Anatomy Test 3
What determines hair color?
# and type of melanin
superficial, partial-thickness burn
(first-degree burn) -only epidermis harmed -inflammation -healing in days/weeks (no scar)
deep, partial-thickness burn
(second-degree burn) -epidermis and some dermis harmed -may blister -stem cells in hair follicles & glands help skin regenerate -usually no scarring
full thickness burn
(third-degree burn) -destroys epidermis, dermis, accessory structures -prolonged exposure to heat, flames, hot liquids -some healing from margins, but most require skin grafts/substitutes
What happens in the skin when body temperature drops?
*thermoreceptors signal hypothalamus *vasoconstriction of dermal blood vessels *vasodilation of deep blood vessels *sweat glands inactive *muscles contract involuntarily (shivering)
What happens in the skin when body temperature rises?
*thermoreceptors signal hypothalamus *vasodilation of dermal blood vessels *vasoconstriction of deep blood vessels *activation of sweat glands
physiological factors that affect skin color
- Oxygenation in blood of dermal: pinkish cyanosis (blush) - Vasociation/Vasoconstriction of dermal blood vessels (cold, shock, sick) - accumulation of carotene (pigment in plants) - jaundice
types of sensory receptors in dermis
-Lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscles -Tactile (Meissners') corpuscles
apocrine sweat glands
-axillary and groin areas -open to hair follicles
Vitamin D
-calcium absorption
specialized sweat glands
-cerimunous glands (earwax) -mammary glands (milk)
What makes up the extracellular matrix of bone?
-collagen -inorganic salts
Vitamin C
-collagen synthesis
mesenchymal cells
-differentiate into osteoblasts in primitive tissue -become periosteum at end of intramembranous ossification
types of sweat (sudiferous) glands
-eccrine (merocrine) -apocrine -specialized
types of melanin
-eumelanin (brownish-black in epidermis) -pheomelanin (reddish-yellow)
parts of hair follicle
-hair root -hair bulb (contains dividing matrix cells) -hair shaft
rule of 9s percentages
-head=9% -arms=18% -torso=36% -legs=36% -perineum=1%
parts of the sternum
-manubrium -body -xiphoid process
eccrine (merocrine) sweat glands
-most prevalent -mostly water, some salts -open to body surface through pores
parts of nails
-nail plate -nail bed -nail matrix
layers of dermis
-papillary layer (thinner) -reticular layer
sex hormones
-promote bone formation -stimulate ossification
functions of bone
-provide body shape -protect/support body structures -aid body movements -contain tissue that produces blood cells -store inorganic salts
types of heat loss through skin
-radiation ***primary method -conduction -convection -evaporation
four qualities of inflammed skin
-redness (rubor) -swelling (tumor) -warmth (calor) -pain (dolor)
growth hormone
-stimulates cartilage cell division
levels of the epidermis
-stratum corneum -stratum lucidum -stratum granulosum -stratum spinosum -stratum basale
types of burns
-superficial, partial-thickness (first degree) -deep, partial-thickness (second degree) -full thickness (third degree)
extra bone examples
-sutural bones (Wormian) -small sesamoid bones in tendons -vertebrae
layers of epiphyseal plate
-zone of resting cartilage -zone of proliferating cartilage -zone of hypertrophic cartilage -zone of calcified cartilage
When do secondary ossification centers in long bones appear?
0-5 yrs.
How thick is the epidermis?
0.7-1.2 mm
How thick is epidermis on palms and soles?
0.8-1.4 mm
How thick is the dermis?
1-2 mm
How much bone is remodeled each year?
10%-20%
There are ____ thoracic vertebrae
12
How many bones are in the appendicular skeleton?
126
How many facial bones are there?
14 (13 immovable, one movable)
At what age do upper limbs and scapulae ossify?
15-18 (F) 17-20 (M)
At what age do lower limbs and hip bones ossify?
16-21 (F) 18-23 (M)
4 fontanels close between _____________ and __________________
2 mos. and 2 years
How many bones are in an adult human body?
206
At what age to sternum, clavicles, and vertebrae ossify?
21-21 (F) 23-25 (M)
How many bones are in the skull?
22
At what age are all bones ossified?
23 (F) 25 (M)
How many vertebral bones are there in an adult?
26
When does bone growth begin?
3 mos. prenatal
When does ossification of long bone appear?
3 mos. prenatal
How many vertebral bones are there in an infant?
33
There are ___ coccygeal vertebrae
4
When do primary ossification centers in long bones appear?
4 mos. prenatal
There are ___ sacral vertebrae
5
There are ____ lumbar vertebrae
5
At what age does rapid ossification occur from centers of long bones?
5-12/14 yrs.
There are ____ cervical vertebrae
7
How much of bone matrix is composed of inorganic salts?
70%
How many cranium bones are in the skull?
8
How many bones are in the axial skeleton?
80
What is normal deep body temperature?
98.6 F 37 C
rule of nines
A system that assigns percentages to sections of the body, allowing calculation of the amount of skin surface involved in the burn area
What is another name for a dendritic cell?
Langerhans cell
What are other names for a tactile cell?
Merkel cell (epidermis) Meissner's cell (dermis)
Does the # of melanocytes vary between people?
No, just the amount of melanin produced and size/distribution of granules
functions of skin
PREPS -protective barrier -regulation of body temp -excretion -production of vitamin D -sensation
intramembranous ossification
Process of replacing embryonic connective tissue to form intramembranous bone
tactile cells
act as sensory receptors for light touch along with sensory nerve endings for tactile discs in dermis
What allows bones to keep growing longer?
active cartilage cells along epiphyseal plates
When does the coccyx fuse?
ages 25-30
The ____________________________ hold the upper and lower teeth
alveolar processes
What type of sweat gland responds to emotions, pain, or arousal?
apocrine glands
type of tissue in hypodermis
areolar and adipose
What tissue is the papillary layer of dermis composed of?
areolar tissue (dermal papillae)
What covers the epiphysis?
articular cartilage
arrector pili muscle
attached to follicle; contracts w/ cold or fear
The coronoid process of the mandible serves as a __________________________
attachment site for chewing muscles
epiphyseal plate
band of cartilage that persists between ossification centers
endochondral bones
begin as masses of hyaline cartilage -most of skeleton -femur, humerus, radius, tibia -phalanges -vertebrae
hair papilla
blood vessels contained here to nourish hair
formation of bone by osteoblasts
bone deposition
term for constant replacement of bone
bone remodeling
removal of bone by osteoclasts
bone resorption
osteoclasts
bone-destroying cells (break down calcified matrix)
osteoblasts
bone-forming cells (replace cartilage)
What's another name for spongy bone?
cancellous bone
What type of vertebrae is the smallest?
cervical
How can bones thicken? (even if length is calcified)
compact bone deposited under periosteum
type of tissue in dermis
connective tissue
What makes up the dermis?
connective tissue and muscle fibers
What's another name for compact bone?
cortical bone
another name for skin
cutaneous membrane
How does the stratum corneum form?
deeper cells reach superficial skin, become packed, and develop desmosomes
What tissue is the reticular layer of dermis composed of?
dense irregular tissue
bone shaft
diaphysis
What type of sweat gland responds to temperature?
eccrine
Where do bone deposition and bone resorption occur?
endosteum and periosteum
Which layers are considered skin?
epidermis and dermis
expanded end of bone
epiphysis
Ethmoidal air cells form __________________________
ethmoidal sinuses
Where are sebaceous glands found?
everywhere except palms and soles
What causes acromegaly?
excess growth hormone in adults
What causes gigantism?
excess growth hormone in children
What is acne caused by?
excess sebum
the area above the pelvic brim
false/upper/greater pelvis
What is sebum made of?
fatty material & cell debris
What do inorganic salts contribute to bone?
hardness
convection
heat loss from skin to circulating air currents
evaporation
heat loss through evaporating sweat carried from skin
conduction
heat moves from warm skin to cool object it's touching
What is the name for blood cell formation?
hematopoiesis
hyperthermia
high body temperature -radiation is less effective -body gains heat from hotter air -dry skin, dizziness, weakness, nauseousness, headache, rapid pulse
The deltoid tuberosity is found on the ________________
humerus
What is the most abundant inorganic salt in bone?
hydroxyapatite (calcium phosphate)
examples of inorganic salts in bone
hydroxyapatite, magnesium ions, sodium ions, potassium ions, carbonate ions
What monitors the set point of body temperature?
hypothalamus
Where is the most heat produced?
in active cells through metabolism -liver -skeletal & cardiac muscle
radiation
infrared rays go from warm skin to cool environment
albinism
inherited gene mutation; absence of melanin
What causes pituitary dwarfism?
insufficient growth hormone in children
two types of bones
intramembranous and endochondral
What type of ossification involves mesenchymal cells?
intramembranous ossification
hardening and dehydration of epidermal cells
keratinization
flattened, old, dead epidermal cells
keratinocytes
Tactile (Meissner's) corpuscules
light touch receptors
hypothermia
low body temperature -involuntary shivering from hypothalamus -confusion, lethargy, loss of reflexes & consciousness -organ failure
Where is marrow found?
medullary cavity and spaces
The crista galli holds _________________________
membranes that enclose the brain
widening part between diaphysis and epiphysis
metaphysis
The superior and middle nasal concha support ____________________
mucous membranes
The styloid process and mastoid process serve as ________________________
muscle attachment sites
What is calcium used for?
nerve impulse conduction and muscle contraction
bifid spinous process
on vertebrae C2-C6
shallow cut
only epidermis effective; margin cells divide rapidly
The cribriform plates serve as __________________
openings for olfactory axons
transverse foramina
openings in cervical vertebrae for arteries
intramembranous bones
originate w/in sheet-like layers of connective tissue -broad, flat skull bones -clavicles -sternum -some facial bones (mandible, maxilla, zygomatic)
Vitamin A
osteoblast and osteoclast activity
lunula
pale, half-moon over matrix
air-filled cavities in some cranial and facial bones that reduce skull weight and increase voice intensity
paranasal sinuses
What controls bone resorption?
parathyroid gland
What regulates blood calcium?
parathyroid hormone and calcitonin
area inside the pelvic brim
pelvic inlet
area outside the pelvic brim
pelvic outlet
What bone forms the main portion of the nasal septum
perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone
dendritic cells
phagocytes that protect skin and lower tissues from infection
Lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscles
pressure receptors
What causes bone growth to stop?
primary and secondary ossification centers meet
area in center of diaphysis where bone tissue first replaces cartilage
primary ossification center
endochondral ossification
process of replacing hyaline cartilage to form an endochondral bone
melanocytes
produce melanin, which is distributed to keratinocytes for protection
The styloid process is found on the
radius and ulna
deep cut
reaches dermis/subcutaneous layer -blood vessels break; clotting -clot + dried tissue = scab -epithelial cells reproduce to fill gap -fibroblasts secrete collagen to bind -growth factors stimulate new tissue -phagocytic cells remove dead cells -excess collagenous fibers may form elevated mass (scar)
Where does hematopoiesis occur?
red bone marrow
thyroid gland function
replaces cartilage w/ bone in epiphyseal plates
What do collagen fibers contribute to bone?
resilience
inflammation
response to injury/stress involving dilation of blood vessels
osteoporosis
results from loss of bone mineralization
Where besides the cervical spine can you find transverse foramina?
sacral canal
What shifts the body weight to the legs?
sacroiliac joints
area of ephiphysis where spongy bone forms later in development
secondary ossification center
The _________________ holds the pituitary gland
sella turcica
In which bones is red marrow found?
skull, ribs, sternum, clavicles, vertebrae, pelvis
parathyroid gland function
stimulates bone breakdown
How does physical stress affect the skeletal system?
stimulates bone growth
What does yellow marrow do?
stores fat (replaces some red marrow w/ age)
type of tissue in epidermis
stratified squamous
Where are melanocytes located?
stratum basale
Where are tactile cells found?
stratum basale
single row of cuboidal/columnar cells that divide and grow; includes melanocytes
stratum basale
3-5 layers of flattened cells that contain keratin and shriveled nuclei
stratum granulosum
clear cells; nuclei, membranes, and organelles invisible
stratum lucidum
Where are dendritic cells found?
stratum spinosum
many layers of flattening cells with central, large, oval nuclei and developing karatin fibers
stratum spinosum
environmental factors that affect skin color
sunlight, UV light from sunlamps, X-rays
The zygomatic arch is formed by the _________________________ and ______________________
temporal process and zygomatic process
What causes cleft palate?
the left and right palatine processes don't fuse correctly in fetal development
What controls bone deposition?
thyroid gland
the patellar ligament articulates with the __________________
tibial tuberosity
canaliculi
tiny passageways through which cell processes of osteocytes exchange nutrients and waste
keratin
tough, fibrous, waterproof protein made and stored in cells
area below the pelvic brim
true/lower/lesser pelvis
the rib tubercle articulates with the ____________
vertebrae
spinous process of C7
vertebral prominens
types and number of ribs
vertebrosternal (TRUE) --> 7 pairs vertebrochondral (FALSE) --> 3 pairs floating ribs (FALSE) --> 2 pairs
What causes retardation of bone development?
vitamin A deficiency
What causes slender, fragile bones?
vitamin C deficiency
What causes rickets and osteomalacia?
vitamin D deficiency
thin layers of dead cartilage cells and calcified matrix in epiphyseal plates
zone of calcified cartilage
- Rows of older cells left behind when new cells appear that thicken epiphyseal plate, lengthening the bone - Matrix calcifies, cartilage cells (chondrocytes die)
zone of hypertrophic cartilage
rows of young, mitotic cells in epiphyseal plates
zone of proliferating cartilage
closest to epiphyses; resting cells anchor epiphyseal plates to epiphyses
zone of resting cartilage