ANT 2410 Chapter 15

Ethnoecology

A culture's set of environmental practices and perceptions

Methane

A greenhouse gas whose atmospheric concentration has risen due to an increase in various human activities

Which of the following is an example of outsiders making regulations based on planners' goals instead of what is best for that locality?

Farmers who have been irrigating with river water are forced to stop because it might disturb a snail that a government agency plans to introduce.

What is the name for the physical extinction of a people?

Genocide

Ecological Anthropology

Study of cultural adaptations to environments

For people traveling or living outside their native lands, some mass media help maintain ethnic and national identities by offering programs for specific groups based on which of the following?

ethnicity language religion

Some scientists predict that climate change might cause . . .

flooding of coastal communities. displacement of people as low-lying areas become submerged. more severe storms and surges.

Industrialization entailed a shift . . .

from reliance on renewable resources to the use of fossil fuels

When considering the issue of global warming, the key question is . . .

how much climate change is caused by humans, and how much is due to the planet's natural variability?

Development projects often fail because . . .

they try to replace the local system, which was working adequately, with a system designed for a different culture.

The role of anthropology in a globalizing world is . . .

to understand similarities and differences among human beings worldwide. to promote respect for human biological and cultural diversity.

The most effective conservation strategies pay attention to the needs and wishes of the local people. (T/F)

True

Greenhouse Effect

Warming caused by trapped atmospheric gasses

Which of the following are reasons for the emergence of particular infectious diseases in the last few decades?

changes in demography human encroachment on wild lands deforestation

Which of the following cause deforestation?

commercial logging population growth road building

One example of a community adapting a foreign cultural icon to their own beliefs would be . . .

Australian aborigines seeing Rambo as a Third World tribal warrior battling a Caucasian officer class.

Which television network is most likely to help people maintain a sense of ethnic identity even after they have relocated to a foreign country?

Al Jazeera, an Arabic-speaking network based in Qatar

Acculturation

An exchange of cultural features between groups in firsthand contact

Until the mid- to late 1980s, Latin American public discourse and state policies emphasized ________ and discouraged indigenous identification and mobilization.

Assimilation

Environmental Anthropology

Attempts not only to understand but also to find solutions to environmental problems

Between 2000 and 2012, . . .

China's share of world energy consumption increased to over 21%. the U.S. share of the world energy consumption decreased to 19%.

Anthropogenic

Caused by humans and their activities

Which of the following nations is most rapidly increasing its use of energy and consequently its emissions?

China

What is the name for the spread of one dominant culture at the expense of others?

Cultural Imperialism

What is the name of the offspring of the original residents of an area who have spread to many lands?

Diaspora

Climate Change

Global warming, plus changing sea levels, precipitation, storms, and ecosystem facts

What is the name for the spread and connectedness of production, distribution, consumption, communication, and technologies across the world?

Globalization

Mass media have helped enhance each nation's cultural identity in what ways?

Mass media keep people informed about events that are happening within each nation. Programs that air in foreign countries help create a national image for the country that made the programs. Locally produced programming unites viewers in the sharing of a cultural experience.

Why have anthropologists expanded their study beyond local communities more than in the past?

People are moving more often and traveling farther away than in previous times.

Which of the following are examples of the global culture of consumption?

Residents of a poverty-stricken village in Cambodia sell traditional sandals on the Internet; most of their customers are from other countries. An executive in Indonesia pays double the usual price for a shirt because it has the logo of a fashionable German designer on it. A young country singer from the United States becomes successful after a million people in Brazil purchase her latest CD.

Cultural Imperialism

Spread of one (dominant) culture at the expense of others

Globalization

The spread and connectedness of production, distribution, consumption, communication, and technologies across the world and a contested ideology and policy

The emergence of infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDS, Ebola, West Nile, and SARS are the result of which of the following?

They are the result of what people have done to their environments.

Why do peasants and tribal people participate in the modern world system?

They have developed a desire for more money than previous generations had. People from all over the world have appropriated their products and images, turning them into something that can be sold.

Acculturation refers to changes that result when two or more groups come into continuous firsthand contact. (T/F)

True

A society's cultural model of the environment and its relation to people and society is called . . .

an ethnoecology.

When the community of Arembepe in Brazil felt that outsiders had appropriated the Saint Francis festival, local people began to participate more in festivals for other saints instead. This demonstrates that . . .

an outside culture cannot overshadow local traditions if local people refuse to embrace the new ways.

The architectural style called postmodernism . . .

came after the style called modernism. drew on various styles from different times and place. was intended to convey a playful impression.

Several generations of one family have lived in their home in the mountains since the 1800s. The government designates a new wilderness area, putting the house within the wilderness boundaries. The family is now forbidden to use motorized vehicles to reach their home, they cannot operate a chainsaw to cut firewood, and they cannot string lines for telephones and electricity. This would be an example of . . .

conservation with no sensitivity to local and individual circumstances.

To curb global deforestation, anthropologists should try to . . .

convince people that what is good for the Earth is also beneficial to them as individuals.

Finance becomes a transnational force when . . .

corporations invest in business ventures in foreign countries. businesses depend on foreign labor instead of hiring citizens of their own countries. people work in foreign countries and send their paychecks back to their native lands.

The greenhouse effect . . .

could be harmful if it becomes too strong. is necessary for life to exist on Earth. is a normal phenomenon that keeps the planet's surface warm.

The Brazilian network TV Globo has the world's largest and most loyal audience. What is this network broadcasting that is so appealing to its viewers?

culturally familiar programs made by Brazilians for Brazilians

The main difference between acculturation and diffusion is . . .

diffusion can happen without firsthand contact.

The field of study that focuses on how culture helps humans adapt to their environments and maintain their ecosystems is called . . .

ecological anthropology.

Anthropologists believe that much of the deforestation in the ancient Middle East and Central America was caused by . . .

increasing human population that led to expanded farming.

Deforestation is a global concern because . . .

it increases greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. it decreases biodiversity, since many species live in forests.

One serious problem for ecological anthropologists is that, in a world where population is increasing, local people hesitate to support conservation efforts because . . .

it will decrease their access to resources and therefore, their income.

Through mass media such as television and the Internest, previously isolated communities in places such as Brazil can now experience national and international cultures. If all programs are of similar quality, which are they most likely to prefer?

locally produced

During the 1990s, when indigenous people were trying to expel Europeans and Asians from Africa, a similar situation emerged in Europe as . . .

native people of that continent tried to curb immigration and multiculturalism, saying it was diluting the traditional cultures of Europe.

Which of the following are key reasons worldwide energy consumption continues to grow?

population expansion economic expansion

Since the advent of television and video cameras, towns along the Amazon River in Brazil have . . .

posted video of local celebrations on social media such as YouTube. made video recordings of their largest festivals, to be shown to tourists. staged more lavish celebrations for broadcast on television.

Many indigenous groups had traditional ways of . . .

preserving the environment. categorizing resources. regulating the use of resources.

Instead of "global warming," some scientists prefer the term "climate change" because this has a broad meaning that includes changes in . . .

rainfall patterns. ecosystems. sea levels.

Changes in the cultural patterns that result when groups come into continuous firsthand contact are called . . .

social change. acculturation.

Which of the following actions by a Polynesian native would be indications of acculturation?

speaking French eating pizza once a week wearing store-bought clothing

The increasing human population of Madagascar has caused . . .

substantial erosion because trees are no longer holding the soil in place. deforestation because people cut trees for firewood. more rapid water runoff, which erodes rice fields and deposits silt in irrigation canals.

The term and concept of "indigenous people" was legitimized within international law in 1982 by . . .

the United Nations Working Group on Indigenous Populations

The closest thing Earth has to a planetary council is . . .

the United Nations.

The globalization of risk means that . . .

the actions of individuals and groups can increase certain threats that affect the entire world. a hazard such as a cyber attack can quickly threaten people all over the world. environmental and technological risks have multiplied.

When one author describes the modern world as a translocal interactive system, he is referring to . . .

the fact that globalization has transformed old boundaries and distinctions.

The word "globalization" can refer to which of the following two concepts?

the fact that, in many ways, people are more closely connected to other people throughout the world than they were in the past a controversial political ideology endorsed by financial entities such as the World Bank and the World Trade Organization

Some scientists contend that the single greatest obstacle to efforts for slowing climate change is . . .

the growing global demand for energy.

Cultural imperialism refers to . . .

the spread or advance of one culture at the expense of others. the imposition of one culture on others, which it changes, replaces, or destroys.

Within the past 30 years in Latin America, policies toward Indians have shifted from encouraging assimilation to . . .

valuing ethnic differences.