ANNEX C, History of WWII

Kyushu

The southernmost and second most populous of Japan's main islands. Earliest settlers built Japan's first cities here. Supports 10% of Japan's population.

Yamato

Clan that emerges around 400ad, they were most powerful, and said to have descended from the sun goddess, Amaterasu, and they crowned themselves emperor. They are eventually overthrown but kept as figurehead emperors since they are descended from Amaterasu.

Manhattan Project

Code name for the U.S. effort during World War II to produce the atomic bomb. Much of the early research was done in New York City by refugee physicists in the United States.

Hideki Tojo

This general was premier of Japan during World War II while this man was dictator of the country. He gave his approval for the attack on Pearl Harbor and played a major role in Japan's military decisions until he resigned in 1944

Akagi

Japanese aircraft carrier, was a part of the Pearl Harbor Attack

Operation Olympic

MacArthur's plans to invade japan- would have hundreds of thousands americans invading-casualities would have been massive

Walter Short

United States general at the time of Pearl Harbor who was kept out of the information loop from Roosevelt's administration's knowledge about the attacks and spoke out against government

Philippine Islands

secured by the Allies under General MacArthur

Peleliu

supposed to be cleared in four days but ended up taking longer because it was the beginning of a change in JPN strategy from an offensive to counter offensive were they will not met US troops on the shores of the beach but rather 10,000 JPN troops hide in caves throughout the island. Also Marine Divisions were not trained to sustained fighting like the army. and they lacked artillery and protection from a lack of successful bombing because of JPN cave usage.

Douglas MacArthur

(1880-1964), U.S. general. Commander of U.S. (later Allied) forces in the southwestern Pacific during World War II, he accepted Japans surrender in 1945 and administered the ensuing Allied occupation. He was in charge of UN forces in Korea 1950-51, before being forced to relinquish command by President Truman.

Bataan

(1942) a forced march of American and Filipino prisoners of war captured by the Japanese in the Philippines in World War II Japanese forced about 60,000 of americans and philippines to march 100 miles with little food and water, most died or were killed on the way

Chester Nimitz

(25.3) U.S. Admiral during WWII, the commander of American naval forces in the Pacific. He took action to defend the island of Midway from the Japanese. On June 3, 1942, his scout planes found the Japanese fleet. The Americans sent torpedo planes and dive bombers to the attack. The Japanese were caught with their planes still on the decks of their carriers. The results were devastating. By the end of the Battle of Midway, the Japanese had lost four aircraft carriers, a cruiser, and 250 planes.

Iwo Jima

450 miles from Japan, possible a good Allied base from which to attack Japan. There were 21,000 Japanese killed, 4,000-7,000 Americans died, and 15,000-19,000 were wounded. a bloody and prolonged operation on the island of Iwo Jima in which American marines landed and defeated Japanese defenders (February and March 1945)

Rape of Nanking

6-week period following the Japanese capture of the city of Nanjing. Thousands of civilians were murdered and raped by soldiers of Imperial Japanese Army. infamous genocidal war crime committed by japanese military in Nanjing. started in 1937 and lasted a few weeks. japanese army raped, stole and killed prisoners of war and civilians

Pearl Harbor

7:50-10:00 AM, December 7, 1941 - Surprise attack by the Japanese on the main U.S. Pacific Fleet harbored in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii destroyed 18 U.S. ships and 200 aircraft. American losses were 3000, Japanese losses less than 100. In response, the U.S. declared war on Japan and Germany, entering World War II.

James Doolittle

A U.S. Army general best known for leading the famous "Doolittle Raid" in 1942, in which B-25 bombers were launched from an aircraft carrier to bomb Japan and then crash-landed in China.

Raymond Spruance

A United State admiral during WWII, commanded US naval forces during two of the most significant naval battles in the Pacific theater, the Battle of Midway and the Battle of the Philippine Sea, after the war he was appointed President of the Naval War College, and later served as American ambassador to the Philippines. American commander at Midway. Made decision to send all his planes at the edge of their ranger, also not to pursue the japanese fleet.

Napalm

A jellylike substance that once dropped by planes, splattered and burned uncontrollably. This was used to attack the VC and NVA hideouts and reveal their locations.

Ernest J. King

American Admiral. Wanted to do only two press releases. One announcing the war, one announcing victory. He understood who needs escorts across the Atlantic and who doesn't.

Enola Gay

American B-29 bomber that dropped the atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japan, on August 6, 1945.

Midway

An important battle in the Asian part of the war, the Americans sank 4 Japanese aircraft carriers Battle fought very close to Hawaii in 1942, an American victory that saved Hawaii from Japanese takeover After several secret Japanese naval codes had been deciphered, Admiral Chester Nimitz led the American fleet to a stunning victory over a superior Japanese fleet of 160 ships. In a decisive victory, American dive bombers sank 4 Japanese aircraft carriers and shot down several hundred planes near the island of Midway. This American victory put the Japanese forces on the defensive.

Atomic Bomb

Bomb that changed the world, ended WWII in Japan, created a nuclear arms race between U.S. and Soviet Union Two atomic bombs were dropped on Japan (Hiroshima and Nagasaki) which forced Japan to surrender and ended WWII. The Manhattan Project was the name of the top secret program that developed the atomic bomb.

Hiroshima

City in Japan, the first to be destroyed by an atomic bomb, on August 6, 1945. The bombing hastened the end of World War II.

Magic

Code name for U.S. code-breaking operations against the Japanese.

Isoruku Yamamoto

Commander-in-chief of Japanese forces that was ordered to plan an attack on the US during WWII. he went to Harvard and was very smart, knew that this was a really bad idea, but he had no choice. he planned Pearl Harbor and invented the shallow-water torpedo. he predicted after Pearl Harbor, the US would need exactly 6 months to rebuild (he was correct)

Husband Kimmel

Commander-in-chief of the U.S. Pacific Fleet at the time of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. He was removed from that command after the attack and reduced to the two-star rank of rear admiral. He gave soldiers Sunday leave. Was a "peacetime commander."

Coral Sea

Crucial naval battle which stopped the Japanese march across the Pacific, first time all fighting was done by carrier based aircraft A naval battle in the Pacific against the Japanese that protected the security of Australia

Honshu

For 10 points, Osaka and Hiroshima as well as the capital, Tokyo, are located on which island, the largest of Japan's four main islands?

Solomon Islands

Guadalcanal, the site of bloody fighting during WWII, is part of which country?

Chuichi Nagumo

Japanese admiral in the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War II and one time commander of the Kido Butai (the carrier battle group). He committed suicide while defending Saipan. Chuichi Nagumo was a Japanese admiral in the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War II. He led naval task force against Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, which forced America to join in World War II.

Alfred Thayer Mahan

Navy officer whose ideas on naval warfare and the importance of sea-power changed how America viewed its navy (1840-1914) US Navy officer, geostrategist, and educator. Influenced navies worldwide on the importance of building a strong navy. Author of "The Influence of Seapower Upon History, 1660-1783" in 1890. Taught at Naval War College, and was twice President of College.

Non-Aggression Pact

On August 9, 1945, just after midnight, Soviet Union invaded Manchuria. The declaration of war followed nearly six hours later. Since the time zone difference of 7 hours, the declaration of war could be still dated August 8, 1945, being handed in Moscow at 11 p.m. The Soviet Union kept its promise to the Allies at the Yalta Conference to enter the war with Japan two to three months after the end of World War II in Europe, but it also acted in violation of the still valid neutrality pact signed on April 13, 1941.

Richmond Kelly Turner

Rear admiral Turner commanded the amphibious force subordinate to the Fifth Fleet. It was created to conduct the landings that were characteristic of the Pacific war Rear Admiral Turner commanded the amphibious forces at guadalcanal and now commanded both the Army and Navy's amphibious forces.

William Halsey

Replaced Spruance, very aggressive, given control of the third fleet as a U.S. Naval officer. He commanded the South Pacific Area during the early stages of the Pacific War against Japan. Later he was commander of the Third Fleet through the duration of hostilities.

Operation Coronet

______ ________ was the planned invasion of the main Japanese island of Honsu on March 1, 1946.

Okinawa

The U.S. Army in the Pacific had been pursuing an "island-hopping" campaign, moving north from Australia towards Japan. On April 1, 1945, they invaded Okinawa, only 300 miles south of the Japanese home islands. By the time the fighting ended on June 2, 1945, the U.S. had lost 50,000 men and the Japanese 100,000.

Mushashi

The Yamato-class ships were the heaviest and most powerfully armed battleships ever constructed / Musashi was modified to serve as the flagship of the Combined Fleet and spent the rest of the year working up. She was used to transfer forces and equipment between Japan and various occupied islands several times in 1944. Musashi was torpedoed in early 1944 by an American SUBMARINE and forced to return to Japan for repairs where the navy greatly augmented her anti-aircraft armament. The ship was present during the Battle of the Philippine Sea in June, but did not come in contact with American surface forces. Musashi was sunk by an estimated 19 torpedo and 17 bomb hits from American carrier aircraft on 24 October 1944 during the Battle of Leyte Gulf. Over half of her crew were rescued.

Curtis Lemay

The commander of the U.S. Air Force's 21st Bomber Command in the Pacific theater during World War II. LeMay is best known for developing the U.S. strategy of using massive incendiary bomb attacks on Japanese cities in order to break the Japanese will near the end of the war.

Operation Downfall

This was code name for the Land invasion of Japan. There were too plans within this Operation. The first was called Olympic. 14 divisions would land on the southern island of Kyushu. The U.S would hope to use this island as a landing area for big bombers bombing Tokyo. The second plan was called Coronet. 25 divisioins would land on the big island of Honshu. This was be a LARGER INVASION FORCE than D-Day. This plan would've been too costly in American lives.

Yorktown

USS Yorktown (CV/CVA/CVS-10) is one of 24 Essex-class aircraft carriers built during World War II for the United States Navy. USS Yorktown (CV-5), lost at the Battle of Midway in June 1942. Yorktown was commissioned in April 1943, and participated in several campaigns in the Pacific Theater of Operations, earning 11 battle stars and the Presidential Unit Citation.

Submarine Warfare

[SEE JOHN ELLIS AND CLAY BLAIR] Allied submarines were used extensively during the Pacific War and were a key contributor to the defeat of the Empire of Japan. During the war, submarines of the United States Navy were responsible for 55% of Japan's merchant marine losses; other Allied navies added to the toll.[1] The war against shipping was the single most decisive factor in the collapse of the Japanese economy. Allied submarines also conducted reconnaissance patrols, landed special forces and guerrilla troops and performed search and rescue tasks.[2] The majority of the submarines involved were from the U.S. Navy, with the British Royal Navy and the Royal Netherlands Navy contributing smaller numbers of boats. The Allied submarine campaign is one of the least-publicized feats in military history,[1] due in large part to the efforts of Allied governments to ensure their own submarines' actions were not reported in the media. The U.S. Navy adopted an official policy of unrestricted submarine warfare, and it appears the policy was executed without the knowledge or prior consent of the government.[3] The London Naval Treaty, to which the U.S. was signatory,[4] required submarines to abide by prize rules (commonly known as "cruiser rules"). It did not prohibit arming merchantmen,[5] but arming them, or having them report contact with submarines (or raiders), made them de facto naval auxiliaries and removed the protection of the cruiser rules.[6] This made restrictions on submarines effectively nulled.[5]

USS Enterprise

colloquially referred to as the "Big E," was the sixth aircraft carrier of the United States Navy and the seventh U.S. Navy ship to bear the name. Launched in 1936, she was a ship of the YORKTOWN class, and one of only three American carriers commissioned prior to World War II to survive the war (the others being Saratoga and Ranger). She participated in more major actions of the war against Japan than did any other US ship. These actions included the Battle of Midway, the Battle of the Eastern Solomons, the Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands, various other air-sea engagements during the Guadalcanal campaign, the Battle of the Philippine Sea, and the Battle of Leyte Gulf, as well as the "Doolittle Raid" on Tokyo. On three separate occasions during the Pacific War, the Japanese announced that she had been sunk in battle. Enterprise earned 20 battle stars, the most for any U.S. warship in World War II. Some have labeled her the most glorious and honored ship in the history of the United States Navy, rivaled only perhaps by the 18th century frigate USS Constitution.

USS Lexington

known as "The Blue Ghost", is one of 24 Essex-class aircraft carriers built during World War II for the United States Navy. The ship, the fifth US Navy ship to bear the name, is named in honor of the Revolutionary War Battle of __(term)__. She was originally to have been named Cabot, but she was renamed while under construction to commemorate USS __(term)__ (CV-2), lost in the Battle of the Coral Sea in May 1942. The "ghost" portion of the nickname comes from the fact that the Japanese believed that they had sunk the __(term)__ no less than four times during the course of the war, leading Tokyo Rose to give the ship its nickname. lead ship in its class; one of navy's first aircraft carriers; converted from battle cruiser; sunk at battle of coral sea; all but 250 of the 3000 crew was rescued

Marshall Islands

location of first testing of H-bomb

Guadalcanal

one of the Solomon Islands in southwest Pacific, Japanese building airstrip, August 1942 battle, Allies won

Tarawa

second time the United States was on the offensive (the Battle of Guadalcanal had been the first); and the first offensive in the critical central Pacific region; also the first time in the war that the United States faced serious Japanese opposition to an amphibious landingterm-8

Marianas

the deepest portion if the world's oceans located in the western Pacific. This is the location where the floor of the Pacific Ocean decends back into the internals of the Earth. The deepest portion of this area is called the Challanger Deep and plunges to a depth of 7 miles.

Holland Smith

was a General in the United States Marine Corps during World War II. He is sometimes called the "father" of modern U.S. AMPHIBIOUS warfare. On the eve of World War II, General Smith directed extensive Army, Navy, and Marine amphibious training, which was a major factor in successful U.S. landings in both the Atlantic and Pacific.

B-29

was a four engine propeller driven heavy bomber that was flown primarily by the US in WWII and the Korean War, planes that dropped atomic bombs - B-29 crews dropped bobs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki

USS Ranger

what was the first carrie designed from the keel up and joined the fleet in 1934?