ANT3026 Exam 1 Review - Study Guide
Deviant Burials
(in Poland and Hungary) Abnormal, atypical, deviant. Thought to be vampires because of chewing burial shrouds - insertion of bricks and stones to prevent.
Among the ancient Egyptians, the purpose of mummification was preservation of the body so that the body's double, or it's ___, has it's own life and lives on after death. a) ba b) ankh c) ptah d) khefre e) ka
e) ka
The festivities of the ____ are a way to shower love and affection upon their loved ones in Malagasy culture, as well as a time to convey the latest family news to the deceased and ask them for blessings and guidance
famadihana
True or False:
he diet of the sokushinbutsu was called mokujikyo, or "tree-eating"
Mass Burials
Primary
Types of Burial
Primary and Secondary
Cremation; burning
Purifying to "release" the spirit
The process of decay or rotting in a body or other organic matter.
Putrefaction
Torajan "Land of Souls"
Puya
True or False: Medicinal mumia was used because it looked like Bitumen.
True: The black material found within and outside of ancient Egyptian mummies looked very similar to bitumen; it was bitumen, but also was a combination of natron (salts), botanical resins, and spices
Inverted or Face Down Burials
Uncomfortable, humiliation, inhibit undead, symbolic
This form of burial involves moving the burial from the initial grave to a different location and is often based on a cultural practice of ancestor worship or display of the dead: a) inverted or face-down burial b) secondary burial c) mass burial d) primary burial e) deviant burial
b) secondary burial
In the 1800s determining death was very difficult, so in Germany they created "waiting mortuaries" where they would test death by waiting for: a) the patient to come out of a coma b) the body to decompose c) a doctor to check the pulse of the patient d) the patient to die
b) the body to decompose
Which of the following is a method of disposal for the deceased? a) Excarnation b) Consumption c) Cremation d) All of these answers are correct
d) All of these answers are correct
Which of the following is a type of burial? a) Primary b) Mass burial c) Secondary d) All of these answers are correct
d) All of these answers are correct
Dr. Duncan Mcdougall proposed that a sudden drop in weight as a person passed away was due to: a) sweat evaporation b) he could not provide an explanation c) evacuation of the bowels d) the soul leaving the body
d) the soul leaving the body
Bodies that undergo little or no decomposition, or delayed decomposition
incorrupt or incorruptible
During the 16th to the 18th centuries, one of the largest factors in the identification of a corpse as being a vampire was:
misunderstandings of the processes of decomposition in the human body
Bitumen is a:
naturally occurring, black tarry substance, that had been well-known for its curative properties
Mummy wrappings were used for:
paper products
The stiffening of the body's muscle tissues after death occurs in the first stage of decomposition. This process is called:
rigor mortis
Elmer McCurdy was a:
sideshow mummy and notorious Oklahoma outlaw.
Mummies Were Used For:
Pigment, Paper Products, Fuel, Fertilizer, Medicine
Death
Cessation of bio functions that sustain living organisms
Tower of Silence in Iran or "Dakhma"
Circular, raised structure built for excaranation, or carrion birds to pick apart dead bodies
Medicinal Cannibalism
Consumption of human remains such as desiccated human flesh, bone, blood, and fat in medicine.
Undead
Dead yet behaves as if alive
Biocultural Approach
Death and Decomposition Philosophy and causality of undead Social transitions and pop culture Ethics of death, decay, and display
The state or process of rotting; decay.
Decomposition
Secondary Burial
Disturbed or removed (associated with liminal beliefs)
Endo-cannibalism
Eating loving one will keep them with you
Removal of flesh and organs, weather natural & purposeful for preservation
Excarnation
True or False: Among the Torajans who have converted to Christianity or Islam, they no longer share the same beliefs about the dead and so no longer visit the dead in their relatives houses or participate in those traditional funeral rituals.
False
True or False: Among the Torajans, the dead are never buried. They remain 'living' with their relatives until their bodies break down and turn to dust
False
True or False: Cross-cultural studies have shown that all cultures fear death and bodies of the dead.
False
True or False: Excarnation is unique to Tibetan cultures who believe the only way to release the spirit of the individual is by removal of the flesh by knives.
False
True or False: In Indonesia, some cultures naturally mummify their dead relatives and keep them in their house, talking with them, feeding them, and visiting them until it is time for burial.
False
True or False: In order to be considered to be incorruptible by the Roman Catholic or Eastern Orthodox church, the entire dead body of a blessed person must not decompose and remain preserved.
False
True or False: Some living buddha's bodies are encased within statues or hard coverings to help preserve the bodies within. These 'living buddhas' are then placed in caves so only other Buddhist monks can worship and pray to them.
False
True or False: Some transplant recipients claim to have the memories of their donors and are almost always correct.
False
True or False: The Chinchorro peoples only mummified the elites in society, probably as a form of ancestor worship.
False
Tanna Leaves
Fiction: first introduced in The Mummy's Hand
Brain Death
First used to define death in 1960s
Among the _____, the indigenous people of the Canary Islands, all people were mummified, not just the elites.
Gaunche
Incorpeal
Ghosts
Egyptians tombs were looted for:
Gold and other valuable items, medicinal mumia, and the need for anatomical specimens for medical schools in the 18th and 19th centuries, which perpetuated the practice of using dead bodies, those of mummies and those of recently dead people.
Consumption/Cannibalism
Guides souls or done for celebration and power.
According to the film Curse of Tutankhamun, how did Lord Carnarvon die?
He was killed by blood poisoning from an infected mosquito bite on his cheek.
What was the main reason the remnants of embalming substances were taken as a substitute for the original mumia?
They were similar in appearance.
The ____ in Indonesia periodically exhumes the dead to re-dress them and put them on display. Death isn't an abrupt, final event, but just one step in a long and gradually unfolding process.
Torajan culture
True or False: American author Mark Twain wrote that ancient Egyptian mummies were so numerous that they were burned as coal to fuel trains in Egypt.
True
True or False: Among Amazonian peoples, it became common practice to make fake shrunken heads to sell to tourists and European traders.
True
True or False: Among the Inca, leaders were seen as being the children of the gods and thus worthy of mummification and worship.
True
True or False: In Eastern European belief, doors and windows are opened after a death to ensure the soul can escape and not return into the body.
True
True or False: In some cultures, it it believed that the soul leaves the body during dreaming and may travel around the real world.
True
True or False: In some cultures, people's shadows are believed to be a reflection of their soul.
True
True or False: In the disposal methods of cremation and consumption, the preservation of the physical body is seen as being unimportant.
True
True or False: It is fairly common during the normal decomposition process for the skin to slough off and for nails to fall off. In historic times it was believed that this was a sign that the revenant bit or chewed on their nails, causing them to fall off.
True
True or False: It isn't until all the funeral rituals and animal sacrifices and feasts have taken place that dead Torajans are seen as actually 'dead.'
True
True or False: Living buddha's bodies would be purposefully mummified by other monks, to help them and the dead monk reach Nirvana.
True
True or False: Many of the (incorruptible) saints have been preserved through other accepted methods since being taken from their original resting places - and many are encased in wax, silver or bathed in carbolic acid (Links to an external site.)
True
True or False: Some Buddhists believe buddhist mummies successfully were able to mortify their flesh to death in order to reach Nirvana.
True
True or False: Sometimes Torajans wait weeks or even years to save up enough money to pay for a proper funeral for their dead relatives.
True
True or False: The Church no longer counts incorruptibility as a miracle but sees it more like a favorable, if fading, sign from God.
True
True or False: The Malagasy people believe the spirits of the dead do not move on until after complete decomposition.
True
True or False: The well-preserved mummy of Padihershef arrived at Massachusetts General in 1823 as a gift from the city of Boston
True
True or False: To qualify as incorruptible, traditional belief dictates that the body should not have been embalmed or mummified to achieve preservation but should remain in tact naturally.
True
True or False: Various novels in the late 19th and early 20th century used mummies in their plot, and this became especially prominent and successful after the discovery of Tutankhamen's tomb.
True
True or False: there are several examples of these living buddhas in temples in Japan, Tibet, and Thailand
True
First Mummy Film
1899 "Robbing Cleopatra's Tomb." Early films were romantic, but took sinister turn with Boris Karloff's The Mummy in 1932.
Kardak
A fictional God and Modern City in Egypt
Also known as corpse, grave or mortuary wax, is a wax-like organic substance formed by the anaerobic bacterial hydrolysis of fat in tissue, such as body fat in corpses.
Adipocere
Eclectic Design Style: Began in Paris in 1920s; elegant, glamourous, modernity through linear symmetry of industry and visual arts.
Art Deco
The destruction of body tissue by enzymes released after death
Autolysis
Exo-cannibalism
Belief that eating your rival will give you power
Biocultural
Body and processes as they relate to understanding of the afterlife and appreciate human differences.
___________ is the legal definition of death in the United States.
Brain death
Egyptian Mummification
Heart was left inside the body
Egyptomania started .... :
In the 19th century with Napoleon's Egyptian Campaigns
______ refers to a Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox belief that divine intervention allows some human bodies (specifically those of saints and other blessed people) to avoid the normal process of decomposition after death as a sign of their holiness.
Incorruptibility
The Ma'nene festival is practiced in this country:
Indonesia
Flapper Style
Influenced by Egyptian discoveries
Primary Burial
Initial burial place
Taphonomic Factors
Intrinsic: Inherent in body; bone morphology; size and body mass; detriments to body (disease/injuries) Extrinsic: disposal method; burial environment
Antropoid Coffin
Made for mummies
The ____ in Madagascar exhume their dead to dance with them.
Malagasy people
The discovery of Tutankhamen's tomb drew such uproar that even _________ was/were sold to the public with such names as "Old King Tut was a Wise Old Nut," and "Touth-Ankh-Amon perfume."
Mechanical pencils All of these answers are correct ** Music records Perfume
The present day word for the harvested múmíya
Mumia
Corpeal
Mummies, Zombies, Vampires, Revenants
The first term for harvested múmíya and the present day term for preserved human or animal remains
Mummy
The naturally occurring tar-like substance
Múmíya
Preservation
Natural or "Anthropogenc": Done due to beliefs that body houses the spirit, the body continues to reside with the living, or to keep as trophies for "power"
Roman Contribution to Mummification
Painted wooden masks
Animated corpse meant to terrorize
Revenant
The term for an animated corpse that was believed to return from the grave to terrorize the living:
Revenant
_____ refers to a practice of Buddhist monks observing Asceticism to the point of death and entering mummification while alive.
Sokushinbutsu
Study of transformation of materials in archeological record, such as chemical changes to body and understanding how we perceive death.
Taphonomy
Mummify with formaldehyde and water.
The Torajan Culture
Decomposition is:
the process of decay where an organism is disintegrated into its constituent parts