Anthroplogy Ch 4
Your skin has natural sunscreen properties in the tropic but reduced UV absorption outside the tropics, leaving you susceptible to developing rickets or osteoporosis. You have ___________ skin color
dark
Which of the following best explains why people living in the tropics had dark skin?
dark skin screened out ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun
Evolution
descent with modifications; change in form over generations
The four primary mechanisms that change in gene frequency in a population are mutation, natural selections, random genetic __________ and gene ___________
drift, flow
gene flow
exchange of genetic material between populations of the same species through direct or indirect interbreeding
adaptive
favored by natural selection in a particular environment
Speciation
formation of new species; occurs when subgroups of the same species are separated for a sufficient length of time
All of the genetic material in a population, taken as a group, is called a ____________
gene pool
a change in genetic frequencies as a consequence of random chance is called random _______________
genetic drift
Recessive
genetic trait masked by a dominant trait
When faced with a major environmental shift, such as climate change from an asteroid impact, a species will most likely________________
go extinct
The lineage or branch of a genetic tree marked by one or more specific genetic mutation is known as a ____________
haplogroup
Heterozygous
having dissimilar alleles of a given gene
Which term best describes both the genotype TT (a dominant trait) and the genotype tt ( a recessive trait)?
homozygous
Humanity (Homo sapiens) lacks races such as those associated with breeds, as in dogs or roses, because____________
human populations have not been isolated enough from one another to develop into such discrete groups
Which of the following became a major problem after food production emerged some ten thousand years ago?
infectious diseases
Which of the following statements are true regarding average skin color in various geographical regions?
it is lighter in southern Europe than the Middle East It is lighter south of the tropics it is darker in southern Europe than northern Europe
Haplogroup
lineage or branch of a genetic tree marked by one or more specific genetic mutation
Normal human cells are produced through a process called _____________
mitosis
Any type of genetic error made during the creation of new sex cells is called __________
mutation
A community of human ancestors is isolated on an island in the Pacific Ocean because of rising sea levels. These human ancestors become smaller over a period of several thousand years, until they reach the size of a modern human nine- year- old. Smaller adults consume less food than larger adults, and thus have an advantage over larger adults in times of scarcity. Which of the following forces of evolution is working in this scenario?
natural selection
The process by which the forms most fit to survive and reproduce in a given environment do so is known ________________, and it plays a key role in the explanatory approach to understanding human biological diversity.
natural selection
Which of the following statements best describes recombination?
natural selection operates upon variation produced by recombination
Mitosis
ordinary cell division; DNA molecules copy themselves, creating two identical cells out of one
The theory of evolution through natural selection includes which ideas?
organisms that are poorly suited to the environment die with no or fewer offspring than well- suited organisms offspring inherit characteristics from their parents
natural selection
originally formulated by Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace; the process by which nature selects the forms most fit to survive and reproduce in a given experiment, such as the tropics
An organism's evident traits, or anatomy and physiology, are called _____________
phenotypes
Biological plasticity, or our ability to change in response to the environments we encounter as we grow, makes which of the following possible?
phenotypical adaptation
An individual's skin tone becomes darker when exposed to a lot of sunlight. After a few weeks working indoors in an office, the person's skin tone will return to its original color. Which of the following terms best describes this situation?
phenotypical plasticity
Species
population whose member can interbreed to produce offspring that can live and reproduce
Homozygous
possessing identical alleles of a particular gene
In the past, scientists used ___________ classification to study human biological diversity. This approach has largely been abandoned as a modern scientist believe categorizing humans is not productive in the understanding of human biological diversity
racial
Which of the following is one main approach, now largely abandoned, that scientists have used to study human biological diversity?
racial classification
Human blood groups have three alleles: A, B, and O. A person has type O blood only if they inherit two copies of this allele, one from each parent. Which term best describes this allele?
recessive
A dark- skinned person in a cold, northern climate are at a higher risk of developing __________ (a condition that softens and deforms the bones) due to vitamin D deficiency
rickets
The huge tail of the male peacock is used to attract mates. The tail evolved through a process known as ___________
sexual selection
Meiosis
special process by which sex cells are produced; four cells are produced from one, each with half the genetic material of the original cell
The sickle cell gene provides biological protection from the disease malaria in some people but causes the disease sickle cell anemia in other people. What do biologist call this situation?
stabilizing selection
Which of the following are cultural alternatives that permit a light- skinned person to effectively live in a tropical climate?
stay indoors use sunscreen
Melanin
substance manufactured in specialized cells in the lower layers of the epidermis (outer skin layer); melanin cells in dark skin produce more melanin than do those in light skin
Which of the following are cultural alternative that permit a dark- skinned person to effectively live in a cold, northern climate?
take vitamin D supplements
Assume that the allele for a tall stem in a pea plant is T and for a short stem is t. Given that tall is a dominant trait, what would be the phenotype produced when the plant received a T from the mother and a t from the father?
tall
The main source scholars used to understand the origin of species prior to Darwin's discovery of natural selection was ___________
the Bible
Which model was used by European scholars to explain biological variation prior to the discovery of natural selection?
the Bible, especially the Book of Genesis
A scientist observes that a particular species of bony fish presently lives in shallow, salty seas at the edges of modern continents. The modern fish are not observed to enter or live in any kind of fresh water and lack any lung- fish- like apparatus that would permit them to leave the water completely. The scientist also observes that numerous fossil skeletons of these fis may be found at an altitude of 2000 m in a mountain range that is over 300 km from the sea. The fossils are embedded in sedimentary rock that forms in the presenece of water. In keeping with the law of uniformitarianism, the scientist is likely to make which of the following observations?
the area that is presently a mountain range was once a salty, shallow sea
racial classification
the attempt to assign humans to discrete categories (purportedly) based on common ancestry
What is gene flow?
the exchange of genetic material between populations
In some species of bird, the male is more colorful than the female. Which of the following statements might you infer to be true?
the male is brightly colored to attract mates
Which of the following are problems with basing racial classifications on a combination of physical traits?
the presence of one trait does not automatically indicate the presence of another trait the amount of heredity contributes to phenotypical traits is often unclear
Why is the commonly used tripartite scheme of three great races no longer used by scientists ?
the tripartite scheme is overly simplistic the tripartite scheme had more to do with politics than biology
a set of ideas that logically explains something is called a?
theory
Which of the following is true regarding genetic variation within and between the traditional racial groupings such as Africans, Asians,and Europeans?
there is greater variation within each of the so- called races than between them
Which of the following statements accurately describe Mendel's discoveries?
traits are determined by discrete particles of units dominant traits mask the effects of recessive traits
balanced polymorphism
two or more forms, such as alleles of the same gene, that maintain a constant frequency in a population from generation to generation
Humans have ____________ chromosomes organized in ____________ pairs
46, 23
Historically speaking, which of the following types have been more susceptible to smallpox?
A AB
phenotypical adaptation
Adaptive biological changes that occur during the individual's lifetime, made possible by biological plasticity.
Which of the following scholars is generally credited with creating the first broadly used taxonomy of plants and animals?
Carolus Linnaeus
Based on skin color, which of the following would likely have the lowest incidence of folate deficiency ?
Ethiopians
Creationism
Explanation for the origin of species given in Genesis: God created the species during the original six days of Creation.
T/F : Two organisms are not members of the same population; therefore, they cannot be members of the same species
False
T/F: Lactose intolerance can be produced by only one single genotype
False
population genetics
Field that studies causes of genetic variation, maintenance, and change in breeding populations.
Which of the following explain why indigenous groups of Alaska have dark skin rather than the expected fair skin?
In terms of geological time, they have not been in the area long enough for their skin color to have adapted Their traditional, high- fish diet provides sufficient vitamin D, making a reduction in pigmentation unnecessary
The surfaces of some microbes have substances similar to ABO blood group substances. How is that advantageous for microbes?
Microbes are able to "trick" the hosts by appearing similar to the body's own biochemistry
Which blood type has the highest frequency in most human populations?
O
Evolution is both a theory and a fact because of which of the following?
The transformation of a species can be demonstrated by observable facts evolutionary theory is a set of logical ideas that show biological progression
Using Mendel's law of independent assortment in the study of pea plants, which of the following statements is true?
There is no relationship between the height of the stalk and the color of the pod
Catastrophism
View that extinct species were destroyed by fires, floods, and other catastrophes. After each destructive event, God created again, leading to contemporary species.
Alleles
a biochemical difference involving a particular gene
For geneticist, what is genetic evolution?
a change in gene frequencies within a population over time
a location on a chromosome that codes for biochemical variations in the phenotype is called __________
a gene
Who of the following, wearing the same amount of clothing, would synthesize the most vitamin D naturally in the human body?
a light- skinned person in the tropics
Which of the following examples illustrate cultural adaptation?
a person building a temporary shelter to live in during the rainy season a person making a winter coat to aid survival in cold weather a person producing food through farming
gene pool
all the alleles and genotypes within a breeding population--- the "pool" of genetic material available
Dominant
allele that masks another allele in a heterozygote
Which of the following is true regarding maladaptive alleles?
alleles that were once considered maladaptive may lose their disadvantage if the environment shifts
a gene has several biochemical variations. each of which is called ____________
an allele
Theory
an explanatory framework, containing a series of statements, that helps us understand why (something exists); theories suggest patterns, connections, and relationships that may be confirmed by new research
Phenotype
an organism's evident traits; its "manifest biology"--- anatomy and physiology
Genotype
an organism's hereditary makeup
Gene
area in a chromosome pair that determines, wholly or partially, a particular biological trait, such as whether one's blood type is A, B, AB, or O
sexual selection
based on differential success in mating, the process in which certain traits of one sex (e.g., color in male birds) are selected because of advantages they confer in winning mates
Chromosomes
basic genetic units, occurring in matching (homologous) pairs; lengths of DNA made up of multiple genes
Uniformitarianism
belief that explanations for past events should be sough in ordinary forces that continue to work today
Some 19th- century creationists thought that fires, floods, and volcanic activity periodically wiped out life in parts of the world. After dust settled, God would create new species to fill up the empty spaces. What is this creationist doctrine called ?
catastrophism
random genetic drift
change in gene frequency that results from natural selection by from change; most common in small populations
genetic evolution
change in gene frequency within a breeding population
mutation
change in the DNA molecules of which genes and chromosomes are built
The range of phenotypes characteristic of a population may change due to _________ rather than genetic changes
changes in the environment
independent assortment
chromosomes are inherited independently of one another
Humans have the ability to adapt to environmental stresses using cooperative, learned, and shared behaviors. Some examples of these behaviors might include making bows and arrows, community farming activities, or the building of houses. Which of the following terms best describes these activities?
cultural adaptation
