Ant 100

Indicate each of the following that are considered food producers as opposed to food collectors. agriculturalists horticulturists formalists substantivists foragers (hunter gatherers) pastoralists

all?

Indicate each statement that is true of agriculture and/or agriculturalists. Agricultural society's reliance on a single plant species, or mono-cropping, can lead to decreased dietary diversity and carries the risk of malnutrition compared to a more diverse diet. A hallmark of agriculture is the link between intensive farming and a rapid increase in human population density. The archaeological record shows that human communities grew quickly around the time agriculture was developing. Acharacteristic of agriculture is its tendency to create wealth differences. For anthropologists, agriculture is a critical factor explaining the origins of social class and wealth inequality. Acharacteristic of agriculture is reliance on a few staple crops. A characteristic of agriculture is the development of a division of labor, a system in which individuals in a society begin to specialize in certain roles or tasks. Some of the risks inherent in agricultural systems include crop failure associated with bad weather conditions or blight, leading to famine and malnutrition.

all?

Blended family

also called step families, these families that develop when adults who have been widowed or divorced marry again and bring children from previous partnerships together

Anthropologists broadly agree about why inequality arose in human societies.

f

According to the author, the focus of Nacirema ritual is typically...

health, appearance, human body

In anthropology the "holistic," principal means:

integrating what is known about all aspects of human beings and cultures at an inclusive level.

Joint Family

is a very large extended family that includes multiple generations. Adult children of one gender, often the males, remain in the household with their spouses and children and they have collective rights to family property. Unmarried adult children of both genders may also remain in the family group. For example, a household could include a set of grandparents, all of their adult sons with their wives and children, and unmarried adult daughters. This type of family in rare cases could have dozens of people

Hegemonic power is power that is principally derived through force. This is most clearly exemplified by the autocratic dictator.

f

Human societies have always had economic inequality with a division of rich and poor.

f

Humanity is biologically divided into naturally distinct groups called races.

f

Humans have always had substantial inequality between groups or families within a societ

f

Leaders, typically powerful older males, or small groups of males, dominated and controlled early societies of hunter gatherers (foragers).

f

Most anthropologists divide the beliefs and practices of people into those involving the natural world and the supernatural world.

f

Most anthropologists support the idea that conventional social definitions of race are useful biological categories and represent relatively distinct biological populations.

f

Neocolonialism refers to the growing influence of China and other "new powers" in the 21st century.

f

One is more likely to find a priest in a heterodox religion and more likely to find a shaman in an orthodox religion.

f

Racial categories are the same in different societies.

f

Rituals are always explicitly religious acts.

f

The author thinks that inequality arose because it has been a largely beneficial adaptation for human societies.

f

The main problem with raiding and feuds in non state societies, is they do not have institutions or individuals to serve as mediators to conflict.

f

The term nation and the term state are synonyms.

f

In non capitalist economic systems, people ordinarily work with others to produce goods for their own use, using tools and materials that belong to them. This changes within industrial capitalist systems, where a smaller fraction own the tools and other means of production and the larger fraction of society works for wages which they use to buy goods in a market system.

flase?

The arrangement by where most textiles are made in poor countries, purchased in wealthy countries, donated to charity organizations once they are no longer wanted, and then resold in poor countries, is an example of a global assemblage.

t

The author suggests that inequality has become normative in most modern societies because it is inherently unstable and created an incentive for expansion and migration unlike small-scale stable egalitarian societies.

t

Same-sex sexual and romantic relationships probably exist in every society, but concepts like "gay," "lesbian," and "bisexual" are cultural products that, in many ways, reflect a culturally specific gender ideology and a set of beliefs about how sexual preferences develop.

t?

Second-wave feminism was principally about women gaining the right to vote.

t?

Sexism involves institutions and practices, not just individual prejudices.

t?

Ethnocentrism would be associated with:

viewing one's own culture as superior to others

Compared to foragers, horticulturalists... A usually support a larger population. B are less often egalitarian. C typically have a more nutritious diet. D are able to thrive in a larger range of enviornoments.

A and B?

A. characterizes the lives of foragers and smallscale subsistence farmers with social structures that are more egalitarian than those characterizing the other modes of production (though these structures are still shaped by age- and gender-based forms of inequality). B. is found in social systems divided into classes of rulers and subjects. Subjects, typically farmers and/or herders, produce for themselves and their families, but they also give a proportion of their goods or labor to their rulers. C. is distinguished from the other two modes of production as an economic system based on private property owned by an elite class. In the other modes of production, workers typically own their means of production (for example, the land they farm). However, in this mode of production, workers typically do not own the means of production, and so they sell their labor power to other people, the elite class, in order to survive.

ABC

they suggested that religious practices were a way to enact or make visible important cultural ideas. They defined religion as "a system of symbols which acts to establish powerful, persuasive, and long-lasting moods and motivations.... by formulating conceptions of a general order of existence and clothing these conceptions with such an aura of factuality that the moods and motivations seem uniquely realistic."

Clifford Geertz

Foragers are always nomadic.

false?

intersex

t?

The language/s that we speak has an impact on how we think

true

believed that religious beliefs met psychological needs. He observed that religion "is not born out of speculation or reflection, still less out of illusion or apprehension, but rather, out of the real tragedies of human life, out of the conflict between human plans and realities."

Bronislaw Malinowski

called religion "the opium of the people." and viewed religion as an ideology, a way of thinking that attempts to justify inequalities in power and status. In his view, religion created an illusion of happiness that helped people cope with the difficulties of life

Karl Marx famously

their effort to interpret religious mythology was the first of many attempts to understand the reasons why cultures develop various kinds of spiritual beliefs.

Sir James Frazer's

Which of the following is the best definition of anthropology?

The study of humankind in all times and places.

Money that migrants laboring outside of the region or country send back to their hometowns and families are called remittances.

True

One type of fieldwork in anthropology is ethnography. Ethnography is the in-depth study of everyday practices and lives of a people. Ethnography produces a detailed description of the studied group at a particular time and location.

True

The Tiv thought that it was inappropriate of Hamlet to seek vengeance against his uncle even if his uncle did murder his father. They think he should have approached others of his father and uncles age group and appealed to them to seek justice.

True

Extended Family

a family of at least three-generations sharing a household

patrilocal

a system where a new couple is expected to live with or near the husband's family

exogamy

a system where an individual is expected to marry outside a socially defined group.

endogamy

a system where an individual is expected to marry within a socially defined group.

Conjugal Family

a type of nuclear family where parents who are in a culturally-recognized relationship, such as marriage, along with their minor or dependent children

Non-conjugal family

a type of nuclear family with a single parent with dependent children, because of the death of one spouse or divorce or because a marriage never occurred

To say that anthropology is a "comparative discipline" means that:

anthropological generalizations must draw on evidence from many different societies and cultures.

Polygamous family

are based on plural marriages in which there are multiple wives or, in rarer cases, multiple husbands. These families may live in nuclear or extended family households and they may or may not be close to each other spatially

eric wolf

book

Words, categories, and perspectives that are emic are...

descriptions of behaviors and beliefs in terms that are meaningful to people who belong to a specific culture, e.g.

It is a truth/belief that may not be questioned.

dogma

believed that religion played an important role in building connections between people by creating shared definitions of the sacred and profane.

emile durkheim

Words, categories, and perspectives that are etic are...

explanations for behavior by an outside observer in ways that are meaningful to the observer.

A belief organized around an impersonal supernatural force, a type of religion known as animism and a religious system organized around a belief that plants, animals, inanimate objects, or natural phenomena have a spiritual or supernatural element is called animatism.

f

All cultures have a word for "religion" and make a clear distinction between beliefs or practices that are "religious," or "spiritual" and other habits that are an ordinary part of daily life.

f

Anthropologists stress the difference between magic and science is one between the irrational and the rational.

f

Foragers are typically grouped into tribes or chiefdoms.

f

Only 3 of Viramma's 12 children survived and she discussed how she intentionally neglected most of them because she knew their chance of survival was low.

f

The terms and categories of magic, the supernatural, sorcerers, shaman, and priests are, in most contexts, emic.

f

Biological determinism is the belief that human behavior is directly controlled by an individual's genes or some component of their physiology, generally at the expense of the role of the environment.

f?

Gender roles are universal. In other word, gender roles are the same across time and space and from culture to culture.

f?

Generally speaking, what constitutes masculine, or feminine behavior are the same in all cultures.

f?

The common conceptions that most Americans have about racial groupings does correlate to the distribution of physical features of people around the world.

f?

question

f?

The emergence of tribes is typically associated with the earliest move away from egalitarianism.

fale

A creole is a simplified language form, cobbled together based mainly on one core language, simplified and a minimal lexicon of words borrowed from the other languages involved. A creole has no native speakers; it is used primarily in the environment in which it was created.

false

A pidgin is a language that develops from a creole when it becomes so widely used that children acquire it as one of their first languages.

false

A positive example of neoliberal structural adjustment policies is the improvement in Bolivia's water situation since the IMF and World Bank made privatization of the countries utilities a requirement for loans.

false

Another name for a multi sited ethnography is a diaspora. A diaspora is two or more specific places where an ethnographer conducts fieldwork.

false

Around 85% of the world's languages have been documented.

false

Consanguineal kin refers to all those people who are considered kin, but not by descent. By descent generally conforms to the U.S. folk taxonomy of "blood". As in blood relations.

false

Descriptive linguistics is principally the study of how a language is used within social contexts. It is concerned with dialect, social class, gender, ethnicity, age and how language is used to perpetuate and contest social hierarchies and other power dynamics between speakers of a language.

false

Ethnographers and many other anthropologists advocate for a more ethnocentric approach when studying groups and individuals of other cultures.

false

Ethnography is very quantitative in nature and not particularly qualitative.

false

In a polygynous society, most men have multiple wives.

false

In the U.S., most people categorized cousin's as either parallel cousins or cross cousins.

false

In the end, the Tiv have basically understood the story in the way intended by Bohannan.

false

It is only recently, in some western liberal democracies, that same sex couples entered into marriages as a normal part of their society.

false

Kinship is a system to describe biological relatedness.

false

Languages do not change over time unless they are impacted by other languages.

false

One of the earliest and most influential attempts at producing a racial classification system came from Franz Boas, who argued in Systema Naturae (1735) for the existence of four human races: Americanus (Native American / American Indian), Europaeus (European), Asiaticus (East Asian), and Africanus (African). These categories correspond with common racial labels used in the United States for census and demographic purposes today

false

Some dialects of a language are intrinsically more correct.

false

Speakers of Japanese and Spanish are more likely to remember who accidentally broke something than speakers of English.

false

State societies first developed in Europe. As a result, early European ethnologists were confused by the social order of non state societies. They had assumed that any social order required coercion to overcome the natural selfish and competitive nature of humans.

false

The Tiv elders seem far less ethnocentric in their assumptions about the story of Hamlet.

false

The Tiv were outraged that Hamlet's mother and uncle would marry so soon after the death of Hamlet's father.

false

The United States is an egalitarian society.

false

The distinction between languages and dialects is clear and unambiguous.

false

The gift giving exchanges between bands and tribes and the informal obligations associated with them are the primary cause of armed conflict between bands and tribes.

false

The rejection of both postmodernism and reflexivity in research is perhaps the most significant change in how ethnography is researched and written in the past 50 years.

false

The specific beliefs of the Tiv did not prove fundamental to their interpretation of the story of Hamlet.

false

The study of the structures of language is called sociolinguistics

false

The tendency of cultures to respond to external pressures by revitilizing what they view as their traditional beliefs is often referred to as salvage ethnography.

false

The terms patrilineal and matrilineal are types of bilateral descent.

false

There are almost 2000 languages spoken in the world today.

false

To say that you do not believe in ghosts is the same as having no concept of ghosts.

false

Unilineal descent groups are very uncommon.

false

Unlike bigmen, headmen have some form of coercive power within their group.

false

While patrilineage descent groups are common, there are no examples of matrilineage descent groups.

false

a role is any culturally-designated position a person occupies in a particular setting. Within the setting of a family, many roles can exist such as "father," "mother," "maternal grandparent," and "younger brother." Of course, cultures may define the statuses involved in a family differently. Status is the set of behaviors expected of an individual who occupies a particular role. A person who has the role of "mother," for instance, would generally have the status of caring for her children.

false

anthropologists promote the idea of the noble savage to emphasize the value of indigenous cultures.

false

A foraging subsistence strategy increases the carrying capacity of the land beyond what it would be in horticultural, pastoral, or agricultural societies.

false?

Anthropologists have identified a subsistence imperative, wherein, all societies emphasize individual accumulation and storage of food. The group distribution of resources (gift giving and sharing) will only occur after significant long-term food stores have been secured. This seems to be an overriding cultural universal.

false?

Foragers are typically grouped into tribes or chiefdoms.

false?

Foraging societies are marked by the distribution system known as reciprocity.

false?

Horticulture could not have been developed until after the advent of intensive agricultural methods.

false?

Most anthropologists have concluded that a progression from egalitarian systems of social organization to more stratified and hierarchal social systems are an inevitable evolutionary process within all human societies.

false?

People do not practice generalized reciprocity within societies that have market exchange.

false?

Some humans have always engaged in farming.

false?

The classification and study of subsistence strategies is a relatively new activity among anthropologists, who eventually borrowed the classification from geographers.

false?

The terms and categories used throughout the article seem to mostly be from an emic perspective.

false?

There are no foraging societies in the world today.

false?

Throughout time, foraging societies have only been able to support themselves in a small number of the different environments on earth

false?

Unlike bigmen, headmen have some form of coercive power within their group.

false?

proxemics

is the study of the social use of space, specifically the distance an individual tries to maintain around himself in interactions with others. The size of the "space bubble" depends on a number of social factors, including the relationship between the two people, their relative status, their gender and age, their current attitude toward each other, and above all their culture.

kinesics

is the term used to designate all forms of human body language, including gestures, body 73 position and movement, facial expressions, and eye contact. Although all humans can potentially perform these in the same way, different cultures may have different rules about how to use them.

Indicate each statement that is true of horticulture and/or horticulturists. Horticulture is a subsistence strategy where gardens supply the majority of food. Horticultural societies support the largest societies. Horticultural societies use limited mechanical technologies to farm, relying on physical labor from people and animals, like oxen that may be used to pull a plow, instead of mechanical farm equipment. Horticulturalists move their farm fields periodically to use locations with the best growing conditions. For this reason, horticulture is sometimes known as shifting cultivation. Horticulturalists practice multi-cropping, growing a variety of different plants in gardens that are biodiverse. Growing several different crops reduces the risk of relying on one kind of food and allows for intercropping, mixing plants in ways that are advantageous.

last 3

A primary reason to study anthropology is to

learn more about our own culture and ask better questions about how to address cultural challenges

Culture consists of:

learned behaviors and ideas that human beings acquire as members of society

pragmatics

looks at the social and cultural aspects of meaning and how the context of an interaction affects it.

A cosmic force whose only humanlike attribute is the ability to respond to human beings who use the correct symbolic formulas when they want to harness or channel this force for their own purposes.

mana

Serial Monogamy

marriage to a succession of spouses one after the other

It is an invisible force capable of understanding questions addressed to it in human language and willing to respond truthfully using symbolic means that human beings with proper cultural knowledge can interpret. It may speak through animals, plans, people, or other objects.

oracle

refers to those characteristics of speech beyond the actual words spoken. These include the features that are inherent to all speech: pitch, loudness, and tempo or duration of the sounds. Varying pitch can convey any number of messages: a question, sarcasm, defiance, surprise, confidence or lack of it, impatience, and many other often subtle connotations.

paralanguage

Which of the following are classified as subsistence strategies? feudal domestic pastoralism horticulture foraging (hunting and gathering) agriculture tributary wage labor

pastor hort forag agric?

are full-time religious practitioners. The position only in societies with substantial occupational specialization. They are the intermediaries between God (or the gods) and humans.

priest

They are a person who claims to have direct communication with the supernatural realm and who can communicate divine messages to others.

prophet

The classification of peoples based on assumed physical characteristics is known as:

race

Cultural relativism:

requires us to take native views and many things into account before we form opinions about other cultural practices.

also often follow periods of crisis in a community and are ambitious attempts to resolve serious problems, such as war, famine, or poverty through a spiritual or supernatural intervention

revitalization rituals

actions designed to bring a community together, often following a period of crisis

rite of intensificaiton

a ceremony designed to transition individuals between life stages

rite of passage

a part time religious practitioner. They carry out religious rituals when needed, but also participate in the normal work of the community. Their practice depends on an ability to engage in direct communication with the spirits, gods, or supernatural realm. They are able to transcend normal reality in order to communicate with and perhaps even manipulate supernatural forces in an alternate world. This ability can be inherited or learned.

shaman

are individuals who engage in practices intended to bring supernatural forces under their personal control.

sorcerer

a version of an extended family that includes an older couple and one of their adult children with a spouse (or spouses) and children

stem family

matrilocal

system where a new couple is expected to live with or near the wife's family

A parallel cousin is the child of the father's brother, or the child of the mother's sister. A cross cousin is the child of a mother's brother of of a father's sister.

t

A political economy approach recognizes that the economy is central to everyday life but contextualizes economic relations within state structures, political processes, social structures, and cultural values. Some political economic anthropologists focus on how societies and markets have historically evolved while others ask how individuals deal with the forces that oppress them, focusing on historical legacies of social domination and marginalization.

t

Anthropologist Arjun Appadurai has discussed this in terms of five specific "scapes" or flows: ethnoscapes, technoscapes, ideoscapes, financescapes, and mediascapes. Thinking of globalization in terms of the people, things, and ideas that flow across national boundaries is a productive framework for understanding the shifting social landscapes in which contemporary people are often embedded in their daily lives.

t

Brazil has more and different racial categories than the United States.

t

Classifying human populations into racial categories is inherently arbitrary and subjective rather than scientific and objective. Various racial classification schemes simply reflected their proponents' desires to "slice the pie" of human physical variation according to the particular trait(s) they preferred to establish as the major, defining criteria of their classification system.

t

Complex societies are typically defined based on elaborate divisions of labor and social stratification.

t

Concepts like "heaven," "hell," or even "prayer" do not exist in many societies.

t

Cultural appropriation is the act of copying an idea from another culture and in the process distorting its meaning.

t

Cultural imperialism is a situation where ideas and practices of one culture are imposed upon other culture, which may be modified or eliminated as a result.

t

Diasporic peoples have a long history in a specific territory, but are now scattered around the world in migrant populations in different places.

t

Due to the increasing interconnectedness of cultures around the world, anthropologists are increasingly engaged in multi-sited ethnographic research.

t

Ethnogenesis is the gradual emergence of a new, distinct ethnic identity in response to changing social circumstances.

t

Exercises that encourage individuals to write about or discuss their values have shown large success in double-blind experiments towards closing educational gaps between poorer and wealthier students. Indicating, that individuals can often be inoculated against the stereotype threat.

t

In caste systems, membership is determined by birth and remains fixed for life, and social mobility, moving from one social class to another, is not normally an option.

t

Marvin Harris suggests that warfare and social inequality are the products of cultural evolution and not inherently/biologically human and thus not an inevitable part of human societies.

t

Most rules of descent generally fall into one of two categories. Bilateral descent (commonly used in the United States) recognizes both the mother's and the father's "sides" of the family while unilineal descent recognizes only one sex-based "side" of the family. Unilineal descent can be patrilineal, recognizing only relatives through a line of male ancestors, or matrilineal, recognizing only relatives through a line of female ancestors.

t

Multiple worldviews may coexist within a society.

t

Orthodox religions have dogmatic beliefs that are official and sanctioned by some religious authority as opposed to heterodox religions that have a variety of interpretations and beliefs and no single official or enforced interpretation of religious beliefs and practices.

t

Over the course of U.S. history, the concept of "whiteness" expanded to include various immigrant groups that once were targets of racist beliefs and discrimination.

t

Physical anthropologists use the term cline to refer to differences in the traits that occur in populations across a geographical area. In a cline, a trait may be more common in one geographical area than another, but the variation is gradual and continuous with no sharp breaks.

t

Political ecology adds a historical component to older theories of human ecology.

t

Prayer and sacrifice are examples of religious rituals.

t

Proletarianization is a process through which farmers are removed from the land and forced to take wage labor employment.

t

Racial categories are socially and culturally defined concepts and racial labels and their definitions vary widely around the world.

t

Racial commonsense is a deeply entrenched social belief that another person's racial or ethnic background is obvious and easily determined from brief glances and can be used to predict a person's culture, behavior, and personality.

t

Reification is the process of attributing concrete form to an abstract concept. Reification often results in a process in which an inaccurate concept or idea is so heavily promoted and circulated among people that it begins to take on a life of its own.

t

Religion can broadly be defined as the means by which human society and culture is extended to include the nonhuman.

t

Religions may play a role in ecological management.

t

Reverse dominance is a term used to describe societies in which people rejected attempts by any individual to exercise power.

t

Revitalization movements are more likely to happen in times of crisis and radical transformation.

t

Significant genetic studies conducted by physical anthropologists since the 1970s have revealed that biologically distinct human races do not exist.

t

Some scholars of race and racism describe Brazil as a prominent example of a pigmentocracy: a society characterized by a strong correlation between a person's skin color and their social class.

t

Stereotype threat is not just a problem for people who are black. Stereotype threat has been measured as a problem for women, men, white people, the poor, and other groups performing tasks for which their group has an associated negative stereotype.

t

The institution of slavery played a major role in defining how the United States has classified people by race through the one-drop rule, which required that any trace of known or recorded non-European ( "non-white") ancestry was used to automatically exclude a person from being classified as "white." Someone with one "black" grandparent and three "white" grandparents or one "black" great-grandparent and seven "white" great-grandparents was classified under the one-drop rule simply as "black." Anthropologists call such a system hypodescent.

t

The perception of a negative sterotype often negatively effects the performance of individuals regardless of whether that stereotype exists.

t

The principle difference between class and caste societies is social mobility.

t

The religion of the Jedi is a form of animatism.

t

There are societies that believe in supernatural beings, but do not have beliefs in god/s.

t

Tribes use various systems to encourage solidarity or feelings of connectedness between people who are not related by family ties. These systems, sometimes known as sodalities, unite people across family groups.

t

Unilineal theories of sociocultural evolution (supposing the development of culture through distinct and inevitable stages) have not proven predictive or accurately descriptive and have largely been abandoned by modern anthropologists and other social theoreticians.

t

Variations in human physical and genetic are nonconcordant. Each trait is inherited independently, not "bundled together" with other traits and inherited as a package. There is no correlation between skin color and other characteristics such as blood type and lactose intolerance.

t

Viramma the midwife blamed spirits for the death of most of her children.

t

Viramma the midwife is from the lowest caste in Indian society.

t

While the kind of organized violence we call warfare probably didn't begin until the emergence of the earliest state societies, other types of violent conflict such as raiding and feuding have been around far longer.

t

Women who were told that there may be a biological difference between men and women's ability to remember things scored substantially lower on memory tests than when they were not told such a difference might exist.

t

neoliberalism, a multi-faceted political and economic philosophy that emphasizes privatization and unregulated markets

t

Anthropologists first began to study sex, gender, and sexuality during the 1960s and 1970s.

t?

Anthropologists have also encountered relatively androgynous gender-binary cultures. In these cultures, some gender differentiation exists but "gender bending" and role-crossing are frequent, accepted, and reflect circumstances and individual capacities and preferences.

t?

Anthropologists long ago identified "female farming systems," especially in parts of Africa and Southeast Asia, in which farming is predominantly a woman's job and men "help out" as needed.

t?

Cross-culturally, marriage seems to be primarily about societal regulation of relationships—a social contract between two individuals and, often, their families, that specifies rights and obligations of married individuals and of the offspring that married women produce. Some anthropologists have argued that marriage IS primarily about children and "descent"—who will "own" children.68 To whom will they belong? With what rights, obligations, social statuses, access to resources, group identities, and all the other assets—and liabilities—that exist within a society?

t?

Cross-culturally, the U.S. (and "traditional" British-Euro-American) nuclear family is quite unusual and atypical.

t?

Cultures with a third gender have what is called a binary-gender system.

t?

For most of human history, the 99 percent of it prior to the invention of agriculture some 10,000 or so years ago, women have "worked," often providing the stable sources of food for their family.

t?

From a global perspective, the United States lags behind many countries in women's political leadership and representation.

t?

Gender identity varies within a society, especially when gendered individuals have different ethnic, religious, national, and class backgrounds.

t?

Heteronormativity is a cultural universal.

t?

Heterosexual and homosexual are meaningful categories in all cultures and societies.

t?

In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, a number of scientists, immersed in Darwinian theories, began to explore the evolutionary roots of what they assumed to be universal: male dominance. Of course, scientists, like the rest of us, view the world partially through their own cultural lenses and through a gendered version. Prior to the 1970s, women and gender relations were largely invisible in the research literature and most researchers were male so it is not surprising that 1960s theories reflected prevailing male-oriented folk beliefs about gender.

t?

Individual's experiences with sexism will vary . Part of this variation is explained by a phenomenon called intersectionality. Intersectionality is the idea that sexism, racism, and class divisions all interact together to make individuals' experiences with each very different depending upon their seating within the other categories.

t?

Legitimizing ideologies are complex belief systems often developed by those in power to rationalize, explain, and perpetuate systems of inequality.

t?

Marriage also is not "natural." It is a cultural invention that involves various meanings and functions in different cultural contexts.

t?

One's biologic sex is a different phenomenon than one's gender, which is socially and historically constructed. Gender is a set of culturally invented expectations and therefore constitutes a role one assumes, learns, and performs.

t?

Some religions explicitly forbid marrying someone from another religion. But U.S. formal government prohibitions have also existed, such as laws against interracial marriage, which were only declared unconstitutional in 1967 These "anti-miscegenation" laws, directed mainly at European-American and African-Americans, were designed to preserve the race-based system of social stratification in the United States

t?

Terms such as genderfluid and genderqueer are attempts to recognize gender and gender expression as a spectrum instead of a static identity.

t?

The growth of feminist scholarship not only spurred women's studies, but men's studies that investigate different masculinities (ways of being masculine) also.

t?

The terms and related concepts of homosexuality and heterosexuality have ancient origins that go back hundreds or thousands of years.

t?

Those who identify with the sex and gender they were assigned at birth are referred to as cisgender, while those who identify as a different gender than the one that was assigned to them at birth are referred to as transgender.

t?

question

t?

In anthropology, "emic" refers to:

the internal or native person's viewpoint

Humans learn culture from people and cultural institutions that surround them

throughout their entire lives

Identify the levels of socio-cultural integration typically identified by anthropologists. tribe republic country empire state band autonomous anarchy

tribe, state, band, chiefdom

A "thick description," as described by Clifford Geertz, explains not only the behavior or cultural event in question but also the context in which it occurs and anthropological interpretations of it. Such descriptions help readers better understand the internal logic of why people in a culture behave as they do and why the behaviors are meaningful to them.

true

A dowry is usually wealth given by parents to their daughter when she marries. It is often regarded as the way women receive their inheritance. It is often regarded as the wife's contribution to the establishment of a new household. It has been very common in agricultural societies in Europe and Asia.

true

A hallmark of the four-field approach is its holistic perspective: anthropologists are interested in studying everything that makes us human. Thus, they use multiple approaches to understanding humans throughout time and throughout the world. They also acknowledge that to understand people fully one cannot look solely at biology, culture, history, or language; rather, all of those things must be considered.

true

A lineage consists of individuals who can trace or demonstrate their descent through a line of males or females to the founding ancestor.

true

A polyvocal text is one in which more than one person's voice is presented, and its use can range from ensuring that informants' perspectives are presented in the text while still writing in the researcher's voice to including informants' actual words rather than paraphrasing them and co-authoring the ethnography with an informant.

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A symbol is anything that serves to refer to something else, but has a meaning that cannot be guessed because there is no obvious connection between the symbol and its referent. This feature of human language is called arbitrariness.

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Age sets are named categories to which men of a certain age are assigned at birth. Age grades are groups of men who are close to one another in age and share similar duties or responsibilities. All men cycle through each age grade over the course of their lifetimes. As the age sets advance, the men assume the duties associated with each age grade.

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Because of how useful the ethnographic research strategy is in understanding the perspectives of others, it has been adopted by many other disciplines including sociology, education, psychology, and political science.

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Before the emergence of state organized societies, lineage groups were the main political association in societies that had them.

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Bohannan initially assumed that Hamlet had essentially one universal interpretation and it was an obvious one.

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Cultural relativism is the idea that we should seek to understand another person's beliefs and behaviors from the perspective of their culture rather than our own.

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Ethnographic methods include keeping field notebooks that document ethnographers ideas and reflections as well as what they do and observe when participating in activities with the people they are studying, a research technique known as participant observation. Other sources of ethnographic data include informal conversations and more-formal interviews that are recorded and transcribed. They also collect documents such as letters, photographs, artifacts, public records, books, and reports.

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Hawaiian kinship terminology has a smaller number of kinship terms and they tend to reflect generation and gender while merging nuclear families into a larger grouping. In other words, you, your brothers and sisters, and cousins would all be called "child" by your parents and your aunts and uncles. Brothers, sisters, and all first cousins call each other brother and sister. In such a system, not only one's biological father, but all one's father's brothers would be called "father," and all of one's mother's sisters, along with one's biological mother, would be called "mother." This type of kinship system is common and not exclusive to Hawaii.

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Kinship encompasses relationships formed through blood connections (consanguineal), such as those created between parents and children, as well as relationships created through marriage ties (affinal), such as in-laws.

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Languages organize colors differently and some languages have very few words for specific colors.

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Most often, ethnographers include both emic and etic perspectives in their research and writing.

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Most people in the U.S. determine descent bilaterally.

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Polyandry is the practice of a women marrying multiple men at the same time and is often developed as a system to limit the number of heirs and keep family land and wealth together.

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Some degree of social mobility characterizes all societies, but even so-called open-class societies are not as mobile as one might think. In the United States, for example, actual movement up the social latter is rare.

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Some kinship systems are more complicated than the U.S., or Hawaiian kinship systems. Many have different terms for father's elder brother, younger brother, grandparents on either side and so on. Each kinship pattern (there are around 6) was named for a cultural group in which this pattern was found. The system that most Americans follow is referred to as the Eskimo system, a name that comes from the old way of referring to the Inuit, an indigenous people of the Arctic.

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Some languages do not have words for left and right, but instead must indicate cardinal directions like North or South.

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Some matrilineal societies practice avunculocal residence (uncle's location). In this post-marital residence pattern, a couple will live with the wife's mother's brother. In matrilineal societies, in which important property, knowledge, or social position are linked with men, the preference is to keep wealth within the matrilineal household. Property and other cultural items are passed not from biological fathers to sons, but from maternal uncles to nephews. In doing so, property is kept within the matriline

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The ability to speak a language is biological, but what language you speak is a matter of culture.

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The author believes the enforced use of English in school systems and its role as gate key to upper classes was a means of mental domination. He expressed how the imposition of English literature and language was an attempt to devalue and replace the cultures of the people already being politically and economically dominated.

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The award-winning author has quit writing in English and now only writes in gigikuyu

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The language/s that you speak often encourage the development of certain abilities and tendencies.

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The standard version of a language is determined by the relative prestige, power, and (usually) wealth of the group that speaks that variant. In other words, most languages have multiple dialects and the "standard" one is the one spoken predominantly by those in power. This leads to dialectical privilege.

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The use of several language varieties in a particular interaction is known as code-switching.

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There are around 7000 languages spoken today, but around half of them are estimated to disappear within the next 100 years.

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There are over 200 distinct sign languages in the world, which are not mutually comprehensible. They are all considered by linguists to be true languages, consistent with linguistic definitions of all human languages. They differ only in the fact that they are based on a gestural-visual rather than a vocal-auditory sensory mode.

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Thomas Hobbes, the 17th century political philosopher, believed that life was nasty, brutish, and short in societies that were not part of a state. Ethnographers studying non state societies discovered that this is not usually the case.

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Today, anthropologists recognize that human cultures constantly change as people respond to social, political, economic, and other external and internal influences—that there is no moment when a culture is more authentic or more primitive.

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Under colonial rule, without strong English abilities, no matter how high their grades in all other subjects, it was impossible for the students to continue their education. However, a student with good abilities in English was often promoted through the school system when their grades in other subjects were simply passing.

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When constructing the same question or statement in different languages, the different grammatical conventions will force the speaker to consider, or indicate different things.

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change laugage based on bill

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People who practice slash-and-burn horticulture view it as a means by which to clear land.

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A subsistence system, or subsistence strategy is the set of practices used by members of a society to acquire food.

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All humans are believed to have lived as foragers before 12,000 years ago.

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Analysis of the ways in which cultures and the environment are mutually interconnected, demonstrates that there is no way to separate the "natural" world from the human-influenced world, or what anthropologists refer to as the built environment.

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Anthropologists use the term carrying capacity to quantify the number of calories that can be extracted from a particular unit of land to support a human population.

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Chiefdoms sometimes develop from horticultural societies.

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Contemporary studies of foraging have found that foragers have typically lived in isolation from their neighbors.

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Economic anthropologists explore how people produce, exchange, and consume material objects and the role that immaterial things such as labor, services, and knowledge play in our efforts to secure our livelihood. As humans, we all have the same basic needs, but understanding how and why we meet those needs is what shapes the field of economic anthropology.

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Evidence from agricultural research demonstrates that there is enough worldwide agricultural capacity to feed everyone on the planet. The problem is that this capacity is unevenly distributed. Some countries produce much more food than they need, and others much less. In addition, distribution systems are inefficient and much food is lost to waste or spoilage. It is also true that in an agricultural economy food costs money, and worldwide many people who are starving or undernourished lack food because they cannot pay for it, not because food itself is unavailable.

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Foraging societies may become sedentary if the carrying capacity of the land is high enough.

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Foraging societies tend to have what is called a broad spectrum diet: a diet based on a wide range of resources. Foragers tend to have a more diverse and thus healthier diet than people employing other modes of subsistence. In some environments, such as the arctic, this may not hold true.

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Gambling is a good example of negative reciprocity .

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Many horticultural societies practice some form of redistribution.

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Small-scale, semi-subsistence farmers (peasants) make up the largest single group of people on the planet today. These farmers primarily use their own labor to grow the food their families eat. They might also produce some type of commodity for sale. Most of them live their lives both inside and outside of global capitalism and state societies.

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So central are yams to Trobriand Island life that yams have traditionally been regarded not as mere plants, but as living beings with minds of their own. Farmers talk to their yams, using a special tone and soft voice so as not to alarm the vegetables. Men who have been initiated into the secret practices of yam magic use incantations or magical charms to affect the growth of the plants, or alternatively to discourage the growth of a rival's crop. Yams are believed to have the ability to wander away from their fields at night unless magic is used to keep them in place. These practices show the close social and spiritual association between farmers and their crops.

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Subsistence systems often play a major role in structuring gender roles and the division of labor between the sexes.

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The Neolithic was characterized by an explosion of new technologies, not all of them made from stone, which were geared toward agricultural tasks, rather than hunting or processing gathered plant foods. These new tools included scythes for harvesting plants, and adzes or hoes for tilling the soil. These technological developments began to dramatically improve yields and allow human communities to support larger and larger numbers of people on food produced in less space.

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The large swaths of community land managed by the Maasai stabilize and support the vast Serengeti ecosystem. Ecologists estimate that if this land were privately owned and its usage restricted, the population of wildebeest would be reduced by one-third.

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This article was published in 1956.

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Tribute societies share several common features: (1) the dominant units of production are communities organized around kinship relations; (2) the state's society depends on the local communities, and the tribute collected is used by the ruling class rather than exchanged or reinvested; (3) relationships between producers and rulers are often conflictual; and (4) production is controlled politically rather than through the direct control of the means of production.

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When anthropologists study subsistence, they gain a window into the ways in which cultures have co-evolved with their environments, a field of study known as historical ecology.

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swidden cultivation

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In terms of societies where it is permitted, polygyny is the most common of all marriage patterns in the world.

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The language/s that we speak and write influence how we organize time.

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The levirate and sororate are ways of maintaining alliances between descent groups when someone dies.

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While the author's experiences communicating in Gĩgĩkũyũ emphasized community and collective mutual responsibility, the school's policy to reward children for informing on other children who spoke in Gĩgĩkũyũ, to him, emphasized the value of being a traitor to your community.

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Pastoralism is a subsistence system that relies on herds of domesticated livestock. Over half of the world's pastoralists reside in Africa, but there are also large pastoralist populations in Central Asia, Tibet, and arctic Scandinavia and Siberia.

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