ANTHP 101 EXAM 2

Why does infanticide occur?

1.) Uncertain about paternity 2.) Resources 3.) Weakness of deformaties

Tamarins

2132, central america, claws on all but big toe, fruit and invert, single female dominant, birth twins, males help

Scramble Competition

All individuals receive relatively equal amounts of the limiting resources; individuals compete indirectly through their mutual effects on shared resources

Spiteful Behavior

Behavior in which organisms attempt to decrease the fitness of other organisms in order to increase their own fitness. This only works in very small population.

Closest living relatives to primates

Choanoflagellates, evidence of similarity: morphologically, similar collar cells, and DNA sequence

Titi Monkeys

Medium body size, monogomy in titis, fruit and seeds

Social dispersal

Members of one sex or the other will disperse upon sexual maturity

Capuchin Monkey

New world monkey's of the , a smart, intelligent, tropical monkey that is easily trained.

Female philopatry

Primate social system in which females remain and breed in the group of their birth, whereas males emigrate.

Male philopatry

Primate social system in which males remain and breed in the group of their birth, whereas females emigrate.

Intrasexual Selection

Selection in which there is direct competition among individuals of one sex of mates of the opposite sex.

Intersexual Selection

Selection whereby individuals of one sex (usually females) are choosy in selecting their mates from individuals of the other sex; also called mate choice.

Characteristics of Catarhini

Show considerable sexual dimorphism and do not form a pair bond. Most, but not all, species live in social groups. Like the platyrrhines, the catarrhines are generally diurnal, and have grasping hands and (with the exception of bipedal humans) grasping feet.

Patas Monkeys

Taxonomic classification: Cercopithecidae; Cercopithecinae; Erythrocebus pata

Infanticide

The act of killing an infant in its first year.

Single Female and Her Offspring

The adult males lead their lives mostly alone. However, they come together with females occasionally for mating. The males of these species generally have large territories that overlap those of several females. Both male and female children usually leave their mother when they reach sexual maturity.

Tenure

The condition of holding property, an office, or a position; also the period during which it is held

Mutualistic

The relationship affects both partners.

Equilibrium group size

The size of the group when each individual is better to stay in the group than to be alone.

Polyandrous Family Group

The smallest New World monkeys, the marmosets and tamarins, form both monogamous and polyandrous family units. They generally start with a monogamous mating pair. Later, a second adult male may join the family and assist in child rearing. When this occurs, both adult males will potentially mate with the adult female. This arrangement is practical because these monkeys commonly have twins and the fathers carry the babies around on their backs most of the time.

Cercopithecines

The subfamily of Old World monkeys that includes baboons, macaques, and guenons.

Optimal Group Size

The theoretical group size that emerges when groups are large enough to minimize predation risk and win between-group contests for resources but small enough to minimize within-group contests for resources.

Inclusive Fitness

The total effect an individual has on proliferating its genes by producing its own offspring and by providing aid that enables other close relatives to increase the production of their offspring.

Chimpanzees

are more closely related to Homo Sapiens than to other apes, but Homo Sapiens did not evolve from chimpanzees.

Haplorhini

"Dry nosed" primates. Taisers are anthropoids and the anthropoids are catarrhines (old world monkeys, apes, including humans) and the platyrrhines (new world monkeys).

Equilibrium Group

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Bonobo

A chimpanzee, found in the rain forests of the Congo, genetically similar to human beings

Lemurs

A clade of strepsirrhine primates endemic to the island of Madagascar. Lemurs merely share morphological and behavioral traits with basal primates they are slow paced and nocturnal.

Macaques

A group of Old World monkeys comprising of several species, including rhesus monkeys. Most Macque species live in India, other parts of Asia, and nearby islands

Loris

A small, slow-moving nocturnal primate with a short or absent tail, living in dense vegetation in South Asia.

Multimale-Multifemale Group

A social unit consisting of many adult males and adult females; there are no stable pair bonds--both males and females have a number of different mates

Baboons

African and Arabian Old World monkeys belonging to the genus Papio, part of the subfamily Cercopithecinae. Eat grass, leaves, fruit, meat; large home ranges due to the scarcity of food; adult males are dominant; sexual dimorphism; forest baboons have less rigid dominance hierarchies than savanna baboons; aggression is also lower; females stay in one group for life,

Geladas

Among Geladas, social group consisting of a number of harems and all-male unites.

Vervets

An Old World monkey of the family Cercopithecidae native to Africa. The term "vervet" is also used to refer to all the members of the genus Chlorocebus. The five distinct subspecies can be found mostly throughout Southern Africa, as well as some of the eastern countries. Vegetarians. Serve as a nonhuman primate model for understanding genetic and social behaviors of humans. They have been noted for having human-like characteristics, such as hypertension, anxiety, and social and dependent alcohol use. Vervets live in social groups ranging from 10 to 70 individuals, with males changing groups at the time of sexual maturity.[4] The most significant studies done on vervet monkeys involve their communication and alarm calls, specifically in regard to kin and group recognition and particular predator sightings.

Home Range

An area that an animal uses for food, but will not defend.

Territory

An area that is occupied and defended by an animal or group of animals

Selfish Behavior

An individual protects or increases its own chance to produce offspring regardless of consequences to its social group.

Mammals

Animals that have hair and produce milk for their young

Strepsirrhine

Any member of the group containing lemurs and lorises. The system classifying primates into haplorrhines and strepsirrhines is a cladistic alternative to the evolutionary systematic taxonomy, in which primates are divided into prosimians and anthropoids, and tarsiers are grouped with prosimians. "Wet-nosed", earliest and basic primates, large eyes and ears, rely on smell, Africa and Asia

Hamilton's Rule

Br>C, altruistic behavior is most likely when the fitness benefits of altruistic behavior are high for the recipient, the altruist and recipient are close relatives, the fitness costs to the altruist are low.

Catarhini

Catarrhini is one of the two subdivisions of the higher primates (the other being the New World monkeys or platyrrhines). It contains the Old World monkeys and the apes; the latter of which are in turn further divided into the lesser apes or gibbons and the great apes, consisting of the orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, bonobos, and humans. They are all native to Africa and Asia. Members of this parvorder are called catarrhines.

Contest Competition

Competition in which a limited resource is shared only by dominant individuals; a relatively constant number of individuals survive, regardless of initial density

Characteristics of Haplorhini

Derived features that distinguish them from the strepsirrhine "wet-nosed" primates, the other suborder of primates from which they parted in evolution some 63 million years ago. Haplorhines, including tarsiers, have all lost the function of the terminal enzyme which manufactures vitamin C, while the Strepsirrhine prosimians, like most other orders of mammals, have retained this enzyme and the ability to manufacture vitamin C. The haplorhine upper lip, which has replaced the ancestral rhinarium found in strepsirrhines, is not directly connected to their nose or gum, allowing a large range of facial expressions. Their brain to body ratio is significantly greater than the strepsirrhines, and their primary sense is vision. Haplorhines have a postorbital plate, unlike the postorbital bar found in strepsirhines. Most species are diurnal (the exceptions being the tarsiers and the night monkeys). All anthropoids have a single-chambered uterus; tarsiers have a bicornate uterus like the strepsirrhines. Most species typically have single births, although twins and triplets are common for marmosets and tamarins. Despite similar gestation periods, haplorhine newborns are relatively much larger than strepsirrhine newborns, but have a longer dependence period on their mother. This difference in size and dependence is credited to the increased complexity of their behavior and natural history.

Bushbabies

Galago small, nocturnal primates native to continental Africa, and make up the family Galagidae (also sometimes called Galagonidae). They are sometimes included as a subfamily within the Lorisidae or Loridae.

a Gibbon

Great Ape

Primate social group

Group size variability

Monogamous Family Group

Indri (lemur), Saki (New World), Gibbons (ape), all have this system. Both sexes leave natal group. TITI MONKEYS: (New World), maybe the only truly monogamous primates, they are pair-bonded for life. they intertwine their tales.

Cycling

Infers that nonpregnant females have active estrous cycles.

Gorillas

Largest primate, Africa, sexual dimorphism, knuckle-walkers, form harem, herbivores, close to extinction

One-Male-Several-Female Group

Male with several females; called a harem when the group is a subunit of a larger unit. Hamadryas, geladas, langurs.

Colobus Monkeys

Most arboreal (those who live in trees) Old World Monkeys. Complex multichambered stomach with foregut fermentation

Dispersal

Movement of individuals away from centers of high population density or from their area of origin

Platyrhini

New World monkeys are the five families of primates that are found in Central and South America and portions of Mexico: Callitrichidae, Cebidae, Aotidae, Pitheciidae, and Atelidae. The five families are ranked together as the Platyrrhini parvorder and the Ceboidea superfamily, which are essentially synonymous since Ceboidea is the only living platyrrhine superfamily. They differ from other groupings of monkeys and primates, such as the Old World monkeys and the apes.

Spider Monkey

New World monkeys in the subfamily Atelinae, family Atelidae. Like other atelines, they are found in tropical forests of Central and South America, from southern Mexico to Brazil. The genus contains seven species. The black-headed spider monkey, and brown spider monkey are critically endangered. Disproportionately long limbs and long prehensile tails make them one of the largest New World monkeys. They primarily eat fruits, but will also occasionally consume leaves, flowers, and insects.Due to their large size, spider monkeys require large tracts of moist evergreen forests, and prefer undisturbed primary rainforest.They are social animals and live in bands of up to 35 individuals but will split up to forage during the day.

Saki Monkey

Often live in social groups or have monogamous relationships. Sakis' range includes northern and central South America, extending from the south of Colombia, over Peru, in northern Bolivia. and into the central part of Brazil. Sakis are small-sized monkeys with long, bushy tails. Their furry, rough skin is black, grey or reddish-brown in color depending upon the species. Sakis are diurnal animals. They live in the trees of the rain forests and only occasionally go onto the land. Sakis are frugivores. Their diet consists of over 90% fruit and is supplemented by a small proportion of leaves, flowers, and insects.

Features that define primates

Opposable big toe and prehensile hands, nails, hind limb dominated locomotion, develped visual sense, unspecialized olfactory apparatus, small litters with high gestational and juvenile periods. Large brains 2133

Kin Selection

Privileged helping of genetic relatives, which results in the greater likelihood that genes held in common will survive.

Daily Path

Refers to 1-D distance traveled by a primate during its daily active period

Taiser

SE Asia, nocturnal, insectivores.

Characteristics of Strepsirrhine

Strepsirrhines are defined by their wet nose or rhinarium. They also have a smaller brain than comparably sized simians, large olfactory lobes for smell, a vomeronasal organ to detect pheromones, and a bicornuate uterus with an epitheliochorial placenta. Their eyes contain a reflective layer to improve their night vision, and their eye sockets include a ring of bone around the eye, but they lack a wall of thin bone behind it. Strepsirrhine primates produce their own vitamin C, whereas haplorhine primates must obtain it from their diets. Lemuriform primates are characterized by a toothcomb, a specialized set of teeth in the front, lower part of the mouth mostly used for combing fur during grooming. Often, the toothcomb is incorrectly used to characterize all strepsirrhines. Instead, it is unique to lemuriforms and is not seen among adapiforms. Lemuriforms groom orally, and also possess a grooming claw on the second toe of each foot for scratching in areas that are inaccessible to the mouth and tongue. It is unclear whether adapiforms possessed grooming claws.

Guenon

The genus Cercopithecus of Old World monkeys.All members of the genus are endemic to sub-Saharan Africa, and most are forest monkey.

Optimal Group Size

The size that results in the largest relative benefit.

Altruistic

Unselfish, concerned with the welfare of others.