ANTH 3490 Test 1

Everett's three guidelines

1. Avoid circular arguments 2. Avoid confirmation bias 3. Correlation does not equal causation

Other ground rules for investigation

1. Evidence from what "seems likely" is inadmissible 2. Watch your Metalanguage (relativize the domain of investigation)

Linguistic Typology

1. Investigate actual languages in empirical detail. 2. Seek as wide a sample of languages as possible before declaring universals

Piraha

A feature of this language is that if you pitch your voice higher or lower, it will mean a different word.

exact enumeration, highly, numbers words,

Adult's ability to perform _____ ____ of large quantities is _______ correlated with the existence of ______ _______ in their language.

Universal Grammar

All languages are fundamentally alike

Sounds, words

All languages combine _______ and ________ to make meaning.

Unrestricted Exeptionless Universals

All languages have property x

inside

Anything _________ the mind was off-limits to behaviorism.

Neo-Whorfians

As linguistic relativists rather than linguistic determinists, ______ believe that finding even a small counter-example to the autonomy of Syntax would be an important discover.

Piraha

As long as there was 1, 2, or 3 batteries, the person was able to correctly match. But when there was more, they were not matching correctly. This is a person of ______ language.

Absolute

Australian aboriginal art incorporates an _____ Frame of Reference.

Tzeltal, egocentric, Direct, relative

Bad on the Li et all 2011 reading, _______ speech does predict possibility of ______ cognition, via _____ (but not ___) frame of reference

Poverty of the Stimulus Argument, Chomskyans

Based on the ______, Universal Grammar is spoken of with confidence by _________('generativists')

Speaking

Behaviorists believed that _____________ was also a learned, response to external stimuli.

Intrinsic

Both of the _______ Frames occur in all languages.

Second UG Consequence

Every language can be expected to show the same structure as the researcher's own native language--->

Third UG Consequence

Generative linguists can stay home and consult their own intuitions for their data --->

Binding

Generativists propose specifics about the content of UG such as, _______.

Orthogonal Matching

Have to match while facing 90 degrees away from the original row.

Metalanguage

Having different words to contend with in a language.

Restricted Exeptionless Universals

If a langage has Y it also has x

Restricted Statistical Universals

If a language has Y, it tends to have x.

Strong

Is universal grammar a strong or weak position in academic Linguistics and Cognitive Science?

Linguistic Determinism

Language inescapably dictates conceptualization.

Neo-Whorfians

Linguistic relativists rather than linguistic determinists

Unrestricted Statistical Universals

Most languages have property x

relationship, logarithmic estimation

Piraha follow a pattern of _____, to the exact answers that corresponds to what would be expected under ______ ________.

First UG Consequence

Since all languages are fundamentally alike, there is no need to undertake uncomfortable or costly fieldwork o find out about unfamiliar languages--->

The Language Acquisition Device (LAD), Chomsky

The _____ was proposed to solve the problem of how language structures can be acquired if they are not learned and who created this?

The Language Acquisition Device

The _______ proposed that there is an inborn 'organ' in all normal human children, which contains specific content about language structure.

Extrinsic

The _________ frames can be seen as cognitive tools.

Universal Grammar

The set of structures that all languages share. Means that all languages must share the same structure, since all children are born equipped to acquire any language, without learning.

Object-Centered

The three is at the side of the man -or- The three is at the man's left hand.

Deictic

The three is right there!

Direct

The tree is at my side. -or- The tree is at my right hand

Absolute

The tree is downstream of the man. -or- The tree is downstream of me.

Relative

The tree is to the right of the man.

unfalsifiable

There are lots of ________ fix's within Universal Grammar argumentation.

Determinists

This group believes that language effects would extend to conscious reasoning.

Piraha

This is a summary of what observation: - Performance is excellent with small numbers. - When larger numbers are involved, performance is less exact. - Training with neologism makes some difference.

Extrinsic

This is when the anchor is distinct from the ground.

Intrinsic

This is when the anchor is included in the ground.

Egocentric

This is when the anchor is inside the speech situation.

Allocentric

This is when the anchor is outside of the speech situation.

Deictic

This is when you would accompany a statement with a pointing gesture.

Piraha

This language breaks the rules of "Universal Grammar"

Piraha

This language has not many words for numerals.

Piraha

This language has words for 'few', 'some', and 'many'

Piaget

This person supports universal outcome, regardless of cultural context.

Vygotsky

This persons supports the possibility of culturally diverse cognitive outcome.

Documentary Linguistics

This type of linguistics responds to the idea that linguistics is very variable and diverse

Nuts in a can task

This was an experiment of test subjects watching the experimenter putting nuts in a can. The test subject would be asked how many they thought would be let in the can after watching them being taken out.

Piraha line match

This was an experiment where the test subject had to match their own batteries to the line of original batteries on the table.

True

UG continues to be a strong position in academic Linguistics and Cognitive Science. True or False?

more, meanings

Universal grammar puts ______ emphasis on the ways that sentences are put together than on word ________.

Exact assessment of small quantities, Logarithmic estimation of relative amount, exact enumeration of large quantities

What are the different linds of arithmetic ability?

Linguistic Typology

What is an Empirical Alternative to Universal Grammar?

Language is a mental phenomenon

What is the Chomskyan Revolution?

Typology

What kind of linguistics is in contrast with generativism?

Non-European

What languages do typologists work with?

Evans and Levinson 2009

What reading discussed that there are no agreed-upon nexceptionless universals of specific structure yet found across the world's languages

Chomsky

Who came up with the Language Acquisition Device?

Mammals, babies, anumeric adults

Who uses exact assessment of small quantities?

Numeric humans only

Who uses exact enumeration of large quantities?

mammals, babies, anumeric adults

Who uses logarithmic estimation of relative amount?

Whorf

Who was correct about these ideas: - Languages in which it is difficult to justify a distinction between nouns and verbs. - Languages that make no use of the verb tense, but describe temporal relations in other ways.

Piaget

Who would support the idea: "Development is the same regardless of social context

Piaget

Who would support the idea: "Child development is an individual process of discovery"

Vygotsky

Who would support the idea: "Through others, we become ourselves"

Piaget

Who would support the idea: Child as "lone scientist"

Vygotsky

Who would support the idea: Cognitive tools, including linguistic ones, support a diversity of mental skills across cultures.

Piaget

Who would support the idea: Early speech is "egocentric" with reference to others. Later, the child directs speech skills toward social others

Vygotsky

Who would support the idea: Early speech is social, based on input from others. Later, the child internalizes speech rules and patterns.

Vygotsky

Who would support the idea: Environment, especially social context, plays a large role in child development

Vygotsky

Who would support the idea: The direction of language and cognitive development goes from social to psychological.

Piaget

Who would support the idea: The idea that language and cognitive development does in the direction of psychological to social.

Piaget

Who would support the idea: Universal stages

Whorf, Neo-Whorfians

Who would support these ideas: - It is possible that connectivity between language structure and conceptualization goes both ways, allowing for some infleunce of language structure on thought.

Whorf, Neo-whorfians

Who would support these ideas: - Since some aspects of language that have conceptual content clearly do have to be learned, there must be some connectivity between language structure and conceptualization.

Chomsky

Who would support this idea: In particular, children are not told when they make errors (no negative evidence)

Chomsky

Who would support this idea: There is not enough information in the input that children receive to allow them to learn all aspects of language as well as they do.

Chomsky

Who would support this: Relevant information to humans must be inborn

Chomsky

Who would support this: The essentials of language do not have to be learned.

Vocabulary, Sounds, aspects of grammar/syntax

Within limits, some aspects of language vary and clearly have to be learned. These aspects are:

fast, 3rd

_____ Changes fast, responding to cultural and ecological interests of speakers. This means that a cultural _____ factor could be in play.

vocabulary, grammar

______ changes fast where as ______ changes slowly

Behaviorists, animal, rewards, punishments

_______ were very interested in _______ learning and measured it in terms of response to _____ and _____ (stimuli)

Grammar, 3rd, less

_________ changes slowly. Less directly influenced by culture and ecology. This means that a cultural _________ factor is ______ at play.

Grammar

_________ is much less available to conscious introspection.