ANTH 111 Dr. Bauer FINAL

Which of the following is not an example of magic?

A fisherman using the same net each time he fishes.

Which is an example of a rite of intensification?

A funeral

Diffusion

Accounts for sharing of cultural forms

Rank Society

Achieved Status

Which is a reason for language loss?

All of the above (a. movement of people away from their homelands. b. the spread of global languages. c. a lack of cultural value placed on traditional languages. d. all of the above.)

Which is not a characteristic of religion?

All religions have the belief in a single divine being.

You are studying kinship and descent amongst the Navajo of the American Southwest. Which will be needed in order to complete your study?

An understanding of matrilineality and patrilineality.

Edward Tylor

Earliest comprehensive definition of culture

Unilineal classical evolutionism

Ethnocentrism

All cultures have only two gender categories that correspond to male and female.

False

Animal call-systems exhibit the ability for displacement.

False

Anthropological evidence indicates clearly that all cultures evolve naturally in the following manner: bands --> tribes --> chiefdoms --> states

False

Contemporary anthropologists recognize five distinct races based on phenotype.

False

Ethnographic research can be conducted in a short period of time with limited effort by passing out surveys and having limited interaction with consultants.

False

Ethnographic research can only be conducted in far away exotic locations.

False

Race is based on clearly defined biological parameters.

False

The XY chromosome pair would result in an individual that is biologically female.

False

Franz Boas

Father of American Anthropology

Hypodescent is a common in the United States. Which best exemplifies the concept of hypodescent?

Former President Barack Obama is widely recognized as the US's first African American president even though his mother was Caucasian (white).

The word "disheartened" contains how many morphemes?

Four

Provide four characteristics of culture and explain each characteristic. (Your response should be in complete sentences and not just list the various characteristics). (SHORT ANSWER)

Four characteristics of culture are culture is shared, culture is integrated, culture is flexible, and culture is learned. Culture is shared is easy to grasp when you think of religion and how people share that. Culture being integrated makes sense when one realizes culture is not isolated from every culture (think Facebook). Culture is flexible means that culture changes with time like all things. Finally, culture is learned means that culture can be learned by one who submerges themselves in it (Think TACIT knowledge).

Bronislaw Malinowski

Functionalism and basic needs

The English kinship term "uncle" indicates:

Gender and generation.

Our reading on fieldwork in coastal Ecuador illustrates which of the following?

How difficult circumstances can result in important social relationships while allowing the cultural anthropologist access to local culture.

Egalitarian Society

Limited Social Differences

Which statement accurately reflects our discussion of marriage and kinship?

Marriage is a culturally defined institution that varies from one society to another.

Class System

Mobility

Claude Levi-Strauss

Myth structure and cognition

Which statement accurately reflects our discussion of anthropological theory?

No single theoretical perspective is inherently correct, and most cultural anthropologists use a variety of theoretical perspectives to explain cultural similarities and differences.

Alfred Kroeber

Super-organic

Referencing our film on gender and stratification in India, what role does the caste system play in marginalization of women? (SHORT ANSWER)

The caste system plays a huge role in the marginilization of women in India. This is due to multiple reasons but the main reason includes the fact these women are not given near the same opportunity that other women are given based off of their location in the caste system. The Dalit women are the poorest of the poor and are therefore not given nearly any access to education, good employment, and proper healthcare. Gender based violence such as domestic violence, sexual violence, and even emotional violence is so prevalent to these women simply because they are marginalized in the lowest system of their caste. The lack of justice the women got based on their circumstances proves the fact that the caste system plays an enormous role in the marginalization of women.

In class we discussed pre-fieldwork considerations. What are three pre-fieldwork considerations and what is the significance of each (why is it important)? (SHORT ANSWER)

Three pre-fieldwork considerations are: timeline, feasibility, and finances? Timeline is significant because it is standard for anthropologists to study for 1 whole year. Therefore, it makes a big thing to plan because sometimes they may need to stay for 14-16 months or even longer. Feasibility is important for pre-fieldwork because one must know if the research they want to conduct is even possible before they go and realize it may not be possible. Finally, finances are another significant aspect of pre-fieldwork because going away for a year or longer is very expensive and one must consider that beforehand.

The first step in conducting ethnographic research is:

To make a map.

All languages function to convey meaning.

True

Anthropologists that focus on the examination of past cultures through looking at material remains are known as archaeologists.

True

Bands are the oldest, and were once the most common, form of political organization.

True

Ethnographic research can present the ethnographer with numerous ethical dilemmas and challenges and despite these challenges the most important thing is to limit the impact that research has on the culture being studied.

True

Fieldwork requires the anthropologist to be immersed in the local culture.

True

In conducting research with a political leader you would be best suited to conduct a formal or structured interview.

True

State societies are characterized by the presence of a central authority, laws, and monumental architecture.

True

The belief in and use of magic are most common in times of uncertainty where human control over worldly events is limited.

True

The concept of the tribe, as it relates to contemporary Native American groups, does not accurately reflect the historical political systems of Native Americans, and instead reflects changes brought forth by colonization.

True

Tribal societies are generally organized on the basis of kinship and village size rarely exceeds 500 individuals.

True

Which is associated with socio-linguistics?

Understanding variations in language due to regionality, gender, and power.

Religion is best defined as:

a belief in the supernatural that is used to explain things beyond explanation.

Gender is:

a cultural construct and different cultures have different notions of gender as well as recognizing multiple genders.

Anthropology is:

a holistic discipline that dates back to the mid to late 19th century.

You are conducting ethnographic research in sub-Saharan Africa. You encounter a political system where the leader has influence across numerous villages and who uses his influence to mobilize people for ritual activities. This description best characterizes:

a rank society with a Big-Man.

In which is achieved status present:

all of the above (a. band societies. b. tribal societies. c. state societies. d. all of the above.)

Chimpanzees differ from humans in their ability to create speech as a result of:

all of the above (a. differences in brain structure and function. b. genetic differences. c. differences in structure and function of the vocal tract. d. all of the above.)

Rituals are:

all of the above (a. symbolic b. patterned c. set aside from daily events/activities d. all of the above)

Symbols are important for understanding culture because:

all of the above (a. symbols attribute meanings to things, behaviors, and processes. b. symbols are shared by most members of a culture. c. symbols are used to communicate ideas. d. symbols are often arbitrary, but almost always agreed upon. e. all of the above)

Race

arbitrary

Tribal societies:

are characterized by social differences based on rank.

Status based on phenotype is:

ascribed status.

As a cultural anthropologist, you are studying kinship in the south Pacific. You find that after marriage the young couple resides in a location associated with the brother of the groom's mother. This residence pattern is known as ____________________ and is associated with _______________________.

avunculocality, matrilineality.

You are conducting research amongst the Yanomami and note the expectation of the groom to provide labor for the bride's family. This process is known as_____________________________.

bride service

Your roommate is a native Spanish speaker and speaks with you in English but answers the phone and immediately switches to Spanish upon hearing the voice of the caller. Linguistically, this is an example of _________________________________.

code switching

You are studying native languages in South America. You are examining five different languages and find four of the languages have a similar word for the English word "dog". The words are "apo", "apho", "apu", and "abo". Linguistically, these words are known as ________________________.

cognates

Mary is from Indianapolis and attends USI. Her roommate Xi is from China. Mary attempts to understand her roommates differences and acknowledges that they come from different backgrounds and have different cultural perspectives. Mary is applying __________________ to her interaction with her roommate.

cultural relativism

The spread of ideas and technology across geographic space is known as:

diffusion.

You are a graduate student in anthropology studying life in a rural village in Thailand. You live with local residents and take part in their daily activities as well as having conversations with them about their lives. The manner in which you gather information can best be described as using the ____________ perspective.

emic

All children develop culture at a similar rate. _________________ refers to the process of learning culture.

enculturation

Many people choose marriage partners who are within their own group (religion, ethnicity, nationality, etc.). This process of marrying within the group reflects the concept of ______________________.

endogamy

Anthropological studies of a single culture are known as:

ethnographies.

Conducting fieldwork where you observe a culture but do not participate, is mostly strongly associated with the _______________ perspective.

etic

Amongst the Yanomami, it is expected that individuals marry outside of their lineage. This reflects the anthropological concept of _______________.

exogamy

Stratified societies are characterized by:

formal power in the form of authority.

Tribal societies have leaders who:

have influence, but not authority.

Skin color:

indicates ancestry.

Political power amongst tribal societies consists of ______________ and is associated with ______________.

influence, rank

The term intersexed:

is used to refer to individuals where there is a discrepancy between external genitalia and internal reproductive organs.

The following diagram illustrates:

matrilineal descent.

Morpheme

meaning

You want to study immigrant adaptation to the United States. You decide to conduct research in Chicago, Boston, Indianapolis, and Dallas. Your research is:

multi-sited

In the United States it is most common for recently married couples to take on a residence of their own, often in a city or state far away from family. This residence practice is known as ________________________ residence.

neolocal

Which is not a characteristic of language:

objectivity.

The standard time for a cultural anthropologist to conduct research is:

one year.

The cornerstone of ethnographic fieldwork is:

participant observation

A __________________ society is a society where some individuals have higher status based on influence.

rank

The concept of the nation:

refers to a shared sense of collective identity and belonging based on shared history, ancestry, culture, and symbols.

Ethnicity:

refers to cultural similarities and differences.

Which word contains a bound morpheme?

shoes

Gender stratification:

tends to be least in matrilineal societies where matrilocality is practiced.

A marriage form where the groom takes on his deceased wife's sister is known as:

the sororate.

Cultural anthropology is:

the study of contemporary culture.

In your own words, why do anthropologists reject race as a meaningful biological concept? (SHORT ANSWER)

Answer: Anthropologists reject race as a meaningful biological concept because between different racial groups, there is only a 6% difference in their genes. Humans are too closely related to each other to allow race to be a biological concept. One of the reasons for this is gene flow which is the spread of genes across different groups. Therefore similar genes are shown throughout every human. The biological differences are therefore extremely minimal and superficial. Additionally, human diversity is way too complex for every person to fit into distinct, different categories. Therefore, anthropologists reject race as a meaningful biological concept.

Margaret Mead

Child rearing and personality

Ethnicity

Culture

Based on our readings and class discussion, what challenges have Native Americans encountered in their relationship with the state, and how have these challenges threatened Native culture? (SHORT ANSWER)

Answer: The concept of tribalization, which is the creation of influence and authority are what brought some of the Native Americans to form these tribes. Therefore, the idea of a tribe is a folk taxonomy and is not a natural category. Colonists forced the idea of these tribes to the Native Americans and pushed them out of their land. The more mainstream society of states have pushed the idea of bands, and tribes away and make them not near as common. This is shown when prior to 10,000 years ago, bands and tribes were the dominant form of political organization. However, now they are not near as common simply because the state societies have taken over. Therefore, with the extinguishing of tribes, the decay of native culture also occurs. To conclude, the negative relationship that Native Americans had with the colonists have simply turned into a more and more negative relationship that undoubtably have and will continue to threaten native culture. The states with authority and stratification have had the general trend of winning the fight and therefore also threaten native culture.

Caste

Ascribed Status

Which of the following is not a sub-field of anthropology?

Paleobotany

Compadrazgo

Patron - Client Relationship

Phenotype

Polymorphs

Productivity is an important characteristic of language. In your own words, what is productivity and what are some reasons for language productivity? (SHORT ANSWER)

Productivity is essentially the ability to expand vocab. We are able to generate an unlimited number of words for different meanings. We are constantly building and adding to our language through the combination of different sounds. A reason for productivity is that people are constantly creating new things to describe what was already there. For example, the term chancito means pig in spanish, but is also used to refer to a water tank. Another example is the word iPhone. 20 years ago, that word would not have meant anything, but now everyone knows what it is. Overall, productivity occurs because we are ever-evolving into new things.

A friend shares a video with you that shows chimpanzees using rocks to crack open nuts. Your friend proceeds to tell you how amazing it is that chimpanzees have culture. You think back to your ANTH111 course and explain that it is not an example of culture, but an example of _________________.

Protoculture

You are taking a German class and your German professor explains how German language is closely related to German culture. You recognize this is true of any language and the associated culture and can be linked to what is known as the __________________________ hypothesis.

Sapir Whorf

Which statement is correct?

Sex is biological while gender is cultural. (a. Sex is biological while gender is cultural. b. Gender is always defined based on biology. c. Sex and gender are the same thing. d. Gender is biological and sex is cultural.)

You are conducting ethnographic research in Indonesia. During your research you are introduced to a community elder who has a deep knowledge of ritual healing and who interacts with the supernatural in the process of using medicinal plants for healing. You note in your journal that the individual is a ________________.

Shaman

Phoneme

Sound