ANSC 370 Exam 3
when are peak serum immunoglobulin levels reached?
12-24 hours after birth
when does the intestinal permeability to immunoglobulins drop to very low levels?
24hr after birth
what can a calf that suckled colostrum synthesize antibodies? Piglets? lambs?
4 weeks, 2 days, 5-6 weeks
when does the thymus appear in fetal calf? Fetal Lamb?
40 days; 35 days
when is it usually sage to vaccinate calves and foals?
6 months
Dysbiosis
A disturbance or imbalance in the types and number of species in the normal microbiota.
Vaccine
A suspension of living or inactivated organism used as an antigen to confer immunity
Microbiota
A term for all microbial populations that colonize body surfaces
How does an animal acquire active immunity?
Administering an antigen to an animal so that it responds by mounting an adaptive immune response
What are some examples of passive immunization?
Cattle against anthrax, dogs against distemper, cats against panleukopenia
What are probiotics?
Cultures of live bacteria that when given orally may improve health by minimizing dysbiosis and its effects on the animal body
what is different about the development of the adaptive immune system in species with a short gestation length compared to a long one?
If it's short the adaptive immune system may not be fully developed at birth. When it's long it is fully developed
Saliva is rich in
IgA
What immunoglobulin do the B cells produce to block mucosal penetration of bacteria?
IgA
What immunoglobulins are secreted in milk from the mammary gland?
IgA
which immunoglobulin produced on mucosal surfaces work by immune exclusion?
IgA and IgM
What immunoglobulins are secreted in the respiratory tissues?
IgA, IgG, IgE
What antibodies are produced on mucosal surfaces?
IgA, IgM, IgE, IgG
IgA is normally the first line of defense, and _____ serves as a backup system
IgE
which immunoglobulin produced on mucosal surfaces work by immune elimination?
IgE and IgG
what is the predominant immunoglobulin in colostrum of most domestic mammals?
IgG
in ruminants, ______, not IgA is the major immunoglobulin in colostrum and milk
IgG1
Bacteria, on the skin, respiratory tract, genital tract, or intestine, communicate directly with the host's _________
Immune system
Is the immune system's role to completely exclude all invading microbes?
No, they must determine the degree of threat first
What is the second vaccine category and how is it determined?
Optional vaccines- determined by a veterinarian based on the risk to exposure
what are two procedures by which an animal can be made immune to an infectious disease?
Passive and active immunization
What makes for an ideal vaccine?
Prolonged strong immunity
4 main locations of microbiota
Skin, respiratory tract, genitourinary system, and GI tract
Adjuvant
Substance that increases the immune response to antigens
the majority of the lymphocytes in colostrum are
T cells
How is skin non-hospitable (difficult) for microbes to live on?
The outer layer of skin is constantly being shed and replaced. It is also cool in some areas and hot in others.
are neonatal mammals capable of mounting an innate immune response at birth? Adaptive immune response?
They are capable of mounting both
What happens to microorganisms that enter the mucus layer?
They are killed rapidly
How do probiotics work to improve health?
They change composition of the microbiota at least for a while
Why are adjuvants added to vaccines?
To strengthen the immune response to the antigen.
How does an animal acquire passive immunity?
Transferring antibodies from a resistant to a susceptible animal
What determines vaccines in the third vaccine category?
Vaccines for disease of little clinical significance or vaccines that risks do not outweigh their benefit
What determines whether a vaccine should be placed into the essential vaccine category?
Vary based on local conditions and disease threats
Does the innate immune response function at the same level as adult animals?
Yes
In the small intestine, what separates the microbiota from the enterocytes?
a layer of mucus containing multiple antimicrobial proteins
Colostrum
a specialized form of milk that delivers essential nutrients and antibodies in a form that the newborn can digest
Which immunity (passive or active) provides longer protection?
active
in the absence of maternal antibodies, the newborn animals is able to make _________ soon after birth
antibodies
The IgG transferred through a mother's colostrum represents the results of her ______________, ___________, and __________________
antigen exposure, B cell responses, somatic mutation
The intestinal epithelium is not simply a ________. They ensure a balance exists between __________ and ___________
barrier; inflammation, tolerance
In ruminants and pigs, newborns are entirely dependent on antibodies received through
colostrum
Which bovine fluids have high levels of IgA?
colostrum
What are some disease conditions that are associated with dysbiosis?
equine laminitis and ruminal acidosis
In the urinary system ________ and _______ generally provide protection
flushing action, low pH
In what ways does the skin carry out its barrier function?
if forms a tough physical barrier while continuously shedding and replacing and having a low pH
which immunoglobulin predominates in surface secretions?
igA
How long does it take for passive immunity to provide protection after administration?
immediately
When is the intestinal permeability to immunoglobulins the highest?
immediately after birth
There is more _________ _______ in the intestine than all other lymphoid tissue combined
immune activity
Maternal IgG represents the __________________ of the mother
immunological experiences
antibodies acquired as a result of ingesting colostrum __________ the ability of the newborn to mount its own immune responses
inhibit
Most vaccines are administered by _____
injection
The interaction between the host and the bacteria is essential to proper functioning of the ______ and _______ immune responses
innate, adaptive
The surface areas of what two mucous membranes are larger than the skin?
intestine and respiratory tract
Where are colostral immunoglobulins abosorbed?
intestine tract
What type of vaccine may be more appropriate when immunity on body surfaces is important?
intranasal
How does the respiratory tract differ from the other body surfaces?
it has intimate connection with the inside of the body
How does diet affect the microbiota?
it is very different depending on what they eat
What defense mechanisms are found in different layers of the skin?
keratinocytes, interleukins, interferons, chemokines
what is the prime factor that influences the duration of maternal immunity in the neonate?
level of antibodies in the mothers colostrum
Colostrum is full of ____________, but milk is not
lymphocytes
The composition of an individuals GI microbiota is determined by what factors?
management, diet, genetics, antibiotic position, and environmental factors
What prevents the successful vaccination of young animals?
maternal antibodies
A blanket of _________ lines the upper respiratory tract
mucus
Is the lung microbiota the same in healthy animals and those with chronic respiratory disease?
no
Is the lungs sterile?
no
does the adaptive response function at the same level as adult animals?
no
does the fetus have the same capabilities as an adult to combat infection?
no
What are the main functions of microbiota in the body?
nutritional efficiency, intestinal protection, development of lymphoid organs, signals to the body
in the stomach, low ___ may have an antimicrobial effect
pH
What are three major reasons for failure of passive transfer through colostrum?
poor quality colostrum, inadequate intake, the intestines may fail to absorb the colostrum
the most important function of IgA is to _______
prevent adherence of bacteria and viruses to epithelial surfaces
Intestinal lymphoid tissues of neonates respond ______ to ingested antigens
rapidly
What type of infections are most significant causes of death in young animals?
respiratory and enteric infections
The two major factors that determine vaccine use are ______ and _________
safety, efficacy
Vaccination by _________ or ___________ is the simplest and most common method of administration.
subcutaneous, intramuscular injections
Most infections of the mammary gland result from invasion through the
teat canal
Passive transfer (immunization)
the administration of an antigen to an individual in order to confer immunity
Explain how bluetongue, parvovirus and BVD affect the developing fetus.
the infection can be severe or even lethal
How does immune protection of the lower reproductive tract differ from the upper tract?
the lower part is covered by stratified squamous epithelium while the upper par is covered by columnar epithelium
what is the mucocillary escalator?
the mucus layer is in continuous flow that moves up the bronchioles up the bronchi and trachea
what determines the route by which maternal antibodies reach the fetus?
the structure of the placenta
How does the microbiota protect the body against colonization by pathogens?
they compete for essential metabolites and nutrients, and induce intestinal immune response
How does the immune system of animals raised as "germ-free" differ from conventionally raised animals?
they have a lower level of pathogens in the intestine
What is the first lymphoid organ to develop?
thymus
The presence of intestinal microbiota must be ________ or ______ if an animal is to remain healthy
tolerated, ignored
Particles in inhaled air are largely removed by
turbulence
cells that produce IgE are mainly found where?
under epithelial surfaces
Can the immune system of the fetal calf respond to viruses?
yes
can cell-mediated immunity be transferred through colostrum?
yes
herd immunity
· Immunity on a population as a result of the presence of immune individuals within that population
active immunity
· Immunity produced as a result of administration of an antigen, which triggers an immune response
What are two advantages for active immunization compared to passive immunization?
· Prolonged period of protection and the recall and boosting of this protective response by repeated injections of antigen or by exposure to infection
Vaccination
· The administration of a vaccine to stimulate a protective immune response against an infectious agent.
passive immunization
· protection of one individual conferred by administration of antibody produced in another individual
