ANTHR 309 Study Guide

In their songs, members of Wayna Rap sing about:

All of the above ; Poverty. The condition of Indigenous peoples in Bolivia. Political corruption.

When Muehlmann writes that "Cucupá swearwords form an exclusive vocabulary in El Mayor", she means that:

All of the above. It was information that was not easily shared Knowledge of swearwords was limited to people in the community Knowledge of swearwords was a way in which local Cucupa people drew social boundaries between themselves and outsiders

Muehlmann argues that for Cucupá youth in northern Mexico, Indigenous identity is rooted in:

All of the above. The Cucupa language The Mexican government Awareness of a shared history of the injustices of colonization and state indifference

While Western nation-state governments actively sought to eradicate the use of Indigenous languages in the past, now use language as one component of official recognition of Indigenous cultural rights. This is a problem for some Indigenous nations because:

All of the above. They may no longer have speakers of their language or languages They may no longer have accurate historical records of the languages that their people once spoke It denies communities autonomy in the choices that they make about language use and identity

What aspects of American and global hip hop have young Bolivians incorporated into their performances?

All of the above: - Body language and gestures. - The beat. - Aspects of clothing, like baggy shirts and bomber jackets.

According to Hillawaert, Jamu youth in Kenya write their Facebook posts using:

All of the above: - English - Standard Swahili - Swahili dialects spoken in the Jamu archipelago.

According to Ginsburg, what are some of the common challenges that many Indigenous media producers face and confront in their day-to-day work?

All of the above: - The expense and sustainability of media and the constant search for funding. - The lack of digital infrastructure and its constant obsolescence. - Issue of archiving and access according to both the demands of preservation and cultural protocols.

In their analysis of social media surrounding demonstrations against police violence in Ferguson, Bonilla, and Rosa argue that hashtags perform what function(s)?

All of the above: - They perform a "clerical" function, by creating a quick retrieval system for posts about the same topic. - They semiotically mark the intended significance of an utterance. - They perform an intertextual function by linking a brand range of tweets on a particular topic or a range of disparate topics.

In their studies of different forms of media and their social uses, anthropologists tend to ask what question(s)?

All of the above: - Who gets a "voice" in the production of a particular type of media? - What is considered linguistically and culturally appropriate for a particular form of media and why? - What can be said in a particular kind of media?

Outside of anthropology, early studies of literacy tended to frame the phenomenon as:

All of the above: A sign of social complexity An indicator of the level of a society's social organization As an indication that a group of people within a society were engaging in a level of abstract thought not present in societies still in the "orality" stage of development

Cameron argues that college students' lists of terms for the male penis:

All of the above: Can be grouped according to several main metaphors Reflect culturally specific attitudes about male genitals and sexual relationships Reflect unequal gender relationships within American society

Wierzbicka argues that a language exists for expressing and studying cultural and cognitive universals. This "natural semantic metalanguage":

All of the above: Corresponds to the shared lexical and grammatical core of all natural languages Consists of approximately sixty terms that Wierzbicka claims exist in every language Is a "mini-language" of established universals that can be carved out of any full blown natural language.

According to Davis, the loss of roughly half of the world's languages in the next fifty years is troubling because:

All of the above: Each language represents a particular and unique view of the world Each language encodes important information about specific ecosystems around the world. The loss of these languages means that humanity will have a much-reduced toolbox for dealing with climate change.

Among Eastern Cherokee studied by Bender, mastery of the syllabary is often taken as an index of an individual's:

All of the above: Maturity. Religious devotion. Cultural expertise.

"Easy" phonetics is:

All of the above: One of four orthographies used to write Cherokee. Based on English spelling conventions. Seen as being the "most accessible" way of writing Cherokee

In his book Imagined Communities, Anderson argues that print capitalism aided the development of modern nationalisms by:

All of the above: Promoting the development of literature and journalism in "vernacular" languages Making reading a more common day-to-day activity among new middle classes The activity of reading in vernacular languages encouraged people to see themselves as part of pan-local, national communities

According to Basso, Apache place names:

All of the above: Provide detailed descriptions of the place to which they refer. Provide implicit information about the perspective from which these places should be viewed. Provide essential points of reference for anchoring Apache narratives.

Many Indigenous communities have undertaken language revitalization projects as a means of:

All of the above: Revalorizing once-marginalized languages Asserting their cultural anatomy and soverignty Re-integrating endangered languages into community life and education programs

According to Cavanaugh, many people in the Bergamo claim that features of Bergamasco are closely associated with men. Some people claim, for example, that the dialect is:

All of the above: Rough Unrefined Better pronounced by speakers with low voices

In a very rough sense, literacy is:

Communication through written, visual signs

As opposed to studies of linguistic relativity, studies of the ethnography of communication focus on what aspect of language:

Conversation and other instances of speech interaction.

Whorf argues that in SAE

Days are quantifiable objects that can be pluralized

Ginsburg uses the term "media sovereignty" to:

Describe practices through which people exercise the right and develop the capacity to control their own images and words.

Wade Davis argues "the myriad of cultures makes up an intellectual and spiritual web of life that envelops the planet and is every bit as important to the well being of the planet as is the biological web of life that we know as the biosphere." Davis calls this social web of life the planetary

Ethnosphere

Richland argues that none of the legal actors who participate in the Hopi Tribal Court think that "storied moments" in some participants tradition narratives link up with and are temporally close to the "sovereign time" that informs Hopi legal norms and jurisprudence.

False

Whorf defines the "ways of analyzing and reporting experience which have become fixed in the language...and which cut across the typical grammatical classifications" as:

Fashions of speaking

In his work on "folk taxonomies", Berlin 1973 argues that most taxonomic systems have how many levels of taxa for classifying different plants and animals?

Five

What Native American language did Whorf use for his discussion of how speakers of different languages experience time?

Hopi

In her study of bilingual Puerto Ricans in New York, Urciuoli argued that the only place where Spanish was positively valued or valued equally in relation to English was:

In Puerto Rican neighborhoods and at home.

Terrance Turner's article "Defiant Images," which was based on his work with the Kayapo in Brazil, demonstrates that:

Indigenous people have found creative ways of adapting "Western" media technology to further their own political and cultural ambitions.

Boellstorf argues that bahasa gay:

Is a self-consciously nationwide way of speaking because it is based primarily on bahasa Indonesia.

According to Pierce, a sign is symbolic if:

Its meaning is conventional and must be learned

The Kallawaya language is spoken only by

Men

In the 1960s and 1970s, universalists argued that classificatory systems around the world shared the same basic underlying structures because

Of humans shared natural intellectual capacity and shared evolutionary history

In Wolof greetings, the questioning phase of the greeting is usually followed by:

Praising God

Who is credited with creating the Cherokee syllabary?

Sequoyah

As one of the first proponents of linguistic relativity, Sapir believed that language

Set broad parameters or patterns for individual psychology and behavior

In his model of language, Sassure defined "parole" as:

Speech, or act of communication

What does SAE stand for?

Standard Average European

Ethnographers study the reception and interpretation of different forms of media because:

Studying the way that people consume media is important for understanding how they reinterpret media products in particular cultural contexts and why they may accept, challenge or redirect the messages of media products.

Most of the Indigenous languages spoken in the Mexican state of Oaxaca belong to:

The Oto-Mangean language family.

According to Cavanaugh, the majority of Italians did not start to "learn and speak Italian, instead of or alongside their local dialects" until after:

The end of WWII

Anthropological approaches to studying literacy emphasize

The existence of a multiplicity of "literacies" with different social functions

Atanarjuat or The Fast Runner was a unique film in that it was:

The first feature-length film in the Inuit language

In Wolof greetings, who is expected to speak more often and more rapidly?

The person of lower status

Sociolinguist Walt Wolfram once said that "it is easy to figure out which dialects are more desirable and which dialects are less desirable, just look at which groups are more desirable and which groups are less desirable." By this he means that:

The value we place on different dialects has nothing to do with the dialects themselves, but who speaks them and how those speakers are positioned with social hierarchies and class relations.

One of the main differences between alternative and mass media productions is:

Their means of distribution-alternative media tends be less centralized in its distribution.

Historically, Foley argues that the languages that are imposed as "national", "standardized" languages usually fit one of three criteria:

They are languages of the economically and socially prestigious groups in a particular country or territory.

One of the ways in which alternative, Indigenous media productions often differ from mainstream media products is that:

They feature Indigenous languages.

Among many Eastern Cherokee, there is a strong association between biblical writing in the syllabary, the Oklahoma dialect of Cherokee, and ideas about linguistic "correctness" and "authenticity."

True

Boas saw the study of language as an effective means for anthropologists to unveil the unconscious categories that structured culture.

True

Linguistic anthropologists argue that studying speech roles is important for understanding how in daily speech interactions individuals are socialized to take on different statuses in different situations that confer them with greater or lesser degrees of power

True

Speech act theory argued that we do not just use language to "say something", but able to "do something," such as performing a baptism or making a promise

True

The main argument of universalism is that all languages and cultural systems, regardless of surface diversity, share the same underlying structure

True

The Sora language, which is spoken in India, is unique in that its counting system uses what as its base number(s)?

Twelve and twenty

In his study of New York department stores, William Labov showed that there was a correlation between the retention of postvocalic/r/ and:

Upper- or middle-class status.

The basic syntax of two of the most-spoken Oto-Mangean languages, Mixtec and Zapotec, is:

Verb-Subject-Object

Sequoyah believed that the syllabary:

Would help make the Cherokee more independent of Whites.

Honorifics are:

grammatical markers that denote the status of the speaker or addressee.

Whorf aruges that an individual's perception of "time" and "matter"

is shaped by the language he or she speaks

At present there are approximately how many languages being spoken in the world?

7,000

What is an example of mass communication!

A television program.

In the Cherokee syllabary each character represents:

A vowel or consonant plus a vowel (with one exception)

In the SPEAKING model, the "A" stands for:

Act sequence.

Viatori argues that government officials and mainstream media commentators used discourses of loss and revitalization to:

All of the above: Simultaneously included the Zapara in the Ecuadorian nation while reinforcing their national marginality Contest neocolonial paradigms and enclosures Include the Zapara as full members of the Ecuadorian nation and integrate them as political actors in the country's official system of government

In many common speech events, participants take on different roles that are often distinguished by:

All of the above: Status. Prestige. Power.

According to Bender, characters in the Cherokee syllabary function as what kind(s) of sign(s)?

All of the above: Symbolic. Indexical. Iconic.

According to Bender, ethnographic studies of literacy should pay close attention to:

All of the above: The specific ways in which a writing system represents speech. The ways in which a writing system is used in a sociocultural and historical context. Beliefs that users have about the writing system and its use.

Anthropologists study language because:

All of the above: Language expresses cultural meaning. Culture informs linguistic practice. The ongoing interaction between culture and language creates unique cultural and linguistic forms.

The film "Manufactured Consent" is an example of:

An examination of how dominant media promote a particular way of "seeing" the world.

The Puerto Ricans interviewed by Urciuoli believed that it was "OK" to mix some Spanish in with their English when they were talking to:

Black friends.

Based on their comparative research on color terms around the world, Berlin and Kay argued that if a language only had three basic color terms, they would be for the colors:

Black, white, and red

What language(s) do young Bolivian rappers from El Alto use in their songs?

Both a and b: - Aymara - Spanish