ANTHRO FINAL

In the US the term _____ is increasingly used in association with a wide variety of sex/gender non-conforming persons. In the past the term tended to be used more exclusively to refer to persons who were thought to be transitioning, or had transitioned, from one sex/gender to another.

Transgender

In the early 20th century the anthropologist Franz Boas proposed a theoretical framework called _____ as a less ethnocentric and simplistic way of explaining cultural differences between societies. This framework rejected the idea that societies existed along a singular developmental path, with some being more or less "advanced" than others. According to this theory all societies and their cultures were the products of unique historical circumstances.

Historical particularism

What is the term most commonly used by anthropologist today to refer to persons born with primary sexual characteristics that are somewhere along a spectrum between those typically associated with human females and males?

Intersex

This term refers to a racist label commonly used in the US during the 19th and 20th centuries to refer to a perceived threat to Euro-American hegemony by East Asian peoples.

The Yellow Peril

This term first appeared in the 1990s among Native American LGBTQI activists to broadly identify both contemporary gender nonconforming members of their communities, as well as the various non-binary sex/gender systems of pre-contact indigenous societies in North America.

Two spirit

According to this 19th century anthropological theory all human societies can be ranked along a single path toward becoming "modern" in the fashion of Western European societies.

Unilineal Cultural Evolutionism

What is now Cuba, Mexico, and the Philippines were once colonial territories of Spain. They were part of the _____ that made up the Spanish colonial empire. a. periphery b. geographic center c. independent nation-states d. metropole

a. periphery

According to lecture, racial categories are _____ defined. For example, the phenotypic features and other criteria that are used to define racial categories can vary between societies; even the number of racial categories recognized by different societies can vary. a. socio-culturally b. biologically c. genetically d. scientifically

a. socio-culturally

Which of the following is something "race" does? a. none of these choices b. reflects fundamental biological differences between human populations c. all of these choices d. allows us to determine with a high degree of certainty and precision where in the world a person comes from e. assigns cultural meaning and social consequences to human biological and cultural variation

e. assigns cultural meaning and social consequences to human biological and cultural variation

In the 1930s the anthropologist Margaret Mead observed that among the Chambri of Papua New Guinea female persons were customarily expected to be the primary food providers for their families as well as represent them while conducting business with other communities. Male persons were thought of as being best suited for dealing with politics and creating art. These are examples of _____ associated with different sexes within one society. a. secondary sexual characteristics b. sexual dimorphism c. intersexuality d. a non-binary genders e. gender roles

e. gender roles

Culture exists in different forms. These include: a. the practices of everyday life b. none of these choices c. symbols and ideas d. how we use, modify, move and think about our bodies e. human made objects, structures, and landscapes f. all of these choices

f. all of these choices

We are a group of people associated with De Anza College who regularly gather together, interact socially to learn about topics in cultural anthropology, and seek to further our educations by passing the course. This makes us a _____.

Community

This sub-field of anthropology focuses on the study of how humans make sense of and organize the world, adapt to its challenges, and give life meaning.

Cultural anthropology

_____ refers to the anthropological practice of investigating and understanding a culture on its own terms rather than according the norms and values of one's own culture.

Cultural relativism

For anthropologists like Nanda, _____ specifically refers to the biologically differentiated status of females and males.

Sex

Who are the Nacirema?

Americans

Anthropology in the US is usually organized into four sub-fields. However, some anthropologists have recently suggested that a fifth sub-field should be created that focuses on the use of anthropological research methods and knowledge to address "real world" problems in areas like medicine, education, software/hardware design, etc. This fifth sub-discipline is called:

Applied anthropology

Power is the ability and means to get others to do what you want them to do. It is based on a combination of these two things:

Authority and coercion

This term refers to an idea, object, symbol, word or even a person whose existence is not supposed to be spoken about or openly acknowledged within a cultural community. Doing so is considered rude, embarrassing or even "unclean".

Cultural taboo

Among the Maasai cattle are not only used as a food source, but also as a form of currency to settle debts. A family's wealth and prestige in the community is often measured in terms of the number of cattle they own. In this cultural context cattle can be best described as a kind of _____.

Culturally valued resource

The feeling of anxiety, disorientation, frustration and even anger that people can experience when they encounter unfamiliar cultural expectations, beliefs and practices is called...

Culture shock

In Tricking and Tripping Clair Sterk states that, "The main intention of my work is to provide the reader with a perspective on street prostitution from the point of view of the women themselves" (1999, 18). What is the anthropological term for this point of view?

Emic point of view

In the US most people tend to select marriage partners from racial, religious, educational and class status groups that are the same as their own. This can be most accurately described as an example of an informal set of _____ marriage rules.

Endogamy

An _____ point of view refers to the point of view of an outsider. In anthropology, this would be the initial cultural perspective of the anthropologist attempting to understand a community they are not a member of.

Etic

"He [Claudius] did well," the old man beamed and announced to the others, "I told you that if we knew more about Europeans, we would find they really were very like us. In our country also," he added to me, "the younger brother marries the elder brother's widow and becomes the father of his children."(qtd in Bohannan 1966, 3) This passage from Shakespeare in the Bush suggests that Bohannan's informants observe the _____ marriage rule.

Levirate

This term refers to the objects, structures, and landscapes that are created by humans. When archaeologists find the remains of these things buried in the ground or left somewhere they are called "artifacts".

Material culture

According to Race: Are We So different? one of the earliest scientific debates regarding race was whether or not "all the human races" belonged to the same species: Charles Darwin, who was a _____, believed that "the races" represented variations of the same human species. Polygenists however believed that "the human races" were all separate species.

Monogenists

While discussing stories as a reflection of culture in The Culture Concept, Cowell and Medeira explain the anthropological concept of "the _____" as a term that refers to people whose customs, beliefs, and behaviors we perceive as being fundamentally different from our own. In other words, cultural outsiders from the point of view of a particularly society or community of people.

Other

Where is the Sepik River, the setting of Cannibal Tours, located?

Papua New Guinea

What is the principle research method used by Bourgois and Schonberg (the authors of Righteous Dopefiend) while conducting ethnographic field work in San Francisco? This method requires anthropologists to attempt to experience the day-to-day lives of their informants from a first person point of view in order grasp things not readily apparent to outsiders and in order to ask better questions.

Participant observation

According Dr. Nelson in Doing Fieldwork: Methods in Cultural Anthropology, Bronislaw Malinowski helped to transform anthropology during the early 20th century. Unlike earlier "armchair" anthropologists who often based their ideas on the accounts of others, Malinowski pioneered the research method of ______ which involves not only seeing for oneself what informants do, but also taking an active role in their day to day activities.

Participant-observation

In a _____ society men hold most of the power. Masculine perspectives and priorities are valued more than those of other genders and women are often treated as less than full adults by men.

Patriarchal

This term broadly refers to "plural marriages"; marriage systems that allow either a woman or man to have more than one spouse at a time.

Polygamy

This term refers to marriage systems whose rules allow men to have more than one spouse at a time.

Polygyny

During the first half of the 20th century the sociologist Max Weber attempted to cross-culturally characterize social stratification in terms of three broadly defined categories of culturally valued resources. Name one of these categories.

Power; Wealth; Prestige;

An anthropologists keeps a record of the number of times a select group of De Anza college students use public transportation to travel to and from campus during an entire academic quarter. This is an example of _____ data.

Quantitative

Until the late 1960s Irigwe women in Northern Nigeria could, overtime, acquire multiple husbands. This is can be most accurately described as an example of _____ .

Secondary polyandry

This racial classification scheme was used in the Spanish and Portuguese colonies in the Americas and continues to influence how race and color is understood in places like Brazil and much of Latin America. One of its defining features was its attempt to hierarchical classify and name all the various possible "racial mixtures" of Africans, Europeans, and Native Americans.

Sistema de Castas

A group or category of people who are excluded from useful participation in society to the extent that they have a hard time functioning in it or are even targeted for elimination can be said to be _____.

Social marginalization

_____ refers to the systemic ways in which the political and economic organization of our societies can harm or disadvantage individuals and groups of people.

Structural violence

Which of the following characteristics was typically associated with "primitive society" during the 19th century? a. a relatively small population b. most of its population practices a monotheistic religion c. it is politically organized as a nation-state d. a capitalist, industrial economy

a. a relatively small population

In Righteous Dopefiend the anthropologists Bourgois and Schonberg explain that a moral economy is... a. an economy organized around gift-giving and the creation of mutual obligations b. an economy that does not involve illegal activities or immoral behavior c. none of these choices d. an economy where people always do the right thing even if it costs them money

a. an economy organized around gift-giving and the creation of mutual obligations

You and your peers are all enrolled in this course and interact regularly (in person or virtually) to learn anthropology. You also share the common goal of passing the class. From an anthropological perspective this makes you a kind of _____. a. community b. society c. random sample population d. tribe e. mob

a. community

Despite initially being very excited about attending college a student begins to have trouble understanding their professors' expectations as well as navigating the software used to access course content. They start to feel increasingly frustrated by even simple tasks and as a result they withdraw from participating in class. What stage of culture shock are they experiencing? a. crisis b. honey moon c. adjustment d. adaptation

a. crisis

In Marriage, a History Stephanie Coontz suggests that anthropologists: a. don't really agree on a universally applicable definition of marriage b. define real marriage as one man and one woman living together, having monogamous sex and cooperating economically c. exclusively define marriage as system for determining inheritance rights d. all agree that marriage always involves having children

a. don't really agree on a universally applicable definition of marriage

_____ refers to the anthropological practice of doing research "in the real world" by living in and participating in the the communities of our research subjects. The term is borrowed from the biological sciences where researchers must leave the laboratory in order to collect samples and observational data "in the field". Data gathered during this period is used to produce a(n) _____ which answers a research question about the community being studied and provides a description, translation and analyses of the cultural beliefs and practices of that community. a. fieldwork : ethnography b. ethnography : interview c. surveying : oral history d. qualitative data : study

a. fieldwork : ethnography

In the fictitious society of the Ainrofilac racial group X is considered to have a higher "racial status" than racial group Y. A person from group X and a person from group Y have children together. Other members of Ainrofilac society tend to racially classify their children as belonging only to racial group Y. This is an example of... a. hypodescent b. an anti-miscegenation law c. the "sistema de castas" d. an exogamy marriage rule

a. hypodescent

An entomologist (person who studies insects) notes in her field notes that a species of moth in her research site varies in terms of coloration, body size and wingspan. The researcher can be said to be observing variations in the _____ of this species of moth. a. phenotype b. genotype c. races d. sub-species

a. phenotype

Classism, heteronormativity, patriarchy and white supremacy, can be best described as examples of systems of _____ because they institutionalize unequal access to culturally valued resources like an education, health care, political representation, income, the respect accorded by others, etc. a. social stratification b. unequal access to prestige c. unequal access to wealth d. social marginalization e. unequal access to power

a. social stratification

Which of the following is an example of a primary sexual characteristic? a. the spermatozoa producing testis of males b. the antlers on male deer c. the adipose tissue distribution on human females d. differences in fur or feather color between females and males of the same species

a. the spermatozoa producing testis of males

The term genotype refers to: a. the total genetic makeup of an organism b. the genetic population a person belongs to c. the observable characteristics of an organism d. the racial category a person belongs to

a. the total genetic makeup of an organism

In Marriage, a History Stephanie Coontz challenges many of our assumptions about marriage by pointing out how it has served different purposes in different societies across time and space. However, Coontz thinks there may be one common important purpose marriage serves in nearly all societies. That purpose is: a. to acquire in-laws and create connections between families b. to cultivate love between marriage partners c. to have and raise children d. to guarantee the sexual exclusivity of marriage partners

a. to acquire in-laws and create connections between families

According to Nanda in Gender Diversity, which of the following sexual relationships within pre-European contact Navajo society would have been considered the most socially acceptable? Hint: What did most pre-European contact Native American societies consider more important for marriage purposes: gendered roles and occupations, or primary sexual characteristics? a. two women marrying b. a nadleeh and a man marrying c. two nadleeh marrying d. two men marrying

b. a nadleeh and a man marrying

Which of the following is NOT a reason why colonialism and its legacies matter to anthropologists today? a. colonialism has influenced how people think about things like race and culture today b. colonialism was something early anthropologists often wrote about while studying non-European societies c. colonialism drastically and violently transformed many indigenous societies d. colonialism shaped contemporary geopolitics and social hierarchies e. none of these choices f. colonialism led to the current era of globalization g. all of these choices

b. colonialism was something early anthropologists often wrote about while studying non-European societies

In 1858 Great Britain transferred control of what is today India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh from the East India Company to the British Crown. Queen Victoria was eventually proclaimed the "Empress of India" in 1876, giving her control over its governance. This is an example of _____ colonial rule. a. indirect b. direct c. settler d. neocolonial

b. direct

Anthropologists seek to immerse themselves in the cultures of the communities they study. Their aim is to approximate an "insiders" perspective of the local culture, also known as an _____ point of view. a. objective b. emic c. etic d. comparative e. ethnocentric

b. emic

The indigenous leader of a colonized community is told that as long they follow the policies dictated by the colonizing country they can keep their position and continue to run their community. This is an example of ____ colonial rule. a. direct b. indirect c. settler d. neocolonial

b. indirect

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of human culture: a. it is shared b. it is genetically transmitted c. it is always changing d. it has adaptive value

b. it is genetically transmitted

When we _____ a human being, we view and/or treat them like a thing rather than as a person. a. subjectify b. objectify c. humanize d. stereotype

b. objectify

An entomologist notices that specimens of a species of moth in her field site vary in terms of color, body size and wingspan. These can be best described as variations in the _____ of this species of moth. a. folk taxonomy b. phenotype c. genotype d. race e. enculturation

b. phenotype

Body Rituals Among the Nacirema demonstrates how any cultural practice or belief, when observed from an outsider's perspective without adequate knowledge of cultural context, can... a. can be evaluated without ethnocentric biases b. seem strange and illogical c. can be holistically examined d. be understood objectively

b. seem strange and illogical

Which of the following characteristics/descriptors was typically associated with "primitive society" during the 19th century. a. capitalist economy b. small scale - consisting of small populations c. politically organized as a nation state d. monotheistic religion e. industrialism

b. small scale - consisting of small populations

Ethnocentrism is the belief that: a. ethnicity is a very important element of a person's social identity b. your cultural beliefs and practices are universal, natural, and/or innately correct c. encountering different cultures can cause a great deal of anxiety d. you should not judge the cultures of others based on the norms of your own culture

b. your cultural beliefs and practices are universal, natural, and/or innately correct

Which of the following best reflects one aspect of the post-colonial anthropological view of culture? a. only Western societies undergo cultural change b. cultures are largely internally homogenous c. all societies experience cultural change over time d. cultures have fixed, distinct, borders

c. all societies experience cultural change over time

In some parts of the world skin lightening creams are popular cosmetics products that are used by millions of people. Researchers argue this practice reflects a social preference for lighter skin persons over darker skinned ones. If this is indeed the case, this is an example of: a. scientific racism b. US racial categories c. colorism d. Brazilian racism tipos [types]

c. colorism

Anthropology is _____ because it requires anthropologists test hypothesis about humanity against data gathered from a wide variety of cultural communities and societies, not just one. a. relativistic b. holistic c. comparative d. situated

c. comparative

Which of the following is NOT typically considered a characteristic of culture by anthropologists? a. culture is learned b. culture helps humans to adapt to an always changing world c. culture is genetically transmitted d. culture is always changing e. culture patterns our mental models of the world

c. culture is genetically transmitted

One problem with the theory of Unilineal Cultural Evolutionism is that the anthropologists who argued for it assumed that their own societies must be the most advanced and developed. Therefore, all others societies must be on the path to develop to be like them. This is an example of _____. a. the idea that culture is learned b. holistic thinking c. ethnocentric thinking d. cultural relativism

c. ethnocentric thinking

In the classic anthropological essay, Body Ritual Among the Nacirema the author Horace Miner adopts a playfully sarcastic, _____ point of view of American culture by pretending he is a cultural outsider describing an unfamiliar, "exotic", culture to his readers. a. reflexive and situated b. comparative c. etic d. emic objective

c. etic

When studying cultural and social differences anthropologist adopt a _____ approach. This is the idea that in order to understand any element of a community we must understand how that element relates to other aspects of the community's total way of life. a. situated b. relativistic c. holistic d. comparative

c. holistic

In the documentary Cannibal Tours the tourists often take pictures of residents of the Sepik river without asking their permission and/or use them as props and decorations for their images. Which of the following terms best describes what the tourists are doing to the residents of the Sepik River: a. humanizing b. developing c. objectifying d. modernizing

c. objectifying

In Marriage, a History Stephanie Coontz argues that ______ necessary pre-condition for, and/or, an essential part of marriage. a. romantic love is always considered a b. in Western societies, romantic love has always been considered a c. romantic love is not always a

c. romantic love is not always a

In cultural anthropology the term agency refers to: a. the process by which humans learn to be part of a group by learning its culture b. an organization established to provide a service c. the ability of humans to reshape the world, including culture, in the ways they find meaningful d. a type of community

c. the ability of humans to reshape the world, including culture, in the ways they find meaningful

According to Nanda and Warms in Power, Conquest and a World System, between the 1500s and 1800s the rapid expansion of European colonialism in the Americas was most aided by... a. the small populations of indigenous societies which made them easy to overwhelm b. the appeal of European ways of life and culture among indigenous Americans c. the spread of diseases for which Indigenous Americans did not have immunity and which resulted in the deaths of millions d. technological advantages like early firearms and ships able to traverse deep oceans

c. the spread of diseases for which Indigenous Americans did not have immunity and which resulted in the deaths of millions

One way you can help yourself when dealing with culture shock is by... a. never taking any risks b. making sure you don't make any mistakes c. working to build a sense of community with others d. isolating yourself from other people e. deciding that you won't ever allow culture shock to happen to you

c. working to build a sense of community with others

Among the Mohave, alyha were persons with male bodies who took on some women's occupational roles and could marry men. For anthropologists alyha are an example of _____. a. intersexuality b. a man pretending to be a woman c. gay men in a non-Western society d. a non-binary gender (a.k.a. third gender)

d. a non-binary gender (a.k.a. third gender)

Which of the following statements best reflects one aspect of the "post-colonial","Globalization era" anthropological view of culture? a. culture is tied to specific places; it does not travel b. cultural communities are internally homogenous (everyone has the same cultural beliefs) c. the border between cultural communities are always distinct and unchanging d. all societies experience cultural change over time

d. all societies experience cultural change over time

This sub-field of anthropology studies societies, often those that existed in the past, by examining the remains of their material culture. a. cultural anthropology b. applied anthropology c. linguistic anthropology d. archaeology e. biological anthropology

d. archaeology

This term refers to the process by which persons not only learn a community's culture through exposure and participation, but also internalize it in such a way that they start to accept and believe in its beliefs and practices. a. agency b. code switching c. culture shock d. enculturation e. ethnocentrism

d. enculturation

Social geographers like Mike Davis have argued that one way social stratification becomes tangible in cities is through the "built environment" such as the architecture of buildings, the use of physical barriers, policing practices, surveillance systems, transportation networks, etc. The overall effect of these serves to: a. improve the quality of life in dense urban environments b. secure private property from criminals c. protect cities from terrorist attacks d. enforce social segregation

d. enforce social segregation

This term or phrase was borrowed from the natural sciences (e.g. Biology) by anthropologists. It broadly refers to the practice of gathering research data through empirical observation in "the real world" rather than through research in a library or historical archive. a. armchair anthropology b. qualitative data collection c. quantitative data collection d. fieldwork e. research methods

d. fieldwork

Because culture allows humans to deal with the challenges of surviving in an always changing world, we say that culture _____. a. is shared b. has a material component c. is socially learned d. has adaptive value

d. has adaptive value

Anthropology calls for a ______ approach to understanding culture. We should always strive to understand how individual elements of a community's culture fit together with other elements to create its total way of life. a. reflexive b. comparative c. culturally relativistic d. holistic

d. holistic

Race is biological in the sense that... a. all of these choices b. none of these choices c. geneticists have identified "race genes" within the human genome d. it has biological consequences for people impacted by racism e. reflects innate and unambiguous divisions within the human species

d. it has biological consequences for people impacted by racism

This characteristic of human culture is most closely associated with the human capacity to use it to survive and thrive in a world that is always changing. a. it is socially learned b. it is symbolic c. it is shared d. it is adaptive e. it is contested

d. it is adaptive

In order to better understand how De Anza college students use and feel about public transportation an anthropologist rides the bus with them everyday to and from campus for an entire year. This field research method is known as _____ . a. surveying b. interviewing c. collecting an oral history d. participant observation

d. participant observation

Which of the following best reflects one aspect of the classical or colonial anthropological view of culture? a. societies and their cultures blend into each other b. culture is borderless c. all societies experience cultural change over time d. societies and their cultures have distinct, fixed, borders

d. societies and their cultures have distinct, fixed, borders

This term refers to communities of people who depend on each other for their well-being, who develop complex and persistent systems of organization, rules of interaction, traditions and methods for distributing resources. a. a cult b. community c. informants d. society

d. society

According to Audrey Smedley in Race: Are We So Different? there were two principle reasons why colony leaders in places like Virginia began to support the idea of institutionalized, racialized, slavery in the 17th century. One reason was to meet the labor needs of large plantations. The other was... a. to demonstrate that the "race theories" of polygenists were correct b. to serve as a warning to European indentured servants of what might happen to them c. to comply with British policies which encouraged the use of enslaved peoples in their colonies d. to keep Africans, Native Americans, and poor Europeans from rebelling together

d. to keep Africans, Native Americans, and poor Europeans from rebelling together

White supremacy is usually discussed in terms of a belief in the innate superiority of the "White race". However, White supremacy also depends on the ______ of White cultural norms, phenotypes and points of view. a. diversity b. expression c. uniqueness d. universalization

d. universalization

An anthropologist finds that a religious leader of a community she is studying has few possessions and very little income, but is highly regarded. Community members never allow them to go hungry or without shelter. Based on this observation, and using Max Weber's metrics of social stratification, it could be argued that being a religious leader in this society results in very little _____, but affords a person a high degree of _____. a. power : prestige b. prestige : wealth c. wealth : power d. wealth : prestige

d. wealth : prestige

Anthropology is _____ because it requires that anthropologists gather data from multiple communities and societies to consider when formulating theories about human culture, societies, and biology. It's not enough to look at one community or society, and based on only that example generalize about all of humanity. a. holistic b. culturally relativistic c. reflexive d. objective e. comparative

e. comparative