Anthro 001 chp 5

___ refers to the inherited genetic factors that provide a framework for an organism's physical form, while ___ refers to the physical expression of genes as a result of genetic interaction with the environment.

genotype, phenotype

___ is the process of categorizing, differentiating, and attributing a particular racial character to a person or group of people.

racialization

Of the many social factors that influence situations, intersectionality focuses particularly on three: race, gender, and class.

true

Identify the anthropological research question that most clearly takes an intersectional approach to race.

why do middle-class African Americans experience racial discrimination, despite their class status?

Historically, race relations in the United States have been primarily centered on white and black relations. Place the major events in this narrative in order from the first to the most recent account.

"whiteness" is define in a publoc document the emancipation proclamation declares slavery illegal the Ku klux Klan is founded the sumpreme court overturns the legal prohibitation of interracial marriage

Identify each statement as a primary concern, or not, in the events that occurred in Charlottesville, Virginia, in August 2017.

A Primary Concern White nationalists are marching more often and asserting more presence in U.S. public life. Americans disagree about whether Confederate symbols should appear in public spaces. Not a Primary Concern Beginning with the 2000 census, "Hispanic/Latino/Spanish" was separated from race in the U.S. Census. Race categories can be few in number and rigid, or they can be numerous and fluid.

Racial tensions in the United States have often come to a head in the Supreme Court over racial segregation in educational institutions, as shown in the image. Match each description to the court case it describes.

Brown v. Board of Education ruled that state-sponsored segregation in public schools was illegal took place in 1954 Plessy v. Ferguson took place in 1896 ruled that state-sponsored segregation in public schools was legal

This cartoon, published in 1902 in the magazine Judge, shows anti-immigration sentiment in the United States at the time. Identify the concepts exhibited in the cartoon.

Concept Exhibited in the Cartoon nativism racism Not a Concept Exhibited in the Cartoon colonialism miscegenation

Chinese immigrants first arrived in the United States in large numbers during the 1850s. Identify the ways those in the initial wave of Chinese immigrants experienced racial prejudices.

Correct Answer(s) They were treated unfairly by federal and state governments. They were called derogatory names. Incorrect Answer(s) They were not allowed to have jobs. They were stereotyped as better at math.

While the United States and Brazil are the largest multiracial countries in the Western Hemisphere, race has been treated differently in each country. Identify whether the following statements apply to Brazil or the United States.

Describes Race Relations in the United States has applied the rule of hypodescent uses only a few racial categories Describes Race Relations in Brazil uses hundreds of categories and terms for various races race intersects closely with class and racial categories can be shifted

Racism manifests itself in society in various ways. Identify each statement as an example of individual racism, or institutional racism.

Example of Individual Racism A white woman protects her wallet when a black man sits next to her. A white man shouts, "I hate blacks" and kills a black man. Example of Institutional Racism The Plessy v. Ferguson court case ruled that segregation was legal. New York City public schools with mainly minority students receive less funding than suburban public schools with mainly white students.

Racialization is the process of categorizing and attributing supposedly racial qualities to people based on perceived characteristics. Identify the examples of racialization.

Example of Racialization the creation of the category "Middle Eastern" as a race in the United States European immigrants in the United States calling the Chinese immigrants "Yellow Peril" Not an Example of Racialization the use of microaggressions against minorities Europeans extracting profits from people and lands around the world during the colonial period

Identify each statement as accurately fitting with the rule of hypodescent, or not.

Fits with the Rule of Hypodescent that children of "mixed" marriages are automatically assigned to the "lower" racial category that someone with any black ancestor is considered black Does Not Fit with the Rule of Hypodescent that someone with "one drop" of white blood is considered white that children of "mixed" marriages are automatically assigned the "higher" racial category

White supremacy refers to the belief that whites are biologically different and superior to people of other races. Identify which of the following practices have been enforced legally in the United States.

Has Been Legally Enforced in the United States counting a slave as a fraction of a person segregation denial of interracial marriage Has Not Been Legally Enforced in the United States microaggressions

Intersectionality studies the intersection of various factors that shape an individual's access to opportunities as well as societal patterns of stratification. Identify the major factors that are part of intersectionality.

Major Factor in Intersectionality Studies gender class race Not a Major Factor in Intersectionality Studies age

Identify each movement or event as occurring within the last century, or earlier.

Over the Last Century National liberation movements struggled to end foreign occupation. The anti-apartheid movement in South Africa resisted white rule. Earlier than the Last Century A hierarchy of races emerged, with Europeans at the top. Much of the indigenous population of the Americas was eradicated.

When they first immigrated to the United States in the nineteenth century, Irish, Italian, and eastern European immigrants were seen as inferior and not "white." Today, these European groups are seen as white. Identify the possible ways that some people could move into a "higher" racial category.

Possible Way to Move to a Higher Racial Category marrying someone of a "higher" race moving upward in social class Not a Possible Way to Move to a Higher Racial Category changing legal definitions of race marrying someone of the same race

Identify whether or not these reasons are why it is impossible to distinguish clear genetic boundaries between one human population and another.

Reason Humans are 99.9 percent genetically the same. Humans have been exchanging genetic material for 200,000 years. Human variation changes gradually in a geographic continuum. Not a Reason Human genes are incredibly diverse, varying from person to person.

Identify possible reasons why it is difficult for people in the United States to acknowledge the continuing existence of racism.

Reason Why It Is Difficult Color blindness is seen as a solution to racism in the United States. People believe that mainstream U.S. society is a meritocracy. Not a Reason Why It Is Difficult U.S. laws are enforced equally regardless of race. There is no longer institutional racism in the United States.

A person's genetic makeup cannot be determined simply by phenotype (physical traits). Identify the reasons why racial stereotypes like "White Men Can't Jump" or "Asians Are Better at Math" do not have any biological basis.

Reason Why Racial Stereotypes Have No Biological Basis Genes that influence traits like intelligence and artistic abilities do not respond quickly to environmental pressures. Genes that influence physical traits are not linked to any other genes. Not a Reason Why Racial Stereotypes Have No Biological Basis Genes that influence physical traits change at a much slower rate than genes that influence other traits. Genes that influence both physical and other traits are directly correlated.

A racial ideology is a set of ideas about race that justify and normalize discriminatory actions. Identify the situations shaped by racial ideologies.

Shaped by Racial Ideologies European settlers' beliefs that they had the right to "civilize" the American West white colonists' beliefs that slavery was natural Not Shaped by Racial Ideologies Anthropologists view the concept of race as a social construction. So-called racial traits, such as skin color, vary across the human population without clear boundaries between colors.

The first example of the term white can be traced to a public document written in Virginia in 1691. Identify the major ways in which white privilege was subsequently invented and reinforced in Virginia in the 1700s.

Way White Privilege Was Invented Whites were given more legal privileges. Whites were counted as whole people in censuses. Not a Way White Privilege Was Invented Whites could choose to intermarry or not, but people of color did not have this choice. Whites usually earned more money than blacks.

Many anthropologists and other social scientists study and analyze racial relations in the United States in order to work against racism that continues today. Match each study with the correct description.

chronicles an African American community's organized resistance of racially discriminating policies Black Corona (1998) critiques the current U.S. call for color-blindness and suggests that it perpetuates racial inequality Racism without Racists (2010) investigates the impact of race, class, and gender on women's health and infant mortality The Harlem Birth Right Project (1990s) lists and describes various ways whites receive preferential treatment throughout all aspects of life "White Privilege: Unpacking the Invisible Knapsack" (1989)

Contemporary worldwide racism, and the notion of race itself, are historically rooted in which practice?

colonialism

Low-income and minority communities are often subject to racial discrimination at the hands of local government policies and actions. However, in recent years, communities are fighting back and winning battles to protect and improve their neighborhoods. Identify the ways in which communities can be politically active for their own benefit.

eneficial Way Communities Can Be Politically Active organize protests engage with public planning process create community associations Not a Beneficial Way for Communities to Be Politically Active refuse to cooperate with local government

In her study of ad agencies, Shalini Shankar found that advertisers emphasize differences among the many different Asian groups in order to have more niche markets.

false

Identify the best definition of racism

institutional patterns and policies as well as individuals' thoughts and actions that create or reproduce unequal access to power, privilege, resources, and opportunities based on race

White privilege refers to the benefits and opportunities that whites enjoy based solely on their skin color and perceived race. What does anthropologist Jane Gibson's study of low-income whites in Florida suggest about white privilege?

not all white experience equal amounts of white priviledge

The U.S. Census has been taken every ten years since 1790. Tracing the evolution of racial categories on the U.S. Census helps to understand changing views on racial identity in the United States. Place the census descriptions in order from first to most recent.

the US census containted three racial categories, and people could not choose their race the US census contained five racial categories, including Chinese and Indian the US census contained eight categories, including Hindu, a religion The US census contained fourteen racial categories, including Hispanic

Beginning in the 1400s, many European countries began colonial activities to further their economic power. Identify the correct definition of colonialism.

the use of military, economic, and political power beyond a country;s borders to enhance its global power

Anthropologists often use the term racisms in plural. What does this term refer to?

the variety of ways race has been constructed among people of different places