anth 021 reading quizzes
engaged
According to Keri Brondo, some anthropologists practice _______ scholarship, which is a values-driven approach to research that is collaborative, reciprocal, and generates new knowledge that is shared by partners in the research.
skills
According to Ellick and Watkins, a useful way to approach an anthropology education is not in terms of the title of the degree but in terms of the very practical ________ it provides that employers want.
true
According to George Gmelch, the use of fetishes, taboos, and rituals by athletes is an attempt to control the uncertain outcome of their performance on the field.
false
In India sadhins are men, often eunuchs or intersex individuals, who adopt feminine roles, and are best thought of as "man minus man" or "man plus woman."
all or nothing
Chrzan believes that it is no wonder that college students drink excessively when the American cultural model of drinking is based on an "____ ___ ______" or time-out approach.
one wife with multiple husbands; how fraternal polyandry works to ensure that land stays in the men's family and does not get subdivided across generations.
in Tibet, fraternal polyandry is________, and a functionalist analysis of it would be most likely to focus on_________:
false
the substantivist approach in economic anthropology asserts that economic activities are best understood as the exchange of goods and services in which individuals with limited means compete with others to get what they want and need in the marketplace.
gender/sex system
A _________________ is the ideas and social patterns that a society uses to organize females, males, and those who those who exist between or outside those categories.
false
According to Natalie Bourdon, one of the problems with service learning and study abroad programs focused on poverty in the Global South is that there simply aren't enough American college students willing to go and make a difference in the lives of the poor.
Language ideology
According to Shalini Shankar, the fact that some Desi teens in Silicon Valley aim to speak like "model minorities," while others (so-called "FOBs"—Fresh Off the Boat) resist that mode of speaking, suggests that something important is at work in that community's patterns of language use. What is it?
true
All objects change over time, one reason for this being that when objects change hands they change meanings.
a.Culturally-specific values play a very minor role in the reasons for and conduct of war(THIS ONE) b.War shapes society to its own ends c.Leaders favor wars because war favors leaders d.War is not an inescapable dimension of the human experience e. The human species is not hardwired to engage in war
All of the following are key points made by Brian Ferguson about war except
a.Although anthropologists know a lot of things, many debates remain unresolved b.New questions emerge all the time c.Anthropology cross-fertilizes with many other disciplines d.Social problems are an important focus of the discipline, though the range of problems is still quite limited (THIS ONE)
All of the following are reasons anthropology is a dynamic and engaged discipline except
a.Weeding and fertilizing b.Irrigation c.Using a larger labor force d.Selective breeding e. Livestock exchanges that limit herd size (THIS ONE)
All of the following are ways of intensifying the yields on a farm except:
false
All societies make a firm binary distinction between 'males' and 'females.'
true
Anne Fadiman believes that Lia's life was ruined, not by the septic shock she acquired in the hospital or the non-compliance of her parents, but by cross-cultural misunderstanding.
a.Jim Crow laws (THIS ONE) b.A security officer following a young Black man visiting a supermarket c.A media report about a crime, singling out the perpetrator's ethnic identity as Latino d.Educational disadvantages experienced by minorities and the poor e.Unequal incarceration rates between Whites and Blacks
Anthropologists would consider all of the following as illustrations of "disguised discrimination" except:
false
Chrzan is skeptical that student drinking accomplishes anything other than temporary escape from the stresses of college life.
Americans avoid drinking during liminal times, which are key periods during rites of passage
Chrzan observes that American relationships with alcohol are closely related to ideas about morality and time. All of the following are key dimensions of this issue, except:
true
Cultural anthropologists agree that knowing what to do in the present does not require an ability to predict the future.
false
Everyday symbols differ from ritual symbols because they make beliefs and behaviors seem especially genuine and intense.
The apparent tolerance of open secrets and turning a blind eye, even while there is a strong stigma around homosexuality
In his article on Peruvian immigrant men in New York coming out as gay, Ernesto Vasquez del Aguila argues that a Peruvian cultural idiom--"God forgives the sin but not the scandal"--captures an important dimension of the dilemmas that face these men. What is that dilemma?
true
In the article on the Pulse Nightclub mass shooting, the anthropologist Zachary Shane Kalish Blair asserts that an anthropological perspective demonstrates how violence does not emerge 'out of nowhere' but is the result of seemingly disconnected social, political, and economic processes that work to produce violence.
Perhaps, but even native anthropologists and the people they study in their community have meaningful differences between them.
Is "native anthropology" really possible? According to Japanese-American anthropologist Takeyi Tsuda:
culture
Norms, values, and traditions ensure the stability and predictability of human ____________
issues like jurisdiction, community capacity, and benefits are often unsettled or contested because the conservation groups often maintain effective control
One of environmentalism's alternative frameworks is called "co-management," which strives for a more collaborative approach to nature protection with indigenous communities. Why can it be so challenging?
epic view? ethnographic perspective?
One of the central goals of fieldwork is to gain access to the __________ _________, which is a formal expression that means an insider's view on their culture. It is akin to the "native's point of view."
horticulture
Swidden agriculture is another term for the mode of subsistence called _______________.
A difficult but blessed condition that could make her a healer.
The Hmong concept of qua dab peg ("the spirit catches you and you fall down"), from which Lia suffers, is understood by her family and community to be:
soul loss
The Hmong recognize many things that can cause illness but according to Fadiman the most common cause of illness they identify is ________ _________.
intersectionality
The circumstantial interplay of prejudice and discrimination with factors like race, class, gender, sexuality, and other identity markers is called _______________
true
The concept of racialization helps explain how and why Africans living in the U.S. during the sixteenth century were symbolically and socially transformed from free, even admired, members of colonial society into enslaved people.
secularization
The myth of ___________________ has largely been disproven by anthropologists and other scholars who track the emergence of new religious movements, theodiversity, fundamentalism, and religious innovation.
false
The principle of ethnocentrism emphasizes that anthropologists should always try to understand, even defend, all the things that people in other cultures do
true
The role of a txiv neeb in Hmong culture is to mediate between the spirit and human realms.
Cultural control—the close association of sushi with Japanese cultural identity, which is grounded in ethnic biases and flows of labor in the fishing and restaurant industries.
The story of sushi's global rise is the result of a dynamic interplay between transnational industries, markets, and culture. What is the cultural dimension of this story, according to Theodore Bestor?
explanatory model of illness
The terminology anthropologists use to identify a patient's own culturally-embedded understanding of their affliction is _______________ __________ __ ___________. "The spirit catches you and you fall down" is the Hmong version of this for the seizure disorder we call "epilepsy.
foodways
There are important cross-cultural variations in _______________ ,which are the structured beliefs and behaviors involved in the production, distribution, and consumption of food
world religions
Unlike tribal religions such as totemism or shamanism, ________ ________ communicate messages of universal relevance and are typically closely aligned with ruling governments.
a.why it makes sense for people to get married or not to get married in terms of the economic costs of establishing a separate household b.the genetic differences among different members of the extended family (THIS ONE) c.how popular media in the society being studied shapes people's expectations of married life d.who looks after children in typical households
When cultural anthropologists examine families in different cultures, they use cultural analysis to understand all of the following except:
Drinking is preventable with effective educational programs
Which of the following is not associated with a 'harm reduction' approach to drinking?
Nathaniel tells his primary care physician about a persistent pain in his chest, and after a few tests is sent home because none of the tests can confirm his account.
Which of the following situations is most closely associated with the distinction medical anthropologists make between disease and illness?
"The age-grade systems you see in Sub-Saharan African villages work as rudimentary systems of political order."
Which of the following would most likely be said by a structural-functionalist?
with its origins in studies of capitalist industrialization, it doesn't necessarily apply well cross-culturally
Why has the concept of 'class' generally been less relevant in Anthropology than in other social sciences, such as Sociology?
a.They can help answer existential questions about misfortune and loss b.They equalize social relations because everybody is equally susceptible to accusations of being a witch (THIS ONE) c.They allow for people to air interpersonal conflicts d. They uphold the social order and harmony because nobody really wants to be accused of being a witch
Witchcraft and witchcraft allegations persist in Ghana and around the world because they serve social functions, including all of the following except:
older women are often neglected and marginalized within families
Witchcraft is common throughout Africa, explaining misfortune and inexplicable events. Why, according to Alexandra Crampton's research in Ghana, is it primarily older women who are most likely to be accused of practicing witchcraft?
sick role
You wake up one day feeling like you've got a bad cold. Your roommate insists you stay in bed instead of going to class and goes to the cafeteria to get you chicken soup. Anthropologists would say that you and your roommate are enacting a model of appropriate behavior for a person who is ill, which is called the _____ _____.
negative reciprocity
________ _______ is a type of exchange in which strangers or adversaries attempt to haggle their way to an individually favorable outcome.
material culture
___________ __________ is the anthropological term for the objects made and used in any society.
An all-or-nothing attitude that leads to "time-out" drinking and intoxication
chrzan argues that, although Americans have many meanings surrounding alcohol, a dominant one is our dualistic relationship with alcohol. What does she mean?
appropriation
When you are consuming an object the process of taking possession of it is called:
The ones that do well give people things to do
According to Toby Lester, some NRMs do well, while many fail. Why?
true
Alcohol advertising is largely focused on getting you to not buy alcohol per se, but to symbolically associate yourself with a particular brand and the lifestyle image it projects.
They did not view alcohol as evil and sinful
Chrzan observes that colonial Americans might not recognize our contemporary attitudes and culture of drinking. Why not?
genetics
David Shenk's article asserts that _________ are only one of several agents among the complex and dynamic factors that shape athletic ability
false
Ellick and Watson insist that building a successful career is based on carefully choosing the right major while you are in college.
false
Emily Martin's work on cultural models of male and female reproductive systems in science textbooks concludes that the language of biological science is objective and culturally neutral.
false
Ethnic groups tend to be very stable and unchanging because they are based on close kinship and blood ties. Latinos in the United States are an excellent illustration of this.
The vast majority simply don't drink enough to suffer lasting consequences like course failure and interpersonal conflict
How much do college students actually drink? According to Chrzan:
true
Keri Brondo argues that no matter where they are employed—academia, government, or the private sector—most anthropologists share in common a commitment to using theories about culture to engage with the problems of our times.
Human diversity will persist
Looking to the future, anthropologists are reasonably certain that:
values, norms, and drinking practices influence the effects of drinking on behavioral patterns like inhibition
One of the main ideas of Dwight Heath's "cultural rules of alcohol" is that alcohol is not reliable in its effects cross-culturally. Why not?
true
One of the things that distinguishes cultural anthropology from other social sciences is its holistic perspective, which involves an effort to understand interrelationships between the domains of a society, such as religion, politics, and economics.
culture of mass consumption
The rise of industrialization and the circulation of commodities have created a ________ ___ _________ _____________, which refers to the social processes and cultural perspectives involved in how goods are bought, sold, and used in contemporary capitalist societies.
An anthropology professor writing a weekly column for an online news site like the Washington Post
Which of the following best illustrates the ideals of "public anthropology"?
a. Physicians taking a "veterinary" approach to treating Lia. Lia's physicians not asking her parents what they think she is suffering from. b. Lack of hospital accountability for apparently worsening her condition. c.A txiv neeb and a physician collaborating to decide on the course of Lia's treatment. (THIS ONE) d. Lia's physicians sending her to foster care because they think her parents aren't following their instructions for care.
Which of the following does not illustrate the social power and authority of medicine in Fadiman's book?
"Intoxication creates tension because it tests human behavior morally and socially"
Which of the following is Chrzan's explanation for why every society has a lot of rules around drinking?
"It would seem that American society is more concerned about the welfare of animals they eat than the workers who process the food"
Which of the following statements best expresses a central finding of Don Stull's ethnographic research on meatpacking plants?
There is something problematic about caring for strangers while ignoring injustices and poverty at home
Why would an anthropologist critique the good intentions of American faculty members and students who want to help alleviate suffering in distant lands?
anthropogenic
A landscape modified by human action, whether it is intentional or unintentional, is an _____________ landscape.
false
According to Anne Fadiman, the Hmong cannot withstand the pressure to assimilate into U.S. culture, and their distinctive identity and traditions are likely to soon disappear.
trope
According to Chrzan, a common __________ in the design of alcohol advertising is "escape," based on the myth of time-out drinking.
false
According to Chrzan, throughout history and across cultures, the primary reason people use alcohol is to get drunk
perform
According to Deborah Cameron, the male conversations and speech she studied demonstrate how men ________ their gender identities and heterosexual masculinity.
Cows are given for socially-important relationships, such as marriage
According to James Igoe, cattle are so important to Maasai that they have traditionally served as a medium of exchange. What does that mean?
false
According to James Igoe, the Maasai have historically been unappreciative of the wildlife in their midst, and the success of nature conservation is that they now understand why wildlife is important.
a. it supports medical pluralism (THIS ONE) b.the health care industry benefits economically by providing new drugs and treatments c.it expands the authority of doctors over their patients d.it legitimates scientific perspectives over social or political perspectives on human conditions
All of the following are important effects of medicalization except:
Accountability for alcohol's effects
All of the following are themes found in alcohol advertisements targeted at college students except:
The humility to recognize that people in the host community are often doing things better than we can
Bourdon believes that a critical element of "doing good" in service learning situations is:
false
Capitalism, which is based on the private ownership of the means of production, is a homogeneous economic phenomenon that is practiced similarly around the world.
true
Chrzan concludes that it is unfortunate that it is easy to shy away from the pleasures of alcohol when we dwell on its excesses
intersubjectivity
Doing ethnographic fieldwork is not as simple as "collecting data." An anthropologists' insights about any culture emerge out of relationships with other people, and they are thus neither subjective nor objective.
false
Drinking has been normalized among college women, and their practices are mostly aimed at challenging gender norms.
politics also involves dynamic processes like manipulation, resistance, persuasion, and other techniques to gain and hold onto power
During the past forty years, political anthropologists largely shifted their attention from the study of how people maintain social order through political systems to the study of how political power actually works. Why?
they are economically-significant in market-based economies
The themes of reciprocity and gift exchange are critical to anthropologists because:
- We can tell the story of where we come from through objects - Objects can be used to shape, guide, and even control who we want to be and how we live our lives - We express our identities and status through objects
Objects come to represent our goals and aspirations because:
maleness and femaleness are culturally-constructed categories
The anthropological approach toward gender and sex emphasizes:
a.the eviction of a local community from a national park to keep it pristine in the Brazilian Amazon b.the criminalization of local people who practice traditional hunting in formally protected Costa Rican rain forests c.the construction of eco-tourist facilities to protect visitors from wandering lions in the Serengeti (THIS ONE) d.the prevention of pastoralists from moving through a game reserve to gain access to a waterhole during the dry season in Morocco
The concept of "fortress conservation" would be applicable to all of the following situations except:
structural
The concept of _____________ power focuses on the beliefs, social processes, and relationships that shape social action. In this view power transcends any individual's ability to exercise it, and is created through the combined actions of social institutions, knowledge producers, and people in their everyday lives.
false
The consensus among anthropologists is that human lives are basically "nasty, brutish, and short" (as Thomas Hobbes argued), unless they have developed formal governmental institutions to create an ordered society.
true
The consensus in anthropology is that cultural ideologies and social relations that impose lower status on women, not biological differences, are the main cause of gender inequality.
interpretive
The theoretical approach to studying religion developed by Clifford Geertz, which emphasizes analysis of the worldviews and underlying symbolic and cultural meanings of religion, is the _____________ approach.
cultural economics
The theory of ____________ ____________ asserts that it is important to understand the local beliefs and cultural models that guide and shape peoples' economic activities.
they point to the bodily harm caused by political, economic, and social structures
Dynamics of structural violence, such as those identified in Paul Farmer's research on Haitians' health are important to anthropologists who study power because:
cross culturizaton?
Fadiman's notion that she was suspended in a bowl of "fish soup" while learning about Hmong culture strongly parallels the anthropological concept of __________, which refers to the ways different aspects of a society are integrated and overlapping
true
For anthropologists, owning things is less about the things and more about the social interactions, collective rights, and symbolic claims involved in ownership.
true
For many hundreds of years, the Hmong have viewed mobility and migration as a way of preserving their culture and autonomy, and that has not changed even though many live in the United States now.
contagion
If you touched a rabbit's foot on the way into class this morning and you believe it is now helping you do better on this quiz, Sir George Frazer would say that your belief is a good example of sympathetic magic and its law of ____________.
A combination of cultural values and practical life conditions favor it in certain communities
In "Can White Men Jump?" Shenk observes that sports excellence around the world emerges in geographic clusters. Why?
true
In Western cultures, the goal of settling a dispute is typically to win. But in some societies the goal is to essentially end with a tie, restoring harmony and repairing strained relationships
true
Multi-sited ethnography, which is one method anthropologists use to study transnational phenomena, is a version of the comparative method
lineages
Similar to clans, ______________ tend be composed of people who are directly descended from known ancestors.
medicalization
Tara Heffernan, who studied American patterns of childbirth, observes that childbirth has been pathologized, home births have been discredited, and laws rewritten to define physician control over birthing. In other words, childbirth has been turned into a medical problem, a process anthropologists call ____________________.
naturalization
The key term _______________ refers to the social processes that make race and other markers of difference and inequality part of the natural order of things.
polygamy
The phenomenon of _____________ encompasses both polyandry and polygyny.
Their mockery and criticism, which he initially took personally, was an effort to impose humility on him, which is a key value in their culture.
When he purchased a cow for !Kung hunter-gatherers at Christmas time and was mocked and harshly and criticized for it, Richard Lee learned an important lesson about cross-cultural misunderstanding and ethnocentrism. What was it?
"Value is created when people use rational decision-making processes to satisfy their needs"
Which of the following statements best illustrates how a Formalist anthropologist would understand economic activity and the creation of value?
a. many religious communities have maintained relevance by becoming more politically active and challenging the secular world view and social changes associated with it b.as symbolic systems of meaning and purpose, secular world views are analogous to religious world views c,the secularization of modern society is not nearly as complete as many people think d.secular worldviews have effectively replaced religious world views, which have been in decline for several hundred years(THIS ONE)
According to anthropologists, all of the following are true about secularism except:
false
All cultures basically have the same understanding about what nature is and the boundaries between it and humans.
true
Anthropologists insist that solutions to public health problems around the world cannot work effectively without understanding the local cultures of health-related belief and behavior.
true
Anthropologists study body rituals of groups like the "Nacirema" because they tell us a lot about that culture's norms, beliefs, and values.
ecological footprint
Anthropologists tend to reject simplistic statements about overpopulation causing environmental problems, focusing instead of who consumes what. They will often use the tool ________ _______ which seeks to identify what people consume and the waste they produce.
true
The primary goal of "corporate group" is to look after the needs of members of a family.
theodiveristy
A central argument of Toby Lester's essay is that religious activity in the contemporary world is nowhere near extinction and, in fact, ________________ is on the rise.
it is only sensible within a culturally-specific set of ideas about gender relations
A culturally-relativistic view of the Indian hijra would emphasize that:
a.people buy gifts to reaffirm and strengthen social relations b.people buy certain gifts to build their stature among friends and family c.people might buy some gifts in a store, and trade and barter for other gifts d.people always make decisions about what to buy on the basis of getting the lowest price (THIS ONE)
A follower of "cultural economics" explaining the practice of gift-giving at holiday time would emphasize all of the following except:
true
According to Wilma Mankiller, inaccurate perceptions and stereotypes obscure the fact that Indigenous Peoples have long engaged the broader world and adapted to change
true
According to anthropologist-physician Seth Holmes, Americans don't often realize how much their foodways are rooted in embodied suffering, such as that experienced by Triqui farmworkers.
a.how and why different subsistence patterns help people procure and produce food b.how food symbolism creates meaning and taste c.the effects of the nutrition transition on contemporary lives the socio-environmental impacts of industrialized agriculture d.how evolutionary patterns led all members of our species to eat basically the same things (THIS ONE)
All of the following have been big puzzles in the anthropology of foodways except:
- by behaving like a relative - by being related to someone who is related to you - by religious rites like christenings that identify a non-relative as a relative (such as a godfather or a godmother)
Although most Americans think that kinship is basically about biological relatedness, anthropologists have long recognized that kinship is about relationships that can also be established though which of the following linkages?
true
Chrzan believes that the culture of northern European drinking emerged in part because mead and beer are not easily stored for long periods, and because patterns of patronage and authority legitimated periodic binging.
mediation
Ho'oponopono, which means "setting to right," is a Hawai'ian strategy for managing disputes. It is a form of ______________, in which a respected leader calls those involved in the dispute to engage in a process that releases them from negative entanglements.
"Persistent border-crossing, media flows, and so on generate hybridity, or the intermingling and fusion of cultures."
If the world is not becoming homogenized, what is actually happening? Most anthropologists would say:
fundamentalism
In nearly every society, religious and political institutions are deeply engaged with each other, and are sometimes even the same institutions. In the U.S., religious ________________ is an example of how religious organizations have become prominent actors in shaping political agendas and debates in the public sphere.
true
Modes of subsistence like foraging and pastoralism persist in the world because they can be effective ways for a small population to secure a sustainable food supply.
That it should not paralyze us because anthropologists can be intercultural brokers between international human rights activists and local communities.
What does the work of Carolyn Fluehr-Lobban, who studied Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) in Sudan, demonstrate about cultural relativism?
Niceness is a coded way to talk about and take action against racial difference and a loss of white privilege
What is Setha Low's primary insight about the relationship between whiteness and discourses of "niceness?"
Categories like 'band' and 'tribe' are ideal types, and the boundaries between them often blurs in the real world
Why do contemporary anthropologists have reservations about political typologies like the "Band-Tribe-Chiefdom-State" typology developed by so-called neo-evolutionists?
diversity
refers to the sheer variety and multiplicity of ways of being human in the world.
Depoliticalization
the concept of ___________ used in Bourdon's article refers to the ways uneven global development patterns, overconsumption in wealthy countries, and geopolitics are obscured in programs focused on helping the poor.
