Anthro105 Midterm
Q9 Durkheim's notion of collective effervescence, or the passion and energy that arises when groups of people share the same thoughts and emotions, can be seen in which of the following events
A concert. A sporting event. A political rally. A religious ceremony. All of these.
Anthropologists acknowledge the process of globalization but consider it of minor importance in understanding the lived experience in local communities around the world.
False
Globalization began in the late-20th century with the mass-production and consumption of personal electronic consumer goods, culminating in the cell phones and laptops of today.
False
Local communities never resist globalization.
False
Q10 Anthropologists have found that all societies are engaged in only one mode of production at a time.
False
Q11 War is a human universal, as every known culture has engaged in warfare.
False
Q15 Anthropologists agree that global media always results in the destruction of local cultures and constitutes a new form of imperialism.
False
Which of the following best describes the relationship between languages and dialects?
Languages are the communication systems associated with the powerful; dialects are just as sophisticated and capable of expressing the full array of human thought and emotion.
Q15 Which of the following is not an argument made by media anthropologists?
The meanings intended by media producers/creators are the meanings understood by the audience/readers, regardless of cultural context.
The US military employed anthropologists in the Human Terrain System during its prosecution of war in Iraq and Afghanistan to build relationships with local communities. The American Anthropological Association determined this kind of work to be in violation of its Code of Ethics.
True
Q13 As your textbook states, anthropologists and biologists have shown that "any effort to classify human populations into racial categories is inherently __________ rather than __________."
arbitrary and subjective/scientific and objective
Q8 Anthropologist Anne Becker's fieldwork among young women in Fiji showed that anorexia and eating disorders had become more common in Fiji due to __________.
imported TV shows and commercials that glamorized thinness and prompted young women to change their diets
Q12 The interest in anthropology in kinship systems, lineages, and descent groups is largely the result of the fact that__________.
the societies studied by early anthropologists tended to be socially and politically organized along kinship lines
Q15 While scholars in many disciplines study the media, such as sociology, political science, communications, journalism, etc., media anthropologists are unique because they __________.
use participant observation and ethnographic methods to study media practices in-depth and over long periods
Q13 Homeownership and education were made available to "white" veterans of World War II by the GI Bill, benefiting generations and creating the modern middle class, while African Americans and Hispanic Americans were largely excluded from these opportunities because __________.
banks denied them loans and suburban homeowners' associations prohibited them
Q9 A belief in an impersonal supernatural force, such as mana in Polynesia or qi in China, is called, __________, while a belief that spirits inhabit objects of nature like plants, animals, rocks, mountains, etc. is called, __________.
Animatism/animism
The __________ refers to the current historical era in which human activity is reshaping the planet in permanent ways, in particular by contributing to __________.
Anthropocene/climate change
__________ is the study of the full scope of human diversity, past and present, and the application of that knowledge to help people of different backgrounds better understand one another.
Anthropology
Q13 __________ refers to pressures place on minority groups to adopt the customs and traditions of the dominant culture, whereas __________ refers to the actual loss of a minority group's cultural distinctiveness in relation to the dominant culture.
Assimilation/acculturation
__________ refers to the cultural norms and attitudes surrounding food and eating in a society.
Foodways
___________ involves the large-scale cultivation of mono-crop farms, using mechanical and electronic tools and often bioengineered fertilizers, pesticides, and seeds, to produce food commodities for sale on the market.
Global/industrial agriculture
Q14 __________ refers to the often unnoticed system of rights and privileges that accompany normative sexual choices and family formations.
Heternormativity
Q11 ________ is the ability or potential to bring about social change through action or influence, but as discussed in class, it is also the ability to prevent change from occurring.
Power
Which of the following is not one of the design features, or descriptive characteristics, that distinguish human communication systems from those of other species?
Pragmatic function
European and other western colonizers have historically considered 'The Others' they encountered around the globe to be all of the following, except __________.
equal and fully human beings
One of the most important skills for anthropologists doing ethnographic fieldwork is the ability to ________.
listen
Q8 When a patient responds positively to a treatment because they believe it will work, rather than because the treatment itself is effective, this is referred to as the __________.
placebo effect
Q9 A __________ is a part-time religious specialist whose powers come from his/her unique ability to access the realm of potent __________ and enlist their support in healing or otherwise helping ordinary people.
shaman/spirits
Q13 To say that human physical and genetic traits are "nonconcordant" means __________.
they are inherited independently rather than as a package with other traits
Q14 Women's "Nu Shu" (女书) writing in traditional China and "Little Songs" among Bedouin women both demonstrate that __________.
women find ways to challenge, resist, and subvert male domination even in the most patriarchal societies.
Which of the following is characteristic of foraging societies?
-Low population densities -A broad spectrum diet -A more equal division of labor by gender than in pastoral or agricultural societies -Egalitarian social relations
Q11 ________, also called nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), have arisen around the world to challenge state policies and uneven development, advocating for local environmental concerns, women's rights, human rights, and indigenous rights, often linking to global movements as well.
Civil society organizations
Q12 In the _____________ kinship terminology system, common in the US, "brother" and "sister" are distinguished from "cousins," while both father's brother and mother's brother are given the same kinship term, "uncle."
Eskimo
Q14 __________ refers to the biological identity of an individual, based on internal and external reproductive organs and chromosomes, whereas __________ refers to the set of cultural beliefs and behavioral expectations about being male, female, masculine, feminine or anything in between.
Sex/gender
Q13 "Race" as a/an __________ category does not apply to humans, whereas "race" as a/an __________ category is very much a part of humans lives.
biological/culturally constructed
Q9 The Ten Commandments in Judeo-Christian religions and karma in Buddhist religions both illustrate how religions are a major means of maintaining __________ in a society.
social control
Q10 A form of violence in which a social structure or institution harms people by preventing them from meeting their basic needs is called __________.
structural violence
Hunger, malnutrition, and food shortages reflect growing global inequality and are the result of __________.
the uneven distribution of food, despite the sufficient amount of food available to feed the world's population
Q14 "Two-Spirits" individuals in many Native American cultures, Hijra in India, and similar __________ people from many other cultures all demonstrate that _______________.
third gender/many cultures have more than two categories of gender and sexual identity, recognizing that not all people can be placed into only two categories, male-masculine and female-feminine
Q15 __________ refers to media produced by and for indigenous communities often outside the commercial mainstream.
Indigenous media
Malinowski's "Island Functionalism" suffers from what shortcoming?
It neglects the role of outside influences and history in shaping local life
Which of the following is not one of the five "scapes" of globalization identified by anthropologist Arjun Appadurai?
Politiscape
Mono-cropping is a feature of __________, whereas multi-cropping is a feature of __________.
agriculture/horticulture
When a speaker responds to changes in circumstances by changing from one register to another during speech, s/he is engaging in what linguists call ________________.
code switching
Q8 Cultural explanations about the underlying causes of health problems is referred to as __________.
ethno-etiology
Today's anthropologists believe which of the following should be avoided because it is either a barrier to understanding a given culture or unethical?
-Cultural evolutionism -Ethnocentrism -Armchair anthropology -Research in the absence of informed consent
Q12 Payments made at marriage by the groom's family to the bride's family are called __________, whereas payments made by the bride's family to the new couple or the groom's family are referred to as __________.
Bridewealth/dowry
Which of the following is not among the modes of subsistence traditionally identified by anthropologists?
Domestic economy
Q10 Foragers and subsistence farmers are engaged in which mode of production?
Domestic/Kin-ordered
In discussing the term, "built environment," your textbook emphasizes that __________.
humans have impacted virtually every place on Earth
Personal life histories are examples of _________ data, whereas the number of tractors in a village is an example of __________ data
qualitative/quantitative
Q11 A ________ is a collective group action in response to uneven development, inequality, and injustice, which tries to transform cultural patterns and government policies for more equitable outcomes.
social movement
As discussed in your assigned reading, uneven development refers to __________.
the unequal distribution of the benefits of globalization
Local communities never are affected by globalization.
False
Q10 Which of the following is a feature of the capitalist mode of production?
none of these
In Maasai society, where the predominant mode of subsistence is __________, women __________.
pastoralism/are valued for their labor in tending cattle and their reproductive role
Napoleon Chagnon has been accused of which of the following unethical behaviors while doing fieldwork among the Yanomami of South America?
-Deliberately starting feuds between Yanomami groups to support his hypothesis -Failure to secure informed consent from Yanomami -Conducting human experiments on Yanomami -Deliberately giving measles to some Yanomami
Q15 Based on your textbook's definition, which of the following are engaged in media practices?
All of these.
Increasingly, anthropologists and other scientists use the term, __________, to refer the current geologic period, in which humans have altered the earth to such a degree its geochemical cycles have been fundamentally changed.
Anthropocene
Q10 __________ is best defined as an approach in anthropology that investigates the historical evolution of economic relationships as well as the contemporary political processes and social structures that contribute to differences in income and wealth.
Political economy
Q15 Your instructor is of the opinion that fabrication, "a technique for reporting on research data that involves mixing information provided by various people into a narrative account that demonstrates the point of focus for researchers," is total hogwash.
True
Q8 As human beings have become more sedentary with the development of agriculture and, later, industrialization and urban lifestyles, our diet has changed in ways that are maladaptive to these new environments.
True
Q9 Rites of intensification and revitalization rituals are most likely to appear when a society is experiencing __________.
a period of social, political, and/or cultural crisis
Q8 A __________ approach to medicine is one that is based on the application of insights from science, particularly biology and chemistry, and is considered by medical anthropologists to be one among many __________.
biomedical/ethno-etiologies
After arriving in Brazil to do ethnographic fieldwork, Katie Nelson, the author of Chapter 3, changed her research focus to explore _________ after hearing locals debate whether they were "Indians" or "Brazilians."
contested identity
Which of the following is illustrated by the story about Coca-Cola opening a bottling plant in the Indian town of Plachimada described in your assigned reading?
-Coca-Cola's operations placed private profit and corporate interests far above local interests. -Ordinary people working together will fight hard to protect their communities. -Water and the environment are not infinite resources. -Our own behaviors and consumption practices can affect the quality of life in communities across the globe.
Neoliberal policies in the developing world have led to which of the following?
-Promotion and acceptance of the ideology of free-market capitalism and deregulation. -Urbanization, as economies of scale push subsistence farmers off the land. -Local markets and industries being required to open up to foreign investment and ownership -Increasing dependence on rich countries and multinational corporations.
European and later American colonialism was driven by which of the following?
-The quest to turn "primitive" people into "civilized" people. -The quest to save heathen souls by converting them to Christianity. -The quest for material wealth. -The quest for territory.
Many African Americans use African American Vernacular English (AAVE) for some of the same reasons many members of Deaf culture use sign language. Which of the following are among these reasons?
-They both provide individuals with a sense of belonging to a community. -They both are important aspects of the cultural identity of both groups. -They both are a form of resistance to dominant powers in society.
Linguists and speakers of endangered languages are concerned about language loss because they feel ______________.
-vast bodies of knowledge and tradition are lost when languages disappear -being forced to speak a dominant language represents a loss of power -language is a core part of the identity of individuals and groups some expressions, meanings, feelings, and ideas can only be expressed in certain languages
Q8 __________ traits are those that increase the capacity of individuals to survive and reproduce, whereas __________ traits are those that decrease the capacity of individuals to survive and reproduce.
Adaptive/maladaptive
Why do anthropologists struggle to provide truly emic data in their ethnographies?
Because they are usually the sole author of the text, and therefore filter the emic data they are using.
Q9 Which of the following are four elements common to virtually all religions, according to your textbook?
Cosmology, belief in the supernatural, rules governing behavior, ritual
Q9 __________ emphasized the role of religion in defining the sacred and profane, providing rules for behavior, and binding members of a society together, whereas __________ argued that religion helps justify inequality and keeps disempowered people down by encouraging them to accept their fate in this life and promising paradise in the afterlife.
Durkheim/Marx
__________ refers to the destruction of an environment, often intentionally whereas __________ refers to destruction of a culture, also often intentionally, through physical removal from homelands, forced assimilation, or acculturation.
Ecocide/ethnocide
Q10 __________ focuses on people producing, exchanging, consuming, and attaching meaning to goods and services, whereas __________ studies market exchange and the role of rational, self-interested decision makers in economic behavior.
Economic anthropology/economics
Q12 _________ refers to the rule that people must marry within a particular group, whereas __________ refers to the rule that people must marry outside a particular group.
Endogamy/exogamy
__________ refers to the belief that one's own culture or way of life is normal, natural and the basis on which to judge the practices, values and beliefs of other cultures, while __________ is the idea that one must suspend judgment of other peoples' beliefs and practices in order to understand them in their own cultural terms.
Ethnocentrism/cultural relativism
__________ is cultural anthropology's distinctive research strategy.
Ethnography
Q12 Because matrilineal societies trace descent along the maternal line, they are also matriarchal societies, in which women have the most power and authority to make the major decisions. Group of answer choices
False
Q12 Opponents of same-sex marriage can support their position by turning to cultural anthropology, which documents that same-sex marriage does not exist in any other known culture. Group of answer choices
False
Q12 Polygamy, or the marriage of one person with multiple spouses, is common in some communities in the US, but there are no cultures in which it the preferred form of marriage.
False
Q13 As demonstrated by your textbook's discussion of race in the US, Brazil, and Japan, all cultures have basically the same definitions of race and the same levels of racism.
False
Q14 The findings of anthropology support the idea that men are natural bread-winners most suited to the public sphere, while women are natural child-raisers most suited to the domestic field
False
Q9 The goal of anthropological studies of religion is to determine which religious beliefs are the most accurate and valid.
False
The carrying capacity of a plot of land is constant and is not related to the specific way people use the land to provide sustenance.
False
An early and influential proponent of holism and the four-fields approach in anthropology, _______________ was also a pioneer in using anthropology and the concepts of cultural determinism and cultural relativism as instruments to combat racism, including Nazi ideology and racist ideas about immigrants in the 1930s and 1940s.
Franz Boas
Q12 __________ can be defined as the cultural recognized ties between members of a family, the social statuses used to define family members, and the expected behaviors associated with these statuses Group of answer choices
Kinship
______________ is the most important symbolic system in all cultures.
Language
Q14 __________ can be defined as a set of complex belief systems, often developed by those in power, to rationalize, explain, and perpetuate systems of inequality.
Legitimizing ideologies
Q12 In matrilineal societies, who is a child's primary male parental figure?
Maternal uncle
Q12 If a newlywed couple moves into with the bride's family, they are establishing __________, whereas if the couple moves to their own place, they are establishing __________.
Matrilocal residence/neolocal residence
Q11 Which of the following is not a type of political system discussed in "Politics and Power," by Kenneth Guest?
Subculture
__________, or, people whose customs, beliefs, or behaviors are 'different' from one's own, are necessary for the process(es) of __________.
The Other/self-definition and group-definition
Q14 What does it mean to say that a given culture has a "binary" model of gender?
The culture has only two categories of gender identity, male and female.
Which of the following is not among the traditional four subfields of anthropology?
Thermonuclear anthropology
Q15 What is the book that helped originate the practice of "photovoice," a research method that puts cameras into people's hands so they can make their own representations of their lives and the activities, way before the term had even been invented?
Through Navajo Eyes, by Sol Worth and John Adair (1972).
Q14 Your textbook's definition of transgender is contradictory, because it refers to transitioning "from one sex to another," rather than from one gender to another.
True
The work in cultural ecology and materialism done by anthropologists like Leslie White, Julian Steward, Marvin Harris and Roy Rappaport shows that anthropologists have focused on the interaction between humans and the environment for many generations.
True
Q8 Which of the following is not a claim made by medical anthropologists?
Understandings of health and illness are culturally determined, the products of particular cultural contexts.
Q13 __________ refers to the unearned and largely unconscious benefits and advantages enjoyed by white people in the US, including freedom to live mostly where one wants and can afford, and freedom to not to be racially profiled by law enforcement, the government, schools, or financial institutions.
White privilege
Q15 Which of the following are ethical questions raised by media anthropologists such as Kyle Jones, who collaborates with Peruvian hip-hop artists in media production and worked as a promoter producing concerts and other events at which they could perform?
Who profits from the productions? Are the career benefits for the anthropologist balanced by career benefits for the artists? Who owns the intellectual property rights to the productions? Who controls the definition of authenticity in the productions? All of these.
The _______________, also known as __________, argues that different languages create different ways of thinking, predisposing their speakers to understand the world in particular often unique ways.
Whorf hypothesis/linguistic relativity
Q10 Anthropologist Elizabeth Chin studies consumption of things like Barbie dolls in order to understand how consumption can __________.
all of these
Anthropologists conducting ethnographic fieldwork are held to very high ethical standards, which include the mandate to do no harm, to obtain informed consent from the people they are studying, and to protect their _____________.
anonymity
Q8 Schizophrenics in traditional Indonesian culture and epileptics in traditional Hmong culture are often considered to be potentially successful shamans because they __________.
appear to be capable of communing with and mobilizing the spirit world
Linguistic studies in kinesics and paralanguage focus on _____________ and ____________, respectively.
body language/intonation and noises like giggling, crying, and sighs
Salvage ethnography is the study of __________.
cultures considered to be quickly disappearing and in need of preservation
An anthropological study of undocumented college students in the US, or or any other people involved in __________, might involve __________.
diaspora/multi-sited ethnography
According to the Code of Ethics of the American Anthropological Association, the first obligation of anthropologists doing ethnographic fieldwork is to ___________.
do no harm
Trash incinerators in working-class areas of Oahu, HI, toxic waste disposal plants near poorer communities like Kettleman, CA, electronic or battery waste sent to Mexico or West African countries for disassembly and recycling, and rising sea levels in island nations such as Kiribati, are all serious violations of __________.
eco-justice
Q11 Studies of contemporary and historical food foragers ('hunter-gatherers')—which humans have been for the vast majority of our existence as a species—suggest that humans have survived and successfully adapted to our environments primarily through __________ rather than __________.
egalitarian sharing and cooperation/competition and hierarchical relations
Q13 People in a society who claim a distinct identity for themselves based on shared cultural characteristics and ancestry make up a/an ___________.
ethnic group
The study of the relationship between cultural beliefs and practices and the local environment is referred to as __________.
ethnoecology
Digital or cyber anthropology ___________.
examines the cultures and subcultures that form via social media and the internet
According to your textbook, the Harrapan cities of the Indus Valley, the Rapa Nui of the Easter Islands, and the Maya of Central America, all demonstrate that __________.
failure to manage human-environment relations in a sustainable way can lead to the collapse of entire societies and ways of life
Of the many virtues of cultural relativism, an important one is that it raises no ethical issues.
false
Q9 In China, 2000 year-old stories about sons and daughters making tremendous sacrifices on behalf of their parents still serve to this day to promote the virtues of __________.
filial piety
Q10 A person giving a gift without calculating its value or expecting anything in return is practicing __________, while a person giving a gift who expects a return gift of equal value in a specific timeframe is practicing __________.
generalized reciprocity/balanced reciprocity
The adaptation of global ideas and goods into locally palatable forms is called __________.
glocalization
Coined by the late French anthropologist, Pierre Bourdieu, __________ refers to the dispositions, attitudes, and preferences that are the learned basis for personal "taste" and lifestyles.
habitus
Q13 Skin color among humans __________.
has nothing to do with intelligence, ability, or character is generally darker where annual sunlight is more plentiful varies more within so-called "races" than between them depends on levels of melanin, which protects from skin cancer and depletion of folate
Q11 When dominant groups in a society shape what people think is normal, natural and possible, getting them to believe and behave in certain "normal" ways even against their own interests and without the use or threat of force, these dominant groups have achieved ________.
hegemony
Q13 Racism is based on a/an __________ belief that humans can be divided into biologically valid races.
inaccurate false ignorant mistaken
Q14 People who are born with reproductive organs, genitalia, and/or sex chromosomes that are not exclusively male or female are called _______________.
intersexuals
Q15 Media anthropologists consider it important to study __________, or the apparatuses that bring networks of media technology into existence, as well as __________, which consists of the values and beliefs that make the imagining of such networks possible.
mechanical infrastructure/cultural infrastructure
Sociolinguistic studies of language use in the US have shown that __________ tend to use dominant speech acts like commands, criticisms, and challenges, while _______ tend to use more accommodating speech acts like minimal responses, questions, agreements, and apologies, which accurately reflects predominant power relations in US culture and society.
men/women
Q11 The process of ________ in a society involves both the production of the weapons of war, and the glorification of war, even through entertainment.
militarization
Q10 Reciprocity, redistribution, and markets are the __________ of an economy. Group of answer choices
modes of exchange
______________ is the study of the patterns or rules of word formation in a language, whereas ______________ is the study of the patterns or rules by which words are arranged into phrases and sentences.
morphology/syntax
According to your textbook, the privatization of water resources in Bolivia in the early 2000s, and the crisis it created, were the result of __________.
neoliberal policies and structural readjustment
Q8 A "disease of civilization" reaching epidemic proportions in western societies like the US and elsewhere, __________ is often seen as a moral failure, even as gluttony, one of the "deadly sins" of Christianity, whereas healthcare professionals increasingly agree that it is due to insulin resistance, itself a result of eating excess sugars found in processed foods, a staple of the Standard American Diet (SAD).
obesity
Q11 International non-state agencies like the World Bank, International Monetary Fund, and the World Trade Organization often require developing nations to __________ in order to receive development loans. Group of answer choices
open local markets to transnational corporations, privatize ports, utilities and water systems, and reduce state funding for social services, education and healthcare
The key research method of cultural anthropology is __________, in which one learns about a group's beliefs and behaviors through long-term social participation and personal observation within the community.
participant observation
When researchers focus on the political and economic dimensions of environmental concerns, they are practicing __________.
political ecology
Q8 Author of the book, AIDS and Accusation: Haiti and the Geography of Blame, and a co-founder of the organization, Partners in Health, anthropologist Paul Farmer's work demonstrates that the entire cultural, economic, and political context of infection and disease matters, and that __________.
poverty and social marginalization provide the environment in which things like HIV/AIDS flourishes
Anthropologists draw attention to the differential impacts of climate change on different groups of people, and how __________ structure the vulnerability of a given group.
poverty, marginalization, lack of education and information, and loss of control over resources
Q15 The broader benefit of Aboriginal Australians using new technologies to share their deep cultural knowledge of astronomy is that it __________.
provides an additional unique understanding of how humans relate to the natural world, which might be useful in dealing with climate and environmental change
The goal of cultural relativism in anthropology is to _______________.
recognize and respect the common humanity of "others" and enable cross-cultural understanding
Q9 Ceremonies in which individuals are transitioned from one life stage to another, such as quinceañeras and bar mitzvahs, are called __________.
rites of passage
Q14 Anthropologists understand "gender" in much the same way they understand "race," in that they see them both as __________.
socio-cultural constructs
Q11 A ________ is an autonomous regional structure of political, economic, and military rule with a central government authorized to make laws and use force to maintain order and defend its territory.
state
According to your text, __________ is/are key to the way cultures shape thought and behavior, teach moral lessons, and effect social control.
stories
For anthropologists, the set of practices used by members of a society to acquire food is the __________ of that society.
subsistence system
Development that can meet present needs without damaging the environment or limiting the potential for future generations is referred to as __________.
sustainable development
If practiced under the right circumstances, __________ agriculture can be an ecologically __________ mode of subsistence.
swidden/sustainable
Holism may be defined as __________.
taking a broad view of the whole picture of human life—culture, biology, history, language—across space and time
Q10 Mode of production is best defined as __________. Group of answer choices
the social relations through which human labor is used to transform energy from nature using tools, skills, organization, and knowledge
Salsa dancing competitions around the world are a good example of global flows across all of the five "scapes" of globalization.
true
