anatomy week 15
How many motor neurons are needed to stimulate skeletal muscle contraction in the somatic nervous system?
1
How many motor neurons are needed to stimulate cardiac muscle contraction in the autonomic nervous system?
2
Gustatory cells have a ______ lifespan.
7-10 days
primary odors
8
______ of the eye is receded into the orbit.
80%
Which cranial nerve innervates the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?
CN IX
Which systemic changes accompany sympathetic stimulation?
Increased blood pressure Increased heart rate Increased breathing rate
Parasympathetic innervation from the vagus nerve has the following effects on the digestive tract organs.
Increased smooth muscle motility Increased secretory activity
Which are true of the conjunctiva?
It is vascular. It contains goblet cells. It does not cover the cornea.
Which statements describe the somatic nervous system?
It uses one neuron in a signaling pathway. It is under voluntary control. The effector organs are the skeletal muscle fibers.
Which statements describe the autonomic motor nervous system?
It uses two neurons in a signaling pathway. It is under involuntary control. The effector organs are the cardiac muscle fibers, smooth muscle fibers and glands.
What is the outermost layer of the neural layer of the eye?
Photoreceptor cells
Which regions of the central nervous system play a role in regulating the autonomic nervous system?
Spinal Cord Hypothalamus Brainstem
Which segments of the spinal cord house the sympathetic preganglionic neuron cell bodies?
T1-L2
Olfactory hairs
They are unmyelinated. They are immobile.
Preganglionic sympathetic axons travel with somatic motor neuron axons to exit the spinal cord and enter the ______.
anterior roots
Which of the following works constantly with the somatic nervous system to regulate body organs and maintain normal internal functions?
autonomic nervous system
The brainstem nuclei in the mesencephalon, pons, and medulla oblongata mediate the ______.
autonomic reflexes
The cornea is
avascular
The centers for cardiac, digestive, and functions such as pupil size, are housed within the major brain region called the .
brainstem
The preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic division are located in the ______.
brainstem & spinal cord
The cell body of a lower motor neuron of the somatic nervous system is in the ______.
brainstem or spinal cord
A ______ receptive field detects only the general region of its stimulus.
broad
Gustatory cells are found in taste
buds
Gustatory cells are
chemoreceptors
What causes Trachoma, a type of conjunctivitis?
chlamydia
What is the largest structure of the vascular tunic?
choroid
What structure is filled with pigment from melanocytes?
choroid
What structure supplies nourishment to the retina?
choroid
The iris is continuous with the ______.
ciliary body
The ciliary body is composed of
ciliary muscles and ciliary processes
What type of photoreceptors detect color?
cones
The preganglionic axon of an autonomic motor pathway exits the central nervous system in ______.
cranial or spinal nerve
The location of preganglionic neurons in the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system allow it to be also known as the division.
craniosacral
Parasympathetic innervation from the vagus nerve causes a(n) ______ in heart rate.
decrease
Parasympathetic innervation from the vagus nerve causes the airways to ______.
decrease in diameter
Sympathetic stimulation will cause the pupils of the eye to _______.
dilate
If a receptor acts as a transducer in the body, it transforms one type of energy into ______, which is conducted along a sensory neruon.
electrical energy
Palpebrae aka
eyelids
What is the name of the outermost layer of the eye?
fibrous
A sympathetic trunk looks like a pearl necklace, with bundles of axons making up the "string" and sympathetic trunk making up the "pearls".
ganglia
Which structure associated with the autonomic nervous system has a cell body located within an autonomic ganglion in the peripheral nervous system?
ganglionic motor neuron
Because they connect to all spinal nerves (cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal), the ______ rami communicantes allow sympathetic information originating from the thoracolumbar region to be dispersed throughout the body.
gray
Postganglionic sympathetic axons are carried from the sympathetic trunk to all spinal nerves through ______.
gray rami communicantes
Parasympathetic innervation from the vagus nerve causes ______ in mucous production in the airways of the lungs
increase
The primary gustatory cortex is in the ______ of the cerebrum.
insula
Order the structures of the vascular tunic from anterior to posterior.
iris ciliary body choroid
The sclera
is made of dense connective tissue
Which organ receives postganglionic axons from the superior mesenteric ganglion?
kidney proximal ureters jejunum of small intestine
Ciliary glands are found in the
lacrimal caruncle
This area of gray matter of the spinal cord in segments T1-L2 houses the cell bodies of the sympathetic preganglionic neurons.
lateral horn
What structure focuses incoming light onto the retina?
lens
In the adrenal medulla pathway, preganglionic sympathetic axons directly innervate the adrenal ______.
medulla
Where are the photoreceptors located?
neural layer of retina
Which olfactory cell detects odors?
olfactory receptor cell
What structure creates the "blind spot"?
optic disc
The lacrimal gland is made of two parts, the palpebral part and the ______ part.
orbital
The portion of the conjunctiva on the inside of the eyelid is called the ______.
palpebral conjunctiva
During times of relaxation, the ______ division of the autonomic nervous system is most active and utilizes discrete and localized innervation, stimulating only one or a few structures at the same time.
parasympathetic
Short postganglionic axons are found in the ______ division.
parasympathetic
Which division of the autonomic nervous system has long preganglionic axons and short postganglionic axons?
parasympathetic
Which division of the autonomic nervous system tends to have few (less than 4) branches in its preganglionic axons?
parasympathetic
Which division of the autonomic nervous system is known as the "rest-and-digest" division and is responsible for conserving energy and replenishing nutrient stores?
parasympathetic division
The subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system are the ______ division and ______ division.
parasympathetic, sympathetic
______ receptors quickly lose sensitivity over time.
phasic
Which layer of the retina provides vitamin A for the photoreceptor cells?
pigmented layer
Which structure associated with the autonomic nervous system has a cell body located within the brainstem or spinal cord?
preganglionic motor neuron
Camphorous, fishy, malty, minty, musky and sweaty are examples of ______.
primary odors
examples of tonic receptors
proprioceptors in joints and muscles
What connects the spinal nerves to each sympathetic trunk?
rami communicantes
What is the "white" of the eye?
sclera
What structure makes up the posterior portion of the fibrous tunic?
sclera
Order these eye structures from superficial to deep.
sclera choroid pigmented layer neural layer
Tarsal glands are
sebaceous glands
Localization and sensitivity are easily determined in a ______ receptive field.
small
olfaction is the sense of
smell
What type of muscle is found in the iris?
smooth
The ciliary muscles are made of ______.
smooth muscle
Voluntary activities of the body, like throwing a ball or walking outside, are under the control of the
somatic nervous system
The ______ nervous system and _______ nervous system are the subdivisions of the motor nervous system that transmit all motor impulses from the CNS to muscles and glands throughout the body.
somatic, autonomic
Equilibrium is an example of a receptor for the ______.
special senses
Which sympathetic pathway is being used if a preganglionic neuron synapses with a ganglionic neuron in a sympathetic trunk ganglion and the postganglionic axon travels through a gray ramus at the same "level" as the ganglionic neuron?
spinal nerve pathway
Postganglionic axons from the _____ mesenteric ganglion innervate the distal half of the duodenum, part of the pancreas, the remainder of the small intestine, the proximal part of the large intestine, the kidneys, and the proximal part of the ureters.
superior
Which of the following are examples of olfactory cells?
supporting basal
The ______ ligaments connect the ciliary body to the lens.
suspensory
The ______ preganglionic axons tend to have many branches (more than 20).
sympathetic
This division of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for the increased alertness and metabolic activity needed in stressful or frightening situations.
sympathetic
Which division of the autonomic nervous system exhibits a mass activation response during stressful situations, stimulating all innervated components at once?
sympathetic
Which division of the autonomic nervous system is also known as the thoracolumbar division?
sympathetic
The primary olfactory cortex is located in the ______ lobe of the cerebrum.
temporal
The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is anatomically known as the ______ division.
thoracolumbar
The balance receptors in the ear are an example of ______ receptors.
tonic
____ transform energy from one form to another form
transducers
The ______ nerve causes increased smooth muscle motility and secretory activity in the organs of the digestive tract.
vagus CN X
Which cranial nerve is the "wanderer" traveling inferiorly through the neck and throughout the trunk?
vagus CN X
Which cranial nerve supplies parasympathetic innervation to the thoracic organs, most abdominal organs, and the gonads?
vagus CN X
What type of papillae is largest and least numerous?
vallate
Which layer of the eye contains the blood and lymph vessels?
vascular tunic
In the somatic nervous system, a single motor neuron extends uninterrupted from the ______ root of the spinal cord to the effector muscle.
ventral
The sympathetic trunks are located immediately lateral to the ______.
vertebral column
