ANTH 210 exam 2 (Lemus)

Social Control:

"those fields of the social system (beliefs, practices, and institutions) that are most actively involved in the maintenance of any norms and the regulation of any conflict"

Society:

A group of people who depend on one another for survival or well-being as well as the relationship among such people, including their status and roles

Economy:

A population's system of production, distribution, and consumption of resources.

Ritual:

A prescribed form or order for some kind of ceremony

Exogamy:

A rule requiring marriage outside of one's own social or kinship group.

Endogamy:

A rule requiring marriage within a specified social or kinship group.

Wealth:

All a person's material assets; basis of economic status.

Race:

An ethnic group assumed to have a biological basis.

Phenotype:

An organism's evident traits, its "manifest biology"—anatomy and physiology

Polytheism:

Belief in several deities who control aspects of nature.

Animism:

Belief in souls, or doubles

Pastoralism:

Caring for domesticated animals which produce both meat and milk.

Globalization:

Continuity of change in our global world

Patrilineal Descent:

Descent traced through men only

Matrilineal Descent:

Descent traced through women only

Transgender:

Describes individuals whose gender identity contradicts their biological sex at birth and the gender identity assigned to them in infancy.

Racism:

Discrimination against an ethnic group assumed to have a biological basis.

Horticulture:

Not as intensive use of land, labor and machinery

Patriarchy:

Political system ruled by men.

Forage:

Relies on food naturally available in the environment

Sexual Orientation:

Sexual attraction to persons of the opposite sex, same sex, or both sexes

hegemony:

Stratified social order in which subordinates accept hierarchy as "natural"

Anthropology:

The comparative and holistic study of human biology and culture

Gender:

The cultural construction of whether one is female, male, or something else.

Levirate:

The practice of a man marrying the widow of a deceased brother.

Sororate:

The practice of a woman marrying the husband of her deceased sister.

Gender Roles:

The tasks and activities that a culture assigns to each sex

Mode of production:

Way of organizing production—a set of social relations through which labor is deployed to wrest energy from nature by means of tools, skills, and knowledge

the state:

a centralized political unit encompassing many communities, which includes a bureaucratic structure and leaders who possess coercive power

Band:

a small group of fewer than a hundred people, all related by kinship or marriage.

Hegemony:

a stratified social order in which subordinates comply with domination by internalizing their rulers' values and accepting the "naturalness" of domination

Political Anthropology:

addresses the area of human behavior and thought related to power

Norms:

are accepted standards for how people should behave that are usually unwritten and learned unconsciously through socialization

Peasant:

are small-scale agriculturalists who live in nonindustrial states and have rent fund obligation

Social Division of Labor:

by age and gender

Agriculture:

common use of domesticated animals, irrigation, or terracing.

Differential Access:

favored access to resources by superordinates over subordinates

Clifford Geertz:

focused on interpreting the symbols that give meaning to peoples' lives.

Tribe:

have economies based on horticulture and pastoralism. Living in villages and organized into kin groups based on common descent

Chiefdom:

is a form of political organization that includes permanently allied tribes and villages under one leader

Kinship:

is the recognition of a relationship between persons based on descent or marriage.

Negative Reciprocity:

mainly in dealing with people outside or on the fringes of their social systems.

Toolmaking:

manipulating objects and is essential to a major human adaptive capacity

Sexual Division of Labor:

men (jobs) Women (housework)

capitalist mode of production:

money buys labor power, and social gap between people

kin-based mode of production:

mutual aid in production is one among many expressions of a larger web of social relations.

Redistribution:

operates when goods, services, or their equivalent move from the local level to a center.

Transhumance:

part of the group moves with the herds, but most people stay in the home village.

State Formation:

perpetual expansion is a distinguishing feature of industrial economic systems.

Phonetics:

study of sounds of human language

Power:

the ability to exercise one's will over others

Prestige:

the basis of social status—refers to esteem, respect, or approval for acts, deeds, or qualities considered exemplary.

Sex:

the biological and physiological characteristics that define men and women

Village Head:

the only leadership position (no absolute power needs to persuade)

Law:

the sense of a legal code with trial and enforcement

Horticulture:

types of plant cultivation found in nonindustrial society, which is a nonintensive, shifting cultivation.

mode of production

way of organizing production