ANT 101 CHAPT 11
Columbus's 1492 voyage marks the beginning of what many scholars have called the "European Conquest." Which region of the planet dominated world economic activity at this point in time?
China and India
Europeans plundered the Maya and Aztec kingdoms beginning in the 1500s in an effort to find gold and silver. What was the primary reason for the European quest for these metals?
China demanded gold and silver for payment of all trade deficits.
The dominant model of industrial production for much of the twentieth century, based on a social compact among labor, corporations, and government.
Fordism
What major changes in human activity resulted in a shift for most human populations from food foragers to food producers?
Horticulture and pastoralism
During the Industrial Revolution, high population growth in Great Britain, combined with intensive use of raw materials from the environment, resulted in concerns about starvation and disease as the local population threatened to exceed what aspect of the local environment?
carrying capacity
The number of people who can be supported by the resources of the surrounding region.
carrying capacity
Immanuel Wallerstein's modern world systems theory sees nations and regions as divided into different groups in terms of economic dominance. These include core, semi-periphery and periphery groups. One defining characteristic that is applicable to the periphery group is
cheap labor
The practice by which a nation-state extends political, economic, and military power beyond its own borders over an extended period of time to secure access to raw materials, cheap labor, and markets in other countries or regions.
colonialism
The hands an item passes through between producer and consumer.
commodity chain
Think of the last time you had a tuna fish sandwich. The fish itself probably came from the Atlantic coast, right off the shores of New York and New Jersey. While it might seem that local tuna wind up in local stores, a lot of it winds up in places far away, and must pass through dozens of different hands before it gets there. This is an example of
commodity chain
Industrialized former colonial states that dominate the world economic system.
core countries
Horticulture refers to the
cultivation of domesticated plants for subsistence through nonintensive use of land and labor.
A critique of modernization theory that argued that despite the end of colonialism the underlying economic relations of the modern world economic system had not changed.
dependency theory
The argument that, despite colonial independence, economic power differentials between industrialized nations and postcolonial nations remain largely unchanged is known as which of the following theories?
dependency theory
Post-World War II strategy of wealthy nations to spur global economic growth, alleviate poverty, and raise living standards through strategic investment in national economies of former colonies.
development
The so-called "triangle trade" saw a huge increase in the exchange of food, goods, wealth and even people as slaves. This appeared in the 1500s between Africa, Europe and the Western hemisphere. The one item that was also part of this massive exchange was involuntary and not sought after by the traders or colonial powers. This item was
disease
The economic and population growth that many, though not all, humans have experienced over the past few decades may ultimately be limited by which of the following, according to the chapter?
dwindling environmental resources
Henry Ford is best known, perhaps, for the introduction of the assembly line and the Model T. As his manufacturing effort expanded, however, he also adopted an attitude that came to be known as Fordism, and had as one of several central tenets the idea that workers should
earn higher wages and work shorter hours.
A cultural adaptation to the environment that enables a group of humans to use the available resources to satisfy their needs and to thrive.
economy
When we refer to the ability of a group of humans to culturally adapt to an environment so as to allow them to make use of the resources found in that environment, what are we referring to?
economy
A person who moves to a new location to conduct trade and establish a business.
entrepreneurial immigrant
A corporation seeks to minimize expenses by moving production and labor to periphery nations where labor costs are lower. Which term best defines this model?
flexible accumulation
The increasingly flexible strategies that corporations use to accumulate profits in an era of globalization, enabled by innovative communication and transportation technologies.
flexible accumulation
Humans who subsist by hunting, fishing, and gathering plants to eat.
food foragers
An Inuit group subsists by hunting seals, caribou, and birds, and by gathering local berries. Which of the following subsistence strategies is the group using?
food foraging
A parent provides food for her child without expecting repayment.
generalized reciprocity
The concept of the "human ecological footprint" refers to the impact that humans have had on the environment. Today the human ecological footprint is
growing exponentially.
In the year 2010,
had nearly one billion people going hungry each day and living in absolute poverty. Another 1.7 billion people live in relative poverty, attempting to survive on the equivalent of $2 a day. Six million children die of malnutrition each year.
The cultivation of plants for subsistence through nonintensive use of land and labor.
horticulture
the cultivation of plants for subsistence through nonintensive use of land and labor
horticulture
The various elements in the "triangle trade" that emerged in the 1500s among Europe, Africa, and the Americas included sugar, slaves, furs and disease. This same triangle also brought in
ideas.
intensive farming practices involving mechanization and mass production
industrial agriculture
The movement of people within their own national borders.
internal migration
A person who moves in search of a low-skill and low-wage job, often filling an economic niche that native-born workers will not fill.
labor immigrant
What is the most likely form of exchange that is most used in the United States today?
market exchange
Post-World War II economic theories that predicted that with the end of colonialism less-developed countries would follow the same trajectory toward modernization as the industrialized countries.
modernization theories
In the 1950s, many economists predicted that postcolonial nations would follow the same trajectory toward economic development as industrialized nations. Which term best defines this belief?
modernization theory
You receive an email from someone claiming to be a Nigerian prince. In exchange for access to your bank account to facilitate a transaction, he promises to reward you financially (though the promise goes unfulfilled)
negative reciprocity
A predominant, and often conservative, view of the world economic system today holds that the free market is the ideal mechanism for ensuring that economic growth is optimal. This same view eschews the role of government. This view is referred to as
neoliberalism
A recent development in the way in which societies prioritize the free market as a primary means of ensuring economic growth is known as
neoliberalism
An economic and political worldview that sees the free market as the main mechanism for ensuring economic growth, with a severely restricted role for government.
neoliberalism
A strategy for food production involving the domestication of animals.
pastoralism
Much of the food the Nuer, an African society, eat comes from their herds of domesticated cattle, which provide milk, blood, and occasional meat. Which of the following subsistence strategies is the group using?
pastoralism
The least developed and least powerful nations; often exploited by the core countries as sources of raw materials, cheap labor, and markets.
periphery countries
A highly trained individual who moves to fill an economic niche in a middle-class profession often marked by shortages in the receiving country.
professional immigrant
The forces that spur migration from the country of origin and draw immigrants to a particular new destination country.
pushes and pulls
The exchange of resources, goods, and services among people of relatively equal status; meant to create and reinforce social ties.
reciprocity
When we refer to the willingness and ability to exchange goods and services among a group of people, most of whom are of a similar status in order to both enhance social ties and distribute resources, what are we referring to?
reciprocity
A form of exchange in which accumulated wealth is collected from the members of the group and reallocated in a different pattern.
redistribution
The chief of a tribal group collects 30 percent of each family's crop for use in feasts, assisting the needy, gifts to travelers, and personal use. Which economic exchange system matches this scenario?
redistribution
A person who has been forced to move beyond his or her national borders because of persecution, armed conflict, or natural disasters.
refugee
a practice of clearing land for cultivation; also called swidden farming
slash and burn agriculture
The term used to suggest that poor countries are poor as a result of their relationship to an unbalanced global economic system.
underdevelopment
When did the Industrial Revolution take place?
The eighteenth and nineteenth centuries
Over the fifty years between 1960 and 2010,
The global economy has achieved remarkable success over the past fifty years. For example, gross national income of the global economy rose from around $1 trillion in 1960 to nearly $70 trillion in 2010. The same period saw a 50 percent increase in school enrollments and a drop in infant mortality rates of more than 60 percent. And life expectancy nearly doubled over the last century, reaching 67.2 years in 2010 (Moran 2006).
An economy is defined as
a cultural adaptation to the environment.
An intensive farming strategy for food production involving permanently cultivated land.
agriculture
an intensive farming strategy for food production involving permanently cultivated land
agriculture
Anthropologists have identified multiple forms of exchange and distribution among cultures. These forms include:
all of these.
Bob and Stan frequently go to lunch together. Bob picks up the tab one day, and expects that Stan will do so the next.
balanced reciprocity
