ANSC 462 Exam 1 Study Guide

In the primate, Menses is induced by the drop in both estrogen and progesterone. A. True B. False

A. True

Interaction of growth rate and bull exposure influence the age of puberty. A. True B. False

A. True

Is it possible to determine the stages of the estrous cycle by looking at the Corpus luteum? A. True B. False

A. True

Placental lactogen causes growth and increased lactation from the mammary gland during the current pregnancy. A. True B. False

A. True

Before estrus synchronization in the ewe, what is the most important point that you have to consider for the selection of synchronization protocol? A. Whether this is the breeding season or not B. Estrous cycle length C. Estrus behavior D. All of the above

A. Whether this is the breeding season or not

Which of the following species have polyestrous cycles throughout the year? A. bovine B. ovine C. mare D. dog

A. bovine

During the diestrus, which of the following events occur? A. progesterone is high. B. ovulation occurs in the cow. C. endometrial glands begin to grow. D. estrogen levels peak.

A. progesterone is high.

All steroid hormones are derived from which of the following compound (s)? A. Phospholipid B. Cholesterol C. Protein and amino acid D. All of the above

B. Cholesterol

Which of the following hormone stimulates female sexual behavior during estrus in cattle? A. Progesterone B. Estradiol C. Oxytocin D. Estradiol plus prostaglandins

B. Estradiol

Which of the following hormone Stimulates female sexual behavior during estrus in cattle? A. Progesterone B. Estradiole C. Prostaglandins D. Oxytocin

B. Estradiole

At which stage of the estrous cycle, the female permits the male to mount/mate her? A. Proestrus B. Estrus C. Metestrus D. Diestrus

B. Estrus

A hormone is a substance that is released from any type of gland and acts as a catalyst. A. True B. False

B. False

What are the characteristics of the Primary follicle? A. Oocytes surrounded by a single layer of flattened epithelial cells B. Oocytes surrounded by a single layer of cuboidal epithelial cells C. Oocytes surrounded by more than one layer of flattened epithelial cells D. All of the above

A. Oocytes surrounded by a single layer of flattened epithelial cells

At which stage of the estrous cycle, the dominant follicles secrete massive amounts of estrogens? A. Proestrus B. Estrus C. Metestrus D. Diestrus

A. Proestrus

Which of the following hormone inhibits the secretion of LH during the luteal phase and during pregnancy in the sheep? A. Progesterone B. Estradiole C. Prostaglandins D. Oxytocin

A. Progesterone

Which of the following hormone prevents uterine contractions and maintains uterine quiescence during pregnancy. A. Progesterone B. Estradiol C. Oxytocin D. Estradiol plus prostaglandins

A. Progesterone

Which of the following hormone prevents uterine contractions and maintains uterine quiescence during pregnancy? A. Progesterone B. Estradiol C. Prostaglandins D. Oxytocin

A. Progesterone

Among mammals, there are several distinct anatomical types of uteri. The type characterized by a uterine body without any uterine horns is known as the ___________uterus: A. Simplex B. Bicornuate C. Bipartite D. Duplex

A. Simplex

Which of the following ligaments anchors the ovary to the pelvic wall? A. Suspensory B. Round C. Ovarian

A. Suspensory

Why polypeptide and protein hormones cannot be given orally? A. They are made of peptide bonds which can be destroyed by acid in the stomach B. They have a bigger molecular weight. C. Both (a and b)

A. They are made of peptide bonds which can be destroyed by acid in the stomach

During pregnancy, while progesterone is elevated, the hypothalamic surge and tonic centers are shut down and the animals do not cycle. A. True B. False

A. True

Follicles with a higher number of LH receptors become preovulatory follicles. A. True B. False

A. True

In most species, ovulation occurs usually near the end of Estrus except in cows. A. True B. False

A. True

Prostaglandins are produced by all tissues of the body? A. True B. False

A. True

Protocol for estrus synchronization using progestins can stimulate the corpus luteum formation. A. True B. False

A. True

Reduction of the calving season in beef cattle is a reason to use estrus synchronization. A. True B. False

A. True

GnRH is transported from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary via ________. A. hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system B. diffusion C. directly discharges into pituitary lobe.

A. hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system

GnRH is transported from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary via ________. A. hypothalomo-hypophyseal portal system B. diffusion C. directly discharges into the pituitary lobe

A. hypothalomo-hypophyseal portal system

In which of the following species does ovulation occur at only one place on the surface of the ovary? A. mare B. cow C. ewe D. sow

A. mare

Luteal phase begins immediately after _______________. A. ovulation B. CL regression C. showing mating behaviors D. LH surge

A. ovulation

Corpus luteum is formed by the fixtures of granulosa cells, theca cells, basement membrane, and oocytes. A. True B. False

B. False

Estrus synchronization using two injections of PGF2α, animals display the sign of estrus within 1-5 days after the second injection. Is this variation in estrus behavior because of using different types of PGF2α prepared by different companies? A. True B. False

B. False

For prostaglandin hormones receptor is present in plasma and nuclear membrane. A. True B. False

B. False

Increased serum concentration of progesterone inhibits ____________. A. GnRH secretions B. FSH and LH C. Both (a and b)

C. Both (a and b)

Going from the outside (exterior) to the inside, which of the following sequences is correct? A. Vulva, cervix, oviduct, ovary B. Vagina, cervix, oviduct, uterus C. Uterus, isthmus, infundibulum, ampulla D. Clitoris, vagina, vulva, uterus

A. Vulva, cervix, oviduct, ovary

If you have a small cattle farm (less than 10 cows) with a good track of record keeping including their previous cycle estrus. Which of the following estrus synchronization protocol will be more economical? A. Using one injection PGF2α B. Using two injection PGF2α C. Using progestins D. Using GnRH

A. Using one injection PGF2α

Just like in the cow, the primate uterus releases prostaglandin that leads to the regression of the corpus luteum. A. True B. False

B. False

Which of the following hormone cannot be given orally? A. Progesterone B. Estradiol C. Follicle-stimulating hormone D. Cortisol

C. Follicle-stimulating hormone

At which stage of the estrous cycle, progesterone is inhibiting the release of GnRH from the hypothalamus? A. Proestrus B. Estrus C. Metestrus D. Diestrus

D. Diestrus

Large luteal cells are derived from granulosa cells whereas small luteal cells are derived from theca internal cells. A. True B. False

A. True

Male pheromone has also the capacity to advance female puberty in a number of species including sheep, goat, boar, and cattle. A. True B. False

A. True

Pheromones are chemical messengers that are transmitted between individual animals. A. True B. False

A. True

Short-day breeders are in anestrus during the spring and summer. A. True B. False

A. True

The anterior pituitary gland is an example of the ductless gland. A. True B. False

A. True

The function of eCG in the mare is to cause the formation of accessory CL. A. True B. False

A. True

The increase in LH begins the process that results in the rupture of the preovulatory follicle at Ovulation. A. True B. False

A. True

Regardless of animal species, PGF2α can regress any stages of corpus luteum. A. True B. False

B. False

The caruncle is present in both uterus and oviduct. A. True B. False

B. False

The function of the ampulla is to direct the recently ovulated oocyte(s) directly into the oviduct. A. True B. False

B. False

The primary function of the infundibulum is to direct the ovulated oocyte into the uterus. A. True B. False

B. False

Which one of the following is the characteristic of corpus Albicans? A. An atretic follicle B. The regressed corpus luteum C. The recently ovulated tertiary follicle. D. A follicle that fails to ovulate.

B. The regressed corpus luteum

After learning about the reproductive cycle in cows, you came to know that there are cyclic changes in the ovaries, uterus, hormonal concentrations in the blood, mammary gland development, and behavior changes. A. True B. False

B. False

After the onset of puberty in female, there is several LH surge within a cycle. A. True B. False

B. False

All the animal species have only one follicular wave in one cycle. A. True B. False

B. False

Around the ovulation, stringy bloody mucus is secreted by the bovine cervix. A. True B. False

B. False

GnRH is released by the hypothalamus into the bloodstream where it travels first to the heart and then back through arteries to the anterior pituitary gland to have its effect. A. True B. False

B. False

GnRH stimulates the secretion of FSH and LH from the posterior pituitary gland. A. True B. False

B. False

If you insert CIDR intravaginally to a cow, it takes a few days to absorb progesterone and reach the peak in the blood circulation. A. True B. False

B. False

In the process Corpus luteum formation, angiogenesis is very slow. A. True B. False

B. False

Once heifers reach puberty, they can produce oocytes required for fertilization. As a dairy farm consultant, would you recommend farmers to breed cows immediately after they reach puberty? A. True B. False

B. False

PGF2α receptors are present on the cell surface and cytoplasm of luteal cells. A. True B. False

B. False

The production of spermatozoa is highly temperature-sensitive and is produced at normal 37o C body temperature. A. True B. False

B. False

Which cell in the testes produces the male hormone, testosterone? A. Sertoli Cell B. Leydig Cell C. Primary Spermatocyte D. Spermatid

B. Leydig Cell

The section of the broad ligament that suspends the uterus is the A. Myometrium B. Mesometrium C. Mesoovarium D. Mesosalpinx

B. Mesometrium

Which of the following structure in the male reproductive tract is function as a delivery system? A. Ductus deference B. Penis C. Prostate gland D. All of the above

B. Penis

Which of the following statement is true regarding protein and steroid hormones receptors binding site? A. Steroid hormones bind to plasma membrane receptor whereas protein hormones mostly bind to nuclear receptors. B. Protein hormones bind to plasma membrane receptor whereas steroid hormones mostly bind to nuclear receptors.

B. Protein hormones bind to plasma membrane receptor whereas steroid hormones mostly bind to nuclear receptors.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a hormone? A. Chemical messenger B. Secreted by exocrine glands C. Transported in the blood D. Regulates the activity of target cells

B. Secreted by exocrine glands

The action of progesterone on a target cell involves which of the following sequence of events? A. binding to a plasma membrane receptor and stimulate cAMP second messenger system for new protein synthesis. B. binding to a nuclear receptor, mRNA transcription, and new protein synthesis C. binding to a plasma membrane receptor and uses calcium as a second messenger system, activation of PKA and/or PKC, and new protein synthesis

B. binding to a nuclear receptor, mRNA transcription, and new protein synthesis

During the luteal phase, which of the following hormonal level is at the peak, and prevent GnRH surge? A. Estradiol B. FSH and LH C. Progesterone D. All of the above

C. Progesterone

Which is NOT among the primary functions of the uterus? A. Sperm transport B. Expulsion of the fetus and fetal placenta C. Stimulation of sperm motility D. Maternal contribution to the placenta

C. Stimulation of sperm motility

The hypothalamus function (s) as________________. A. endocrine B. neural C. both

C. both

Hormonal potency is influenced by_______________. A. receptor density B. hormone receptor affinity C. both (a and b)

C. both (a and b)

The hormone is also considered as the first messenger. Which of the following is the second messenger to mediate hormonal actions? A. cAMP B. Calcium C. both (a and b)

C. both (a and b)

Which of the following hormone (s) can be used to induce parturition? A. Progesterone B. Estradiol C. Oxytocin D. Estradiol plus prostaglandins

C. Oxytocin

Functions of oxytocin are___________. A. Uterine contraction B. Milk ejection C. Sperm movement into ductus differens D. All of the above

D. All of the above

Which of the following hormones have a cAMP second messenger molecular mechanism of action? A. LH B. Estradiol C. Testosterone

A. LH

Which of the following sentences is correct? A. Melatonin enhances GnRH synthesis in sheep whereas suppressing GnRH synthesis in the horse. B. Melatonin suppresses GnRH synthesis in sheep whereas enhances GnRH synthesis in the horse.

A. Melatonin enhances GnRH synthesis in sheep whereas suppressing GnRH synthesis in the horse.

Glucose availability in adult sheep influences LH secretion. A. True B. False

A. True

In cows, PGF2a is picked up by the ovarian artery through counter current exchange and delivered back to the ovary where it causes lysis of the CL. A. True B. False

A. True

Where is Prolactin secreted from? A. Anterior Pituitary Gland B. Mammary Gland C. Ovaries

A. Anterior Pituitary Gland

The birth control pill contains the hormones ____________ which prevent egg cells from being released. A. Testosterone and estrogen B. Progesterone and FSH C. Estrogen and progesterone D. FSH and LH

C. Estrogen and progesterone

Which of the following is not an example of glycoprotein hormone? A. FSH and LH B. Inhibin and Follistatin C. GnRH and Prolactin

C. GnRH and Prolactin

Why was Aristotle important for reproductive physiology because? A. He believed that the fetus arouses from the menstrual blood. B. He described how semen came from all parts of the male body. C. He was the first to systematically describe reproduction. D. He described how seminal plasma initiates the conversion of menstrual blood into a pregnancy.

C. He was the first to systematically describe reproduction.

At which stage of the estrous cycle, you can find the corpus hemorrhagicum on the ovary? A. Proestrus B. Estrus C. Metestrus D. Diestrus

C. Metestrus

Which part of the uterus does the endometrium belong to? A. Serosa B. Submucosa C. Mucosa D. Lumen

C. Mucosa

The Fallopian Tube is another name for the: A. Vagina B. Uterus C. Oviduct D. Cervix

C. Oviduct

Which of the following is not an example of reproductive hormone? A. Cortisol from adrenal gland B. Placental lactogen from placenta C. Growth hormone from anterior pituitary gland D. Antidiuretic hormone from the posterior pituitary gland

D. Antidiuretic hormone from the posterior pituitary gland

The "egg hill" found in the tertiary (Graafian) follicles is also known as the: A. Zona pellucida B. Corpus luteum C. Corona radiata D. Cumulus oophorus

D. Cumulus oophorus

At which stage of the estrous cycle, the corpus luteum is fully functional and producing progesterone? A. Proestrus B. Estrus C. Metestrus D. Diestrus

D. Diestrus

Among mammals, there are several distinct anatomical types of uteri. The type characterized by two separate cervices is known as the ____________ uterus: A. Simplex B. Bicornuate C. Bipartite D. Duplex

D. Duplex

Which of the following statements is correct? A. Endocrine glands secrete substances into ducts B. Endocrine glands secrete substances directly into target cells C. Endocrine glands secrete substances into the lymphatic system D. Endocrine glands secrete substances into to blood system

D. Endocrine glands secrete substances into to blood system

Which of the following hormone is responsible for the recruitment of follicles into the early growing stage (selection) of folliculogenesis? A. Progesterone B. Estradiole C. LH D. FSH

D. FSH

Who is the author of your reproduction textbook? A. Birendra Mishra B. Douglas Vincent C. PL Sener D. PL Senger

D. PL Senger

Which of the following is not an example of an endocrine gland? A. Placenta B. Adrenal gland C. Testis D. Pancreas

D. Pancreas

Which type of ovarian follicle is most likely to ovulate? A. Primordial follicle B. Primary follicle C. Secondary Follicle D. Tertiary (Graafian Follicle)

D. Tertiary (Graafian Follicle)

Which best describes the corpus hemorrhagicum? A. An atretic follicle B. Scar tissue from the regressed corpus luteum C. A follicle that fails to ovulate D. The remnants of a recently ovulated tertiary follicle

D. The remnants of a recently ovulated tertiary follicle

The onset of puberty is influenced by several factors. Different breeds within the same species have different age of onset of puberty, which is an example of __________. A. Environmental influence on the puberty B. Genotypic and phenotypic on the puberty C. Sex-linked influence on the puberty D. genetic influence on the puberty E. all of the above

D. genetic influence on the puberty

Progesterone has several functions for the establishment and maintenance of pregnancy and is also known as the hormone of pregnancy. What progesterone does during the pregnancy? A. Helps in endometrial glands secretion B. Inhibit myometrial contraction C. Mammary gland development during pregnancy D. Prevent GnRH surge E. All of the above

E. All of the above

Which of the following is the primary sex organ of the female? A. Vagina B. Uterus C. Oviduct D. Cervix E. Ovary

E. Ovary