ANPS 20 GI HW Questions

__________ refers to reactions in which small molecules are used to build larger molecules. A) Anabolism B) Catabolism C) Metabolism D) Carboxylation

A) Anabolism Anabolism refers to the building of macromolecules from smaller precursors (e.g., building proteins from amino acids).

Which of the following constitute a portal triad? A) a bile duct along with a portal venule and arteriole B) the hepatic artery and two hepatic veins C) three lobules sharing a common central vein D) the porta hepatis

A) a bile duct along with a portal venule and arteriole A bile duct along with a portal venule (branch of hepatic portal vein) and arteriole (branch of hepatic artery) constitute a portal triad. The blood vessels bring blood into to the hepatic lobule and the bile duct carries bile away from the lobule (on its way to the gall bladder or duodenum by way of the bile duct system).

Glycolysis is best defined as a catabolic reaction based upon the ________. A) conversion of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid B) formation of sugar C) conversion of glucose into carbon dioxide and water D) conversion of pyruvic acid into carbon dioxide and water

A) conversion of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid

What serves as the energy source for the proton pumps in oxidative phosphorylation? A) electrons passing from transfer molecules to oxygen (Electron Transport Chain) B) glycolysis C) the Krebs cycle D) oxidation of oxygen

A) electrons passing from transfer molecules to oxygen (Electron Transport Chain) As electrons move through the electron transport chain from transfer molecules to oxygen, energy is released and used to form an H+ (proton) gradient across the membrane.

The molecule that serves as the major source of readily available fuel for neurons and blood cells is ________. A) glucose B) acetyl CoA C) protein D) fat

A) glucose

Gluconeogenesis is the process in which ________. A) glucose is formed from noncarbohydrate molecules B) glycogen is formed C) glucose is converted into carbon dioxide and water D) glycogen is broken down to release glucose

A) glucose is formed from noncarbohydrate molecules

Which of the following is NOT a structural modification of the small intestine that increases surface area? A) rugae B) villi C) plicae (circular folds) D) microvilli

A) rugae Rugae are a structural modification that allow expansion of the stomach wall.

The __________ is the serous membrane that covers most digestive organs. A) visceral peritoneum B) mesentery C) omenta D) parietal peritoneum

A) visceral peritoneum The visceral peritoneum covers the external surfaces of most digestive organs and is continuous with the parietal peritoneum that lines the body wall.

__________ are considered "bad" cholesterol; high blood levels are believed to increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. A) Chylomicrons B) LDLs C) HDLs D) VLDLs

B) LDLs C) HDLs D) VLDLs LDLs increase the risk for cardiovascular disease.

Which of the following food groups are considered good sources of complete proteins? A) egg yolk, fish roe, and grains B) eggs, milk, yogurt, meat, and fish C) lima beans, kidney beans, nuts, and cereals D) corn, cottonseed oil, soy oil, and wheat germ

B) eggs, milk, yogurt, meat, and fish

In the enteric nervous system, a long reflexive pathway has an advantage over a short reflexive pathway in the fact that ________. A) long reflexive pathways last much longer than short reflexive pathways B) long reflexive pathways can be stimulated by things outside of the GI tract C) long reflexive pathways are quicker to respond than short reflexive pathways D) long reflexive pathways can respond throughout the entire length of the GI tract while short reflexive pathways can only respond in the proximal end

B) long reflexive pathways can be stimulated by things outside of the GI tract

The uvula is an extension of the __________. A) lingual frenulum B) soft palate C) oral vestibule D) palatopharyngeal arch

B) soft palate The uvula extends out from and past the soft palate area of the palatopharyngeal arch.

Pepsinogen, an inactive digestive enzyme, is secreted by the ________. A) parietal cells of the stomach B) goblet cells of the small intestine C) chief cells of the stomach D) Brunner's glands in the duodenum

C) chief cells of the stomach

Which of the following nutrients yield the highest amount of energy per gram when metabolized? A) foods and beverages high in caffeine B) proteins C) fats D) vitamins and minerals

C) fats

The __________ phase of gastric secretion begins as chyme enters the duodenum. A) reflux B) cephalic C) intestinal D) gastric phase

C) intestinal The intestinal phase of gastric secretion is set into motion as partially digested food fills the first part (duodenum) of the small intestine.

Carbohydrates are digested into __________. A) nucleotides B) amino acids C) monosaccharides D) glycerol

C) monosaccharides Monosaccharides are sugars, the building blocks of carbohydrates such as starch or glycogen.

Where does the process of segmentation occur? A) esophagus B) anus C) small intestine D) stomach

C) small intestine Several areas of the digestive tract are capable of peristalsis, which propels food onward, but only the small intestine undergoes segmentation, whose purpose is mixing food with enzymes and bringing it close to intestinal walls.

Which of the following is the primary physiological function of the large intestine? A) primary digestion of food B) nutrient absorption C) water absorption and feces elimination D) mechanical breakdown of food

C) water absorption and feces elimination Water absorption and feces elimination are the primary physiological functions of the large intestine. The large intestine also provides a transport route and a surface for healthful bacteria.

Which hormone directs essentially all the events of the absorptive state? A) epinephrine B) growth hormone C) thyroid hormone D) insulin

D) insulin

Bile is secreted by the __________ under hormonal influence of __________. A) gallbladder; gastrin B) pancreas; secretin C) small intestine; CCK D) liver; secretin Secretion of bile from the liver is stimulated hormonally by secretin. Bile salts themselves provide the major stimulus for enhanced bile secretion. After a fatty meal, when the enterohepatic circulation is returning large amounts of bile salts to the liver, its output of bile rises dramatically.

D) liver; secretin Secretion of bile from the liver is stimulated hormonally by secretin. Bile salts themselves provide the major stimulus for enhanced bile secretion. After a fatty meal, when the enterohepatic circulation is returning large amounts of bile salts to the liver, its output of bile rises dramatically.

Gastric pits, as opposed to gastric glands, are completely lined with ________. A) parietal cells B) enteroendocrine cells C) chief cells D) mucous cells

D) mucous cells

Which of the following mechanisms produces the most ATP during cellular respiration? A) lactic acid production B) oxidation reactions C) substrate-level phosphorylation D) oxidative phosphorylation

D) oxidative phosphorylation

The function of the goblet cells is to ________. A) absorb nutrients from digested food and store them for future use B) secrete buffers in order to keep the pH of the digestive tract close to neutral C) provide protection against invading bacteria and other disease-causing organisms that enter the digestive tract in food D) produce mucus that protects parts of the digestive organs from the effects of powerful enzymes needed for food digestion

D) produce mucus that protects parts of the digestive organs from the effects of powerful enzymes needed for food digestion

Which of the following functions is NOT correctly matched with its description? A) mechanical breakdown: churning movements in the GI tract B) ingestion: taking food into the digestive tract C) absorption: transport of chemically digested nutrients into the blood or lymph D) propulsion: physical breakdown of ingested food in the GI tract

D) propulsion: physical breakdown of ingested food in the GI tract Propulsion is the movement of ingested food through the GI tract.

From the esophagus to the anus, the walls of the alimentary canal have the same four basic tunics. The __________ is the outermost layer of the walls of the intraperitoneal organs. A) mucosa B) muscularis C) submucosa D) serosa

D) serosa The visceral peritoneum, or serosa, forms the outermost layer (tunic) along most of the alimentary canal. In the esophagus, which is located in the thoracic instead of the abdominopelvic cavity, the serosa is replaced by an adventitia (dense connective tissue). Retroperitoneal organs have both an adventitia (on the side facing the dorsal body wall) and a serosa (on the side facing the peritoneal cavity).