth (oral)
The property of living things to transport food, blood, or other materials inside the body is called ________.
movement
The ________ system allows for locomotion, provides support, and produces heat.
muscular
umbilicus
naval (umbilical)
cervicis
neck (cervical)
Directing immediate responses to stimuli, usually by coordinating the activities of other organ systems is the function of the ________.
nervous system
nasus
nose (nasal)
Which of the following is the highest level of organization?
organs
palma
palm (palmar)
The ________ lines the body wall within the abdominopelvic cavity.
parietal peritoneum
The bladder is located in the ________ cavity.
pelvic
visceral pericardium, parietal pericardium
pericardial cavity between
Most of the digestive organs are contained within the ________ cavity, which is named for the membrane that surrounds it.
peritoneal
Mesenteries ________.
provide support and stability to the stomach and small intestine
The femur is ________ to the tarsus.
proximal
pubis
pubic
Gross anatomical specialties include ________.
radiographic and surgical anatomy
The study of structures through specialized imaging techniques, such as ultrasounds, x-rays, or other specialized procedures performed on an intact body, is called ________.
radiography
Which type of anatomy refers to the study of all of the superficial and internal features in a specific area of the body?
regional anatomy
The process of producing a new organism is referred to as ________.
reproduction
The ________ system allows for gas exchange between the air and circulating blood.
respiratory
The vital ability of an organism to take certain actions when changes occur in its immediate environment is called ________.
responsiveness
Support, protection of soft tissues, mineral storage, and blood cell formation are all functions of the ________.
skeletal system
The primary site of blood cell production is within the ________.
skeletal system
cranium
skull (cranial)
planta
sole of foot (plantar)
A person lying down in the anatomical position is said to be ________ when lying face up.
supine
The anatomical specialty that refers to the study of general form (or morphology) and superficial anatomical markings is called ________.
surface anatomy
The study of the heart, blood, and blood vessels is which of the following approaches?
systemic anatomy
In the prone position, ________.
the body is lying in anatomical position face down
The thoracic cavity is separated from the abdominopelvic cavity by ________.
the diaphragm
femur
thigh (femoral)
pollex
thumb
The inability of the heart to function properly due to physical damage from a chest wound, making it ineffective even when most of the heart muscle cells are intact and uninjured, most directly involves which level of organization of body structures?
tissue
digits
toes
A ________ section is produced if the body is separated into superior and inferior portions.
transverse
Organs of the urinary system include ________.
ureters and kidneys
The two layers of a serous membrane are ________.
visceral and parietal
The serous membrane that lines the outer surface of a lung is called the ________.
visceral pleura
carpus
wrist (carpal)
Which of the following is considered a radiological procedure?
A) CT (computerized tomography) B) MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) C) ultrasound D) angiography All of the answers are correct.
Organs systems are ________.
A) anatomical units with related functions B) formed by two or more organs C) often large enough to be studied without magnification D) interdependent on each other All of the answers are correct.
It is important to study the discipline of anatomy because it ________.
A) is important to understand the link between human structure and function B) provides information about both external and internal structures C) will assist individuals to make informed decisions about their personal health D) provides a basis for understanding more advanced courses in anatomy, physiology, and related disciplines ALL ARE CORRECT
The basic functions performed by all living organisms include(s) ________.
A) reproduction B) metabolism C) growth D) movement all are correct
Growth and differentiation often include ________.
A) specialization of individual cells B) increase in cell size C) increase in cell numbers D) changes in form and function All of the answers are correct.
