Anatomy test ch.7

Visual area

occipital

Auditory area

temporal lobe

Relay station for sensory impulses passing to the sensory cortex

thalamus

Bundles of nerve fibers (neuron processes) running through the CNS are called ____, whereas in the PNS they are called ____.

tracts; nerves

Contains centers that control heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, swallowing, and vomiting

medulla oblongata

Composed of cerebral peduncles and the corpora quadrigemina

midbrain

One of the last areas of the CNS to mature is the ____________________, which regulates body temperature.

hypothalamus

Regulates body temperature, water balance, and metabolism

hypothalamus

Describe the cells that form myelin sheaths in the CNS and PNS

1. In the CNS, oligodendrocytes wrap their extensions around nerve fibers producing myelin sheaths. Oligodendrocytes can wrap as many as 60 different nerve fibers at the same time. 2. In the PNS, Schwann cells wrap around the axons of nerve fibers.

List and explain the three general functions of the nervous system

1. Sensory (input) function?the nervous system uses millions of sensory receptors to monitor changes (stimuli) inside and outside the body; the gathered information is called the sensory function. 2. Integrative function?the nervous system processes and interprets sensory input and makes decisions about what should be done and the magnitude to which it should be done at each moment. 3. Motor (output) function?the process of reaction to stimuli; the body responds by activating muscles that can produce motion or glands that can produce and secrete hormones.

List the four events that lead to transmission of an impulse across a synapse.

1. The impulse arrives at the synaptic knob of the presynaptic neuron. 2. The synaptic vesicle fuses with the presynaptic neuron membrane and the chemical neurotransmitter is released via exocytosis. 3. The neurotransmitter is released, travels across the synaptic cleft, and binds to receptor sites on the postsynaptic neuron. If sufficient neurotransmitter is released, the entire series of events involved in the conduction of a nerve impulse will occur in the postsynaptic neuron. 4. The electrical changes prompted by neurotransmitter binding are very brief because the neurotransmitter is quickly removed from the synapse either by re-uptake into the axonal terminal or by enzymatic breakdown.

White matters refers to myelinated fibers in the: a. CNS b. PNS c. ANS d. SNS e. both ANS and SNS

A. CNS

Collections of nerve cell bodies inside the CNS are called: a. ganglia b. tracts c. nerves d. nuclei e. tracts or ganglia

A. Ganglia

The pituitary gland is most closely associated with the: a. hypothalamus b. thalamus c. pineal gland d. midbrain e. medulla oblongata

A. hypothalamus

Specific period during which potassium ions diffuse out of the neuron due to a change in membrane permeability

A. repolarization

The gray matter of the spinal cord: a. surrounds the central canal b. contains myelinated fiber tracts c. is made up of the dorsal, lateral, and ventral columns d. surrounds the white matter of the spinal cord e. always carries sensory information to the brain

A. surrounds the central canal

The gap between two communicating neurons is termed: a. synaptic cleft b. cell body c. effector d. Schwann cell e. node of Ranvier

A. synaptic cleft

The progressive degenerative disease that results in dementia associated with a shortage of acetylcholine and structural changes in brain areas involving cognition and memory is called ____________________.

Alzheimer's disease

Which of the following sensory receptors is a touch receptor: a. Golgi tendon organ b. Meissner's corpuscle c. Pacinian corpuscle d. naked nerve endings e. muscle spindles

B. Meissner's corpuscle

Cerebrospinal fluid circulates through all of the following except: a. subarachnoid space b. corpus callosum c. cerebral aqueduct d. fourth ventricle e. lateral ventricles

B. corpus callosum

Period when the interior of the cell becomes less negative due to an influx of sodium ions

B. depolarization

Muscles and glands are: a. receptors b. effectors c. myelinated d. part of the peripheral nervous system e. part of the central nervous system

B. effectors

The elevated ridges of tissue on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres are known as _____ while the shallow grooves are termed _____. a. sulci; gyri b. gyri; sulci c. ganglia; gyri d. tracts; ganglia e. receptors; effectors

B. gyri; sulci

The ability to respond to a stimulus is termed: a. polarized b. irritability c. depolarized d. conductivity e. all-or-none response

B. irritability

Which of the following is the correct sequence in a typical reflex arc: a. effector, afferent neuron, integration center, efferent neuron, receptor b. receptor, afferent neuron, integration center, efferent neuron, effector c. effector, efferent neuron, integration center, afferent neuron, receptor d. receptor, efferent neuron, integration center, afferent neuron, effector e. receptor, afferent neuron, efferent neuron, integration center, effector

B. receptor, afferent neuron, integration center, efferent neuron, effector

An action potential is caused by an influx of these ions into the cell: a. potassium b. sodium c. calcium d. magnesium e. both potassium and sodium

B. sodium

Termed a nerve impulse when transmitted

C. action potential

The midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata are housed in the: a. diencephalon b. hypothalamus c. brain stem d. pineal gland e. cerebellum

C. brain stem

Loss of muscle coordination results from damage to the: a. cerebrum b. hypothalamus c. cerebellum d. thalamus e. midbrain

C. cerebellum

The metabolic center of the neuron is___.

Cell body

The Schwann cell forms a myelin sheath around the: a. dendrites b. cell body c. nucleus d. axon e. nodes of Ranvier

D. Axon

The sciatic nerve is the largest nerve in the body resulting from a combination of which two nerves: a. pudendal and femoral nerves b. femoral and tibial nerves c. pudendal and common peroneal nerves d. common fibular and tibial nerves e. pudendal and tibial nerves

D. common fibular and tibial nerves

Bipolar neurons are commonly: a. motor neurons b. called neuroglia c. found in ganglia d. found in the eye and nose e. more abundant in adults than in children

D. found in the eye and nose

Lobe that contains the primary motor area that enables voluntary control of skeletal muscle movements: a. parietal lobe b. temporal lobe c. occipital lobe d. frontal lobe e. diencephalon

D. frontal lobe

Period when the neuron is at rest; it has a more negative interior in comparison to the positive exterior

D. polarization

Afferent nerves are called _____, and motor nerves are called _____. a. motor nerves; sensory nerves b. peripheral nerves; cranial nerves c. mixed nerves; motor nerves d. sensory nerves; efferent nerves e. cranial nerves; peripheral nerves

D. sensory nerves; efferent nerves

Local depolarization is also known as this term

E. Graded potential

The term central nervous system refers to the: a. autonomic and peripheral nervous systems b. brain, spinal cord, and cranial nerves c. brain and cranial nerves d. spinal cord and spinal nerves e. brain and spinal cord

E. brain and spinal cord

The blood-brain barrier is effective against the passage of: a. water b. nutrients such as glucose c. alcohol d. anesthetics e. metabolic waste such as urea

E. metabolic waste such as urea

The peripheral nervous system consists of: a. spinal nerves only b. the brain only c. cranial nerves only d. the brain and spinal cord e. the spinal and cranial nerves

E. the spinal and cranial nerves

The autonomic nervous system is also referred to as the ____ nervous system since it controls activities of smooth and cardiac muscles and glands

Involuntary

____________________ disease results from a degeneration of the dopamine-releasing neurons of the substantia nigra.

Parkinson's

Explain how multiple sclerosis affects nerve functioning.

People with multiple sclerosis (MS) experience destruction of their myelin sheaths. As destruction progresses, the electrical current is short-circuited. The person affected with MS may experience visual and speech disturbances and lose muscle control.

_____ cells form the myelin sheaths around nerve fibers in the PNS

Schwann

The brain dysfunction where blood supply to a region (or regions) of the brain is blocked and vital brain tissues die, as by a blood clot or ruptured blood vessel, is called _____

cerebrovascular accident or stroke

A ____________________ is a type of traumatic brain injury that results in marked tissue destruction.

contusion

The large fiber tract that allows communication between the two cerebral hemispheres is called the ____________________.

corpus callosum

The neural processes that convey incoming messages toward the cell body are ____.

dendrites

Motor speech area

frontal lobe

Premotor area

frontal lobe

Somatic motor cortex

frontal lobe

Primary sensory cortex

parietal lobe

Gland that hangs from the hypothalamus

pituitary gland

When there are fewer positive ions sitting on the inner face of the neuron's plasma membrane than there are on the outer face of the tissue fluid that surrounds it, the membrane is said to be ____.

polarized

Motor control of the visceral organs

reticular formation

That part of the PNS that is voluntary and conducts impulses from the CNS to the skeletal muscles is the ____ nervous system.

somatic

Myelinated regions of the CNS are referred to as ___ matter

white