Anthropology 1023 Exam 2 pt 1
Nomadic/nomadism
Highly mobile
How did the young farmer learn more about the Ano Koto?
From his father and elder man in community
What are the three types of reciprocity:
Generalized Balanced Negative
Pastoralism
Herding of domesticated animals. Herders attempt to protect their animals and to ensure their reproduction in return for food and other products.
What are some expectations of hosts in Japan?
Greeting by bowing and meal plus hot bath
5 Basic Subsistence Strategies
Hunting and gathering (foraging) Horticulture (slash and burn) Agriculture (intensive cultivation) Pastoralism (herding) Industrialism
Rwanda
Hutus vs. Tutis
Brain regulator of appetite
Hypothalamus
ASD positive outcomes
Increased trust, interaction, communication, appropriate behaviors Decreased self-harm
Core Nations
Industrialized former colonial states that dominate the world economic system.
Language, Race, and White Public Space (Hill)
Inner sphere: blurred lines between language Outer sphere: pressure to keep languages "in order"
Ahimsa
Hindu doctrine prohibiting killing of animals
Legal Anthropology
How do people in different societies make rules, settle arguments, and manage disputes?
Caution of antipsychotics
Lowered seizure threshold Elderly
witchcraft
Many people (mostly women) were accused of this and burned at the stake in medieval and early modern Europe.
Ongkah's Big Moka was written by who?
Marvin Harris
Who: Foodways
Mary Douglas and Claude Lévi-Strauss Mary Douglas: observed that an English formal dinner takes on a certain precise order. Also wrote about food taboos and argued that they are especially important modes of symbolic communication Claude: famously observed that food is good to think, not just eat. Established structuralism which argues that the human mind creates meaning and understanding by making patterned oppositions and contrasts. All cultures draw a distinction between nature and culture through cooking.
Adaptive Strategy (Subsistence Strategy)
Means of making a living; productive system
Why Hunt?
Meat: major source of protein Fur, hides, bone, other materials Social aspects: meat feasts Ritual/symbolic importance Reconnaissance: locate other resources
Genetics and anorexia nervosa
More common among sisters and mothers
Nuclear Family
Parents and their children; characteristic of modern nations; a cultural ideal for North Americans; impermanent and only lasts as long as parents and children are together
Socioeconomic status with schizophrenia development
Poor - nutrition, prenatal care, stress
Margaret Mead
Popular writer and face of anthropology influenced by historical particularism (Franz Boas) and culture and personality (Ruth Benedict)
What is psychological anthropology?
Psychological Anthropology is a subfield of cultural anthropology that studies the psychological motivations of behavior and the personality types prevalent in a society.
Samuel Morton
Ranked intelligence by measuring skull capacity, implies connection between race and intelligence. Caucasion, Mongoloid, Malaysian, American, Ethiopian
Disadvantages of foraging to agriculture
Required increased labor as well as reduced mobility
Fieldwork
Research in the field, which is any place where people and culture are found
Schizoaffective disorder
Schizophrenia with a strong element of mood disorder either mania or depression
Horticulture Related Terms
Slash and burn cultivation Swidden gardening Shifting (or extensive) cultivation
Strattera classification
Selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor
Descent
Rule assigning social identity on the basis of some aspect of one's ancestry
Norms
Rules and expectations by which a society guides the behavior of its members
Horticulture
Small plots Simple hand tools Species diversity (polyculture)
The ritual of Holi in North India
Spring festival ritualized anti-structure communitas in the context of a very hierarchical social structure
major branches of Islam
Sunni, Shia, Kharjite
Fasting to the death political view
Supreme Court made it illegal in India- labeled it as suicide but recently froze the ban until a full hearing can be scheduled- it could take years
Raelian movement
Swiss religion that promotes cloning as a way of eternal life
Exacerbation of schizophrenia
Stress Genes + cannabinoids
Lewin
Studies, advocates for, and is involved in same-sex marriage
Catatonic disorders symptoms
Stupor Muscle rigidity or excessive motor activity Waxy flexibility
Brief psychotic disorder
Sudden onset lasting less than one month and returning to full premorbid level of functioning
sexual identity in Thailand
Tom: masculine woman attracted to dee Dee: Feminine woman attracted tom tom Not considered same-gender desire
Technology
Tools and other material equipment, together with the knowledge of how to make and use them
Individual therapy and bulimia and anorexia
Underlying psych problems are contributing to maladaptive behaviors
Reciprocity
The exchange of goods and services, of approximately equal value, between two parties.
Bridewealth
The money or valuable goods paid by the groom or his family to the bride's family upon marriage; also called bride-price
What is the tea ceremony?
The ritual of preparing and serving Japanese green tea called matcha.
Cultural Materialism Theory to explain the existence of economic systems across culture:
They look at the practicality of things such as food taboos, an example of a food taboo is not eating horses because we use horses for transportation and other purposes so it doesn't make sense to eat them.
Banaro of New Guinea
Woman sexually "initiated" by her father-in-law's kinsman, only then are her husband and his kinsmen available as partners. Man's partners include wife, kinsmen's wives, kinsmen's son's wives
Food Production
Utilization of domesticated plants& animals as food sources.
Cultural Universals
Values or modes of behavior shared by all human cultures
Compare and contrast market economies of varying scales. Are local markets simply about material transactions?
Vendor themselves, and they families, often produce the food and ware they sell. Limited in the available products. Easier to self regulate.
Describe the Note Peninsula. What do people do for a living?
Very rural, they are fisherman and rice growers as well as working 2nd jobs in the city.
conjugal family
a family established through marriage
cofradia
a group or organization of Roman Catholic laymen in Mexico and Central America responsible for the material care of religious images, pilgrimages, and ceremonies
delayed reciprocity
a long lag time between receiving a gift and giving it back
Compassionate Marriages
a marriage based on friendship and shared lifestyle, and that assumes the relationship is based on romantic love.
Kula ring
a mode of balanced reciprocity that reinforces trade and social relations among the seafaring Melanesian who inhabit a large ring of islands in the southwestern Pacific Ocean
redistribution
a mode of exchange in which goods flow into a central place, where they are sorted, counted and reallocated.
balanced reciprocity
a mode of exchange in which the giving and the receiving are specific as to the value of the goods and the time of their delivery
balanced reciprocity
a mode of exchange in which the giving and the receiving are specific as to the value of the goods or services and the time of their delivery.
generalized reciprocity
a mode of exchange in which the value of the gift is not calculated, nor is the time of repayment specified.
Shaman
a part-time magico-religious practitioner
sexuality
a pattern of human behavior that involves erotic and emotional responses to others; involves preferences , desires, and practice
dowry
a payment at time of a woman's marriage that comes from her inheritance, made to either her or her husband.
What is santhara/sellekhana?
a person who is very old or very ill decides to stop eating in order to die
Kindred
a person's relatives; also a diagram shows family and the direct descendants with shaded circles (female) or triangles (male)
Ritual
a repetitive social practice involving symbols set off from everyday routine follows the pattern of a culturally defined schema often connected to ideas that are encoded in myth
neolocal residence
a residence pattern in which a married couple establishes it's household in a location apart from either the husband's or the wife's relative
apartheid
a system of segregation based on race
Cosmology
a system, often religious, for imagining and understanding the universe
sedentism
a transitioning process that sees a nomadic population being placed into more permanent registrable settlements
marriage (Stone)
a universal institution that involves a man and a woman living together, engaging in sexual activity and cooperating economically
function of exogamy
alliances and access to resources outside the group
sweatbath
an airtight sweat room made out of the earth. heated rocks are in one corner and the men get in it and sing calling for good health and healthy animals. afterwards they dry in the dirt.
industrial agriculture
applies industrial principles to farming
Negative reciprocity is
at least one party attempts to get something for nothing.
what is an example of achieved status?
big-men/big-women roles
the ___ the relationship, more will be shared with little to no expectation of return.
closer
emotional ambivalence
coexistence of opposite emotions toward same object, person or situtation
Toxic combination with CNS stimulants
cold medicine hay fever preparations
adaptability example
color vocabulary in United States
extensive cultivation (agriculture)
consists of any agricultural economy in which the crops and/or animals are used nearly exclusively for local or family consumption on large areas of land and minimal labor input per acre
Matrilineal
constructing the group through the mother's side of the family.
inuit
consume large amounts of marine animal sources
3 characteristics of language
conventionality, productivity, displacement
Nucleus
core, center
horticulture
cultivation of land for basic family needs
Permanent Liminal Groups
cults and sects that often use liminal features to invoke feelings of communitas in members
value vs values
cultural morality not only varies but the variation in the moral/cultural values impacts how you value resources
Non-Centralized Political Systems
dispersed power and resources
non-centralized political systems
dispersed power and resources
tribe
distinct group of people that are not involved with the national society, dependent on land for livelihood
Consumption
eating, drinking, using things, also relates to spending money
freud's psychoanalytic theory
electra and oedipus theory
inappropriate affect
emotions are incongruent with circumstances
true/false: Humans are NOT the only animals with language
false
not all cultures ___ sexuality and gender in dichotomy
fix
language is not
fixed
magical thinking
ideas that one's thoughts or behaviors have control over specific situations
tangentiality
inability to get to the point of communication due to introduction of many new topics. Never get to the point
separation stage
individual is forced from familiar environment
Hawaiian system
kinship reckoning in which all relatives of the same sex and generation are referred to by the same term; also known as generational system.
Imitative Magic
like produces like
Egalitarian
little or no distinctions in access or acquisition of status
egalitarian
little to no distinctions in access or acquisition of status
Levirate
man marries his dead brother's widow
Polyandy
marriage of women and more than one man. Mostly in Nepel, Tibet, and India.
na'taníí
mediator
Governmentality (Foucault)
methods used by governments to produce citizens who act in accordance with government policies or objectives; the ideologies and techniques through which subjects are governed
Pastorialists
mode of cultivation focused on small gardens or fields to support basic family needs
Agriculturalists
mode of cultivation in which animals or machinery are used to produce crops
agriculturist
mode of cultivation in which animals or machinery are used to produce crops
in pastoral economies herds equal
money
taxes
money collected and used ideally to support/benefit the community, or to create/maintain public works and interests
commodity money
money that has another value beyond itself. ex: gold
general purpose money
money that is used to buy almost anything
Extended Family
more than two generations
egalitarian
promoting equal rights for all people
EPS symptoms
pseudoparkinsonism akinesia akathisia dystonia
are all cultures made of the same ___ material?
psychological
public transcript
public interactions between powerful and subordinates
examples of rites of passage
quince, pericings, weddings, graduation
Affinity
related by marriage
affinal
related by marriage
racism
repressive representations, beliefs, structures, and practices that uphold racial categories and social inequality
three phases of rites of passage
separation, liminality, incorporation
associative looseness
shift of ideas from one unrelated topic to another
Network/Kindred
similar in kind; related ("ego-oriented")
swidden
slash and burn vegetation
examples of biological needs
sleep, food, drink, excrete, breathe
female group socialization
smaller, intimate groups organized around sharing of thoughts, feelings, and impressions
phoneme
smallest unit of sound that can make a difference
kinship politics and economics
social capital (not WHAT you know but WHO you know)
Caste
social stratification where membership is hereditary, strata are endogamous, and contact/relationships between strata are prohibited or limited
Victor Turner
structure and anti-structure rituals establish new structural relationships by first breaking down old structures through ritualized communitas
ADHD and substance use/bipolar
substance use/bipolar need to be stable before ADHD treatment due to use of stimulants for ADHD
identification and imitation
taking on the form of behavior one observes in another
Material Culture
tangible, physical items produced and used by members of a specific culture group and reflective of their traditions, lifestyles, and technologies
why does vocabulary change?
technology and culture contact
Global South
term encompassing Latin America, Africa, the Middle East and Asia
The Holy People
the "Yei", first lived in the lowest of the twelve worlds then rose to Earth. First Man and First Woman, Changing Woman, her son's (the hero twins, and Talking God are all Holy People. supernatural beings who take care of the Dine
Pueblo cultures
the Navajo took from them farming, weaving, clothing styles, religious ideas, and ceremonies
what is an exception to the belief that foragers mostly consume plants?
the arctic foragers who eat mostly marine animals
Monotheism
the belief of one supreme being. examples are Judaism, Christianity, Islam
Market Exchange
the buying and selling of goods and services, with prices set by rules of supply and demand
nutrition transition
the combination of changes in diet toward energy-dense foods (high calories, fat, and sugar) and a decline in physical activity
gender
the cultural expectation of how men and women should behave
substantive economics
the daily transactions people actually engage in to get what they need or desire
social distance
the degree to which cultural norms specify that individuals or groups should be helpful to, intimate with, or emotionally attached to one another
Reciprocity
the exchanging of goods of equal value. Generalized Balanced Negative
affect
the feeling state or emotional tone
what is more important: to perform the ceremony perfectly or having it be special and significant for the farmer?
the important thing is to perform it with conviction, not perfection
Diné Bikeyah (Dinetlah)
the land of the people
Economic System
the method used by a society to produce and distribute goods and services. Linked processes of livelihood, consumption, and exchange
Diné
the people "People of the Surface of the Earth"
social distance
the perceived difference or similarity between different groups in society
Sorcery
the performance of rite with the intention to alter reality
Sorcery
the performance of rites with the intention of altering reality
domestication
the process by which people control the distribution, abundance, and biological features of certain plants and animals in order to increase their usefulness to humans
ultimate (primary) cause
the real reason something occurred and why disparate events coincided in time and place
Focus on the Fridge (Blackman)
the refrigerator as a necessity that acts as ritual space
Atheism
the rejections of beliefs of deieties
racialization
the social, economic, and political processes of transforming populations into races and creating meaning
foodways
the structured beliefs and behaviors surrounding the production, distribution, and consumption of food
sense of self
the uniqueness and individuality a person feels
violence
the use of force to harm someone or something
Production
the use of labor to convert raw materials (resources) into usable form (products)
Industrialization
the use of machines and chemical processes to grow and distribute food and manufacture other items
How do Jains view the treatment of all life?
their next journey
how is the school size in Japan becoming a problem?
there will be no one to pass down the heritages to in future generations
Generalized Reciprocity
these exchanges don't track specific value of items; signifies close social ties i.e. inuit sharing whale blubber
What did the AWF do when they heard about the ownership dispute?
they gifted the lands to the Kenya Wildlife Foundation
Misconceptions of hunter-gatherer lifestyles
they have a difficult time finding food they need to compete with dangerous conditions in nature (animals) they consume mostly meat they work hard, long hours they are prone to illness and injury
misconceptions on foragers
they have a difficult time finding food they need to compete with dangerous conditions in nature (animals) they consume mostly meat they work hard, long hours they are prone to illness and injury
lexicon
total stock of words in a language and reflects adaptation and environment
Unilineal Descent
trace descent through a single line (a lineage; "one line")
Matrilineal
trace descent through female ancestors
extended family
two or more closely related nuclear families clustered together in a large domestic group
dialect is
variation in phonology, morphology, and syntax
what is happening to the samburu's lands?
violent evictions, torching of homes, assults and thefts, murder, etc.
conventionality
vocal symbol not related to referent
Levirate
woman marries relative (usually brother) of deceased husband
balanced reciprocity
occurs when a person gives something and expects the receiver to return an equivalent gift or favor at some point in the future
Margaret Mead fieldwork
oceania (Pacific Islands)
Expectations for Japan host
offer guest a meal and a hot bath
transitional stage
old identity is destroyed and new one is created
potlatch
on the Northwest coast of North America, an indigenous ceremonial event in which a village cheif publicly gives away stockpiled food and other goods they signify wealth
Polygyny
one man married to more than one woman
what is a "call system"?
one sound for each meaning
where do potlach ceremonies take place?
pacific northwest
where do moka ceremonies take place?
papua new guinea
waxy flexibility
passive yielding of all movable parts of the body to any effort made at placing them in certain positions
patrilineage/patriline
paternal lineage
Negative Reciprocity
people attempt to get the better deal, or create debts for others i.e. the Navajo tried to get as much as possible without giving up very much to an outsider
coercion
persuasion by force or threats
legitimacy
political authority
Contagious Magic
power comes from contact
political power
power that is generated and enacted in order to attain goals that are presumed to be for the common good
structural power
power that not only operates within settings, but also organizes and orchestrates the settings in which social and individual action take place
Herding/pastoralism
-Majority of food not necessarily from herd animals -Instead, seasonal changes in available pasture dramatically affect their lives -the Nuer
Horticulture
-Muscle power -Dependent on rainfall -Little use of fertilizers, if any Supports higher populations -Dry land farming -Shifting cultivation (aka slash and burn)
indexicality
"connection between a linguistic form and its social significance through the recognition of their repeated conjunction"; an utterance that points to and helps to create a social identity
The potlatch was considered by officials to be:
"wasteful" and "un-christian"
Symbolic Approach Theory (aka systems of meaning theory) to explain the existence of economic systems across culture:
(food taboo for example) This is the approach that what people eat has less to do with the material conditions of life than with what food means and how food communicates meaning and identity , for example we don't eat dogs because they are our pets
Heterosexuality
(of a person) being sexually attracted to members of the opposite sex/gender.
Julie McCarthy's "Fasting to the Death: Is it a Religious Rite Or Suicide?"
- Santhara/Sallekhana in India are very old and sicky who decide to fast in order to die peacefully. - This practice is prevalent in the Jains religious community. - Thought that it is a nonviolent way to die and prepare for the next life by purification of the soul. - The government isn't a fan of people participating in this practice and has attempted to implement reforms to limit participation.
Sabrina Sameshima & Matt J. Stannard's "We Belong to the Land: Samburu People's Legal Battle to Save Lands in Kenya"
- The Samburu or "Eland Downs", and their landmark "Kabarak Farm" are fighting to keep possession of their land, against the Kenyan government which also claims it. - The Kenyan government holds the land as a national park and has been violently evicting the people from the lands. - The former president "Daniel Moi" sold the lands to the African Wildlife Foundation, without the knowledge of the people who inhabited the land. - The AWF gifted the lands back to the Kenyan national government upon learning about the community which lived on the lands. - Now there have been violent evictions in attempts to create a national park. - There was some talking which was apparently going well in order to come to a compromise, but the Kenyan Wildlife Service suddenly became cold towards them and committed violence towards the Samburu people. - Much controversy as to how the land is being divided, and a lot of miscommunication between each side, partially because language differences.
Do Muslim Women Really Need Saving?
- The war on terror and the idea that we are "saving women" from oppression. - Westerners see Hijab and Burqa as oppression. - Burqas are seen to protect women from objectification in many circles. - Show the dedication to their religion. - Real oppression of middle-eastern women is apparent in the education, and opportunities which they are presented.
what are 2 examples of societies that have non-centralized political systems?
- bands - tribes
what is an example of balanced reciprocity in the USA?
- birthday presents - exchanging invites to events
what are the 2 dominant religions in Japan?
- buddhism - shinto
what are 2 examples of societies that have centralized political systems?
- chiefdoms - states
what are 3 positive results of an agricultural lifestyle?
- enables greater surpluses of resources - reduces distance needed for an individual to seek food - population size and density increases
what are 4 purposes of exchange systems?
- establish and maintain community and kin relationships - can be used to share productive resources - can be used to produce wealth - enable people to earn status and prestige
bands
- gathering/hunting - informal political organization - small family groups - nomadic, temporary settlements - short term access to a lot of land
what are the 3 main purposes of reciprocity?
- helping someone in need - creating, maintaining, etc. relationships - obtaining products
how are local markets more independent than global markets?
- labor is part-time - more self-regulating - vendors set their own prices for their own products
what 2 things shape and guide economic activity?
- local beliefs - cultural models
foragers (hunter-gatherers)
- nomadic - low population density - extensive strategy of land-use
how might economic success be measured?
- status and prestige - relationships - happiness - symbolic and/or monetary values - family sizes
what are some characteristics of shinto beliefs?
- strong belief in nature and everything in it
what are 3 misconceptions about foragers?
- they have a hard time finding food - they need to compete with dangerous conditions in nature - they work hard and long hours and are prone to illness and injury
tribes
-1,000-20,000 members -part time slash and burn horticulture with mixed livestock herding and use of wild plants and animals -high yield relative to labor -few formalized leadership roles with limited authority -emphasis on self-sufficient extended family groups -usually egalitarian -limited mobility -seasonal, extended, rotational, or permanent settlements
Judith Lorber
-American sociologist and pioneer in sociology of medicine
Madison Grant
-Argued that Nordic racial type is intellectually superior to all others -Concerned that dilution of Nordics would occur through racial mixing
Earnest Sevier Cox
-Argued that the presence of other races will inevitably destroy the white race -Proponent of black repatriation and anti-miscegenation
What is the Tea Ceremony? Characteristics? Variations?
-Calm, slow, meticulous; kimono; no talking; work of art; cultural heritage; artistic expression -Buddhist temple in mountains -7 or 8 ceremony variations
The Bell Curve (Cohen)
-Claims that IQ is genetically determined and is a cause of poverty, criminality, etc.
biology of sex
-Humans are a sexually dimorphic species males and females have different sexual form to enable reproduction. -Not every society makes anatomical features the dominant factor in constructing gender identities.
Intensive Agriculture
-Irrigation -Fertilization -Domesticated animals for plowing and fertilizing -Supports 10x as many people as horticulture -Examples: Aztec chinampas system and wet rice agriculture in Asia
formal means of social control
-Laws that regulate against deviant behavior -Conducted by governments using law enforcement mechanisms -usually used to hold power to impose formal sanctions
Fulbe
-Pastoral, patrilocal, polygyny is not common -Less labor force needs, co-wife not as beneficial -Co-wife jealousy
dangers of caricatures
-Portrayal of Native Americans denies genocide and ongoing injustices -Portrayal of Blacks as criminals denies violence of enslavement, subordination, and justifies mass incarceration
Rushton's Racial Determinism
-Premise: Racial groups differ in intelligence, health, and other social/behavioral variables. -Claims to identify 60 social/behavioral variables that distinguish racial groups and argues that these are innate and genetically determined variables
Devlin and Spencer's Argument
-Races are distinct groups of people that vary in levels of intelligence, propensity to crime, and impulse control
Religion (Wallace)
-Religion is belief and ritual concerned with supernatural beings, powers, and forces -Beliefs PLUS stylized practices that make sense in the context of those beliefs
Primitive Culture (Tylor)
-Religion is the belief in spiritual beings and primitive peoples misinterpret the characters in dreams in spirits and souls -Belief systems: animism, polytheism, monotheism, atheism
Foraging
-Seasonal mobility -Band level sociopolitical organization -Ju/'hoansi
Why might the bathhouses still be successful in Japan?
-Socializing (traditional communicating) -Authentic charm -Community engagement
Jules Henry
-Student of Franz Boas and Margaret Mead. -Later work "questioned the authority of, and rationale behind, cultural institutions" (e.g., the school system). -"Learning the Nightmare": schools are institutions for enculturation and function not to foster creativity but tp instill conformity
state systems of control
-Surveillance (census) -Judiciary (laws, legal procedures) -Enforcement (military and police) -Fiscal (taxation)
communitas
-collective liminality, an intense feeling of social solidarity among initiates -acts as a temporary leveling mechanism, a set of customs and social actions that operate to reduce differences
fetish
-common concept in W. Africa, Caribbean, and North and South America -material, manufactured object believed to embody supernatural power -fetishized objects aid and protect owner
Alphonse Bertillon
-concern in Paris about urban population and crime -photographed, finger-printed and collected other data on criminals -filed data so details of individuals could be easily retrieved, disseminated them so individuals could be tracked
horticulture in Melanesia
-cultivation involves risks of weather and disease -Malinowski documented the magical spells that were spoken by "garden magicians" to ensure that crops would grow in Trobriand garden plots -Each garden had a magical corner where the magician performed rituals and uttered spells
David Valentine
-cultural significance and political achievements of transgender movement -experiences of discrimination and violence -differences within gender variant populations and intersections with race, class, and sexuality
informal means of social control
-customs and norms using informal sanctions like criticism, disapproval, guilt, discrimination -exercised without explicitly stated rules
chiefdoms
-few thousand-30,000 members -hotriculture with mixed livestock herding and use of wild plants and animals -moderate to high yield relative to labor -formalized political organization -emphasis on several economically independent extended family groups -ranked status -limited mobility-sedentary -mostly permanent settlements
band
-foraging -societas -non-centralized -charismatic -egalitarian, leaders are first among equals and lead b example with no power or authority
Mead's Contributions
-gender is culturally constructed -research question: are male/female differences universal and invariable? -research method: comparative approach that demonstrated that differences between men and women are not innate
societas
-government based on kinship -Gens (patrilineal clan) as basis of organization, complexity from descent groups of related clans to tribe to confederacy of tribes
civitas
-government based on territory -township/ward as basis of organization -complexity evolves from county (collection of wards) to nation (collection of counties) -Individuals dealt with through property relations
longitudinal perspective of Broughton and Walton
-hegemonic masculinity only attainable for those with means; blue collar men blurred these boundaries out of necessity
social stratification
-hierarchical ranking of individuals and groups in a given society -inequality patterned in such a way that people of one group tend to have higher status and more resources than others -ideologies tend to be transmitted from one generation to another
market competition in Tecpán
-high level of uncertainty with capitalist markets -People talk about witchcraft as a principle cause of market failures and of success -People said to have made "deals with the devil" for business success, bad luck was due to evil eye
tribe
-horticulture -some stratification -"Big Man" or village head; personal characteristics and kin backing, lead by example and generosity -limited power and authority
When Brothers Share a Wife (Goldstein)
-hypothesizes that people would abandon polyandry and income earning opportunities become available -Tibetan family system, perspective on polyandry
Arranging a Marriage in India (Nanda)
-most marriages are arranged by parents -arranged marriages are contrary to the American ideal of individualism, and the notion that a successful marriage is based on romantic love -emphasis on quality of bride's family, modern aspirations, and traditional values
witchcraft
-non-human powers directed towards other for usually malevolent purposes -innate, inherited ability to cause people misfortune -accusations more common during times of stress and social upheaval
educational campaigns
-often have little educational content and use informal social control to influence behavior
chiefdom
-pastoralism/agriculture -more stratification -chief; permanent political office sanctioned by religion -much power and authority
Characteristics of Shinto beliefs:
-purification of air -belief in nature and spirits→animism -no single god -each temple is home to own spirits -culture and nourishment comes from rice which is their roots
biometric security
-records biometric data and enters it into a database, dissemination of which creates a method for tracking individuals
gender stratification
-resources, rights, and responsibilities are often allocated according to gender in unequal ways; gender ideology legitimizes gender stratification -gender difference often correlates with different evaluations of men and women's capabilities and contributions
Suzu Perspective of the Sea's generosity and the fish auction:
-respect but weary of spirits→abundance has to be earned -takes form of dragon sinking entire fleets from China -coded system at market→hard to fully understand prices from outside perspective
rites of passage
-rituals that mark a person or group's transition from one social state to another -confer a change in status from one social state to another
rites of passage process
-separation: withdrawal from group either symbolically or physically -liminality: betwixt and between, neither one status nor the other with ambiguous social position -incorporation: re-enter society with a new status
biocultural perspective on sex
-sex differences matter, but in different ways in different societies -men often occupy dominant roles, though egalitarianism is possible -there is diversity in how gender is enacted -focus on the male-female dichotomy leaves out other important gender/sex formations
shamanism
-shamans communicated the needs of living people with the spirit world -usually involves a ritual trance -sometimes part of healing practices
family
-social group characterized by common residence, economic cooperation, and reproduction. -includes adults of both sexes, at least two of whom maintain a socially approved sexual relationship -one or more children of the sexually cohabitation adults
taboo
-strong social prohibition against words, objects, actions, discussions, or people considered undesirable by society -often backed by supernatural sanction and social consequences
rituals
-stylized and repetitive core aspects of religious practice that are performed in special places and times -coney information about participants and traditions
magic
-supernatural techniques intended to accomplish specific aims -prevalent in situations of chance, risk, and uncertainty -reduces stress and creates an illusion of control -provides an explanatory system of causation
totemism
-symbolic association with emblems through stipulated descent -sacred emblems symbolize common identity and function to create group solidarity
states
-tens of thousands-millions -plow or irrigation agriculture -high labor needs relative to yield. high degree of specialization -highly developed state organization, with a clear hierarchy of authority -emphasis on nuclear family. -ranked and often stratified: distinctions in access or acquisition of status -sedentary mobility -settlements are permanent and condensed. urbanization
Redistribution
-the redirecting of a pile of goods to a populace through a central authority. -Potlatch of the Kwakiutl, Tsimshian, and Salish
scientific racism (racialized science)
-the use of scientific techniques to support the hypotheses that biological race is a determinant of social and economic behaviors and outcomes, and that some races are superior to others -basic tenet: biology determines behavior, aptitude, and other individual characteristics
Why Human Skin Comes in Colors (Jablonski)
-ultraviolet radiation can affect reproduction when there is too much and impact strength and immunity when there is too little; melanin mediates this effect -consensus of the scientific community: people cannot be divided into discrete types based on skin color
Lewis Henry Morgan
-unilineal evolution -Lawyer turned anthropologist, studied kinship and politics of Iroquois
Downsizing Masculinity (Broughton and Walton)
-work and masculinity -fatherhood and masculinity -gendered family ideal -Research in Maytag fridge factory in Illinois
Steps of the Scientific Method
1. Choose a topic 2. Define the problem (can include developing some hypotheses) 3. Review the literature 4. Seek funding 5. Prepare for the field 6. Enter the field/Working in the field 7. Choose your research method (there are several methods from which to choose) 8. Analyze the data 9. Draw your conclusion & discuss future research 10. Share your results
Three major bases for forming kinship systems:
1. Descent, kinship relationships traced through the bloodline or parent-child links. All of the following are examples of descent systems: Patrilineal, Matrilineal and Bilateral. 2. Sharing, which is based on acts of sharing and support (i.e., God parenthood, adoption, and foster care). 3. Marriage- "a relatively stable union between two or more people who may or may not live together, are sexually involved with each other and are procreative with each other"
The five major modes of livelihood (the major ways in which people make a living in order to survive and thrive):
1. Foraging: a mode of livelihood based on obtaining food that is available in nature through gathering, hunting, fishing, or scavenging. 2. Horticulture: a mode of livelihood based on growing domesticated crops in gardens, using simple hand tools. 3. Pastoralism: a mode of livelihood based on keeping domesticated animals and using their products, such as meat and milk for most of the diet. 4. Agriculture: a mode of livelihood that involves growing crops with the use of plowing, irrigation, and fertilizer. 5. Industrialism/Digital Age/Service: a mode of livelihood in which goods are produced through mass employment in business and commercial operations and through the creation and movement of information through electronic media. There is both a formal sector and an informal sector. Give examples of each. Formal sector: salaried or wage-based work registered in official statistics (ranging from stable jobs to part time jobs) Informal sector: work that is not officially registered and sometimes illegal (getting paid under the table to mow for example)
Rules of Mate Selection
1. Incest Taboo: prohibits marriage or sexual relation between certain kinship relations 2. Endogamy: marriage within a particular group where the spouse has to be from a specific social category (2 forms of kin endogamy exist which are parallel cousins and cross-cousins) parallel cousins: either between children of ones father and ones father brother or between children of a mother and mothers sister cross-cousins: either between children of ones father and fathers sister or between ones mother and mothers brothers 3. Exogamy: marriage outside a defined social group 4. Hypergyny: the bride marries a groom of higher status 5. Hypogyny: the bride marries a groom of lower states 6. Isogamy: the bride and groom are status equals
Importance of systems of exchange
1. Maintains social bonds 2. Forms alliances 3. Promotes peoplehood (a national/cultural identity 4. Provides a social/political safety net 5. Creates obligatory (reciprocal) relationships 5. Establishes dominance of some cultural groups over others
Forms of Marriage
1. Monogamy: most commonly practiced marriage form where you only have one spouse 2. Polygamy (split into Polyandry and Polygyny) a. Polyandry: women have more than one husband b. Polygyny: men have more than one wife - Serial Monogamy is the concept that in a full adult life we will be married to more than one person
Functions of the family
1. Reproduction 2. Regulation of sexual behavior 3. Socialization 4. Nurturer, protector, provider 5. Producer and consumer 6. Social placement/Social status
Systems of Exchange
1. Through material goods (money, food, etc) 2. Through symbolic goods (loyalty, trust, alliances, rituals)
Marital Residence Types:
1. With Bilineal descent systems we see Bilocal/ Neolocal: Bilocal is when a new married couple chooses to live near their parents and Neolocal is when a new married couple chooses to establish a new residence away from both families (this is usually due to mode of livelihood) 2. With Patrilineal descent systems we see Patrilocal which is when the new married couple resides in the husband's home or community 3. With Matrilineal descent systems we see Matrilocal which is when the new married couple resides in the wife's home or community 4. With Double Descent it depends on who owns the land on where they end up residing
4 modes of subsistence
1. foraging, or the search for edible things 2. horticulture, or small-scale subsistence agriculture 3. pastoralism, the raising of animal herds 4. intensive agriculture, large-scale, often commercial, agriculture
3 Phases of Rites of Passage
1. separation 2. transition 3. re-incorporation
caloric intake is up __% since 1970
10%
agriculture begun
10,000 years ago
agriculture began
10,000-12,000 years ago
Medical intoxication
100 mg/dL
What is Kenya's land tenure law? In other words, how long do the lands need to be occupied and under what conditions?
12 years
ASD diagnosis age
18-24 months r/t suspecting deafness due to lack of response
Franz Boas race critiques of racial theories
1908 study found that immigrant children had different cranial dimensions than their parents; this metric cannot be an immutable marker of race because it adapts to conditions
When was culture and personality "school"?
1930s - 1950s
there are ___ languages with less than __ speakers
204/10
Caffeine intoxication
250 mg
Max Weber
3 kinds of political leadership: charismatic, traditional, legal
how many sexes are there?
5
1/2 of ___ languages will be lost by the end of the 21st century
7,000
Navajo Relocation Act (1974)
7,000 Navajos forcibly removed from the Hopi reservation around the coal mine believed at first to the Hopi wanting their land back but in actuality it was big mining companies wanting mineral rights the lands.
how many tea ceremony variations are there in Japan?
7-8
Eating disorder expected outcomes
80% of expected body weight WNL vital signs Verbalized importance of adequate nutrition Knowledge regarding consequences of fluid loss Verbalize events that trigger anxiety and reduction techniques Ways to gain control Express interest in welfare of others Healthy eating pattern Plan for future maintenance of weight control
__% of emotion communication is by body movement and paralanguage
90%
human genetic codes are ___% identical
99.9%
Anorexia bmi
<17
Obesity BMI
>30
...
A Rite of Intensification is a ritual or ceremony performed by a community in a time of crisis that affects all members, as a rain dance during a drought.
What is a rite of passage?
A Rite of Passage is a ritual that occurs when an individual changes status, serving to legitimize the new status and to imprint it on the community's collective memory.
Kinship
A basic principle for organizing people into groups, roles, categories Culturally constructed but obviously a combination of culture and biology
Society
A community of people who share a common culture
Economy
A cultural adaptation to the environment that enables a group of humans to use the available resources to satisfy their needs and to thrive.
Patrilineal Descent
A descent rule in which people join the father's group automatically at birth and stay members throughout life
Matrilineal Descent
A descent rule in which people join the mother's group automatically at birth and stay members throughout life
Microcultures
A distinct pattern of learned and shared behavior and thinking found within a larger culture
slash and burn
A farming method involving the cutting of trees, then burning them to provide ash-enriched soil for the planting of crops
How is a festival defined? How is a festive event defined?
A festival is a large gathering or celebration of specified focus that happens periodically. A festive event is a period or program of festive activities, cultural events or entertainment.
Progeny Price (formerly called "bride price)
A gift from the husband and his kin to the wife's father before, at, or after marriage; legitimizes children born to the woman as members of the husband's descent group. A way of showing respect; compensation for the bride's family for loss of her economic services
Potlach
A grand feast in which guests are invited to eat and to receive gifts from the hosts
Egalitarian Society
A group based on the sharing of resources to ensure success with a relative absence of hierarchy and violence.
Family
A group of people who are united by ties of partnership and parenthood and consisting of a pair of adults and their socially recognized children.
persuasion
A kind of speaking or writing that is intended to influence people's actions.
Descent Groups
A kinship group in which primary relationships are traced through consanguineous ("blood") relatives.
Food Foraging
A mode of subsistence involving some combination of hunting, fishing, and gathering wild plant foods
What inhabits all of nature?
A spirit named Kami
Ambilineal
Ambilineality is a system containing both unilineal descent groups - i.e. both patrilineal and matrilineal groups - in which one belongs to one's father's and/or mother's descent group (lineage).
The Role of Exchange in Managing Social Relationships
American anthropologist, Annette Weiner conducted fieldwork in the Trobriand Islands during the 1970s and 1980s. Weiner noted that women rarely participated in Kula, but observed that women participate in their own exchange system based on delayed reciprocity called Sagali. This involves the exchange of grass skirts and bundles made of dried banana leaves, items exclusively used in women's exchanges. Sagali is a mortuary exchange ritual that occurs when someone dies. Trobriand Islanders go through months of mourning and shut themselves off from normal activities. When they emerge, they exchange these to all the in-laws. Weiner found similarities, they both involve delayed reciprocity. Just as a man would not receive any Kula valuables between visits to his trading partners on other islands, a woman who gave away all her bundles would not receive any back until the next Sagali.
Stipulated Ancestor
An ancestor from whom clan members say they descended from, without trying to trace the actual genealogical links
Trobriand Islands
An archipelago of coral just east of Papua New Guinea in the South Pacific. Studied by Annette Weiner and Bronislaw Malinowski.
slash and burn cultivation
An extensive form of horticulture in which the natural vegetation is cut, the slash is subsequently burned, and crops are then planted among the ashes; and also known as Swidden farming
Totem/totemism
An object, an animal species, or a feature of the natural world that is associated with a particular descent group or clan
Example of Rites of Passage
Annual check-up shamanic healing rasayana rejuvination college sports
What is the ceremony in Spirit of the Rice Field called?
Ano Koto
Spirit of the Rice Field
Ano Koto: February ritual in which a man succeeds in contacting a spirit of nature. About spirits and rice fields. Each natural phenomenon, each tree, river rock is inhabited by a spirit known as a Kami Two dominant religions in Japan are Buddhism and Shinto Shinto temples are reserved for priests. People coming to pray must remain outside. It's a prayer to the Kami. A prayer for life, people's happiness and health. To thank the spirits and ask them to protect them Paper has great symbolism in Shinto, with different meanings. Makami, paper folded in zig-zags, when attached to a handle, the strips purify the air Ano Koto, the ceremony takes place in two stages: 1st part in December (The farmer goes to the rice field to look for the Kami, treating as if it were a real life guest) 2nd part in February (Once the family has prepared the meal, the rest of the ceremony takes place between the father and his Kami) The Kami needs the help of humans to move about. The farmer moves the spirit around the house with the help of a fan. After recieving a bath, both Kami take their places on some comfortable red cushions and wait to recieve the meal. Farmer describes every detail of the food that is being served since the Kami are blind.
Netsilik (people of the seal) (video)
Arctic coast of Canada; strong gendered division of labor, authority structures are flexible, elderly women of great authority, men and women have authorities within their own spheres of activity, women can influence men though men are head of household from Canada: adaption to environment winter and seals They separate to hunt holes for max kill, find by smell women and children stand watch over seal hunting holes Labor: social equality, all men do equal jobs and all women do equal jobs low specialization Split seal into 14 pieces, all share liver Religion: the finger of a girl created all of the seals.
Georges Louis Leclerc
Argued that all humans are the same species. Interested in process, not just classification. Geography determines human characteristics. Ideal = central Europe; degeneration from there.
Tylor's theory of religion
As society evolves, human become more "rational"
Trobriand Islanders
Assigned trading partners in other clans, four clans, yams
Elman Service sociopolitical organization
Bands, Tribes, Chiefdoms, and States
Treatment modalities of eating d/o
Behavior modification Individual therapy Family therapy Psychopharmacology
polytheism
Belief in many gods
monotheism
Belief in one God
animism
Belief that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events, like thunderstorms and earthquakes, have a discrete spirit and conscious life.
Totemism
Belief that people are related to particular animals, plants, or natural objects by virtue of descent from common ancestral spirits.
atheism
Belief that there is no god.
Culture
Beliefs, customs, and traditions of a specific group of people.
Generalized Reciprocity
Between closely related people, typically kin Based on a moral obligation to provide No expectation of immediate return (no record keeping)
Balanced Reciprocity
Between friends or members of friendly groups Obligation to return something of nearly equal value ("balanced") Giver expects something in return, but perhaps no immediely
Maguire's Research Agenda
Biosecurity research dominated by technical fields (e.g., encryption). Move beyond debates on efficacy of technology by focusing on historical and cultural dimensions of biometrics. Explore genealogy of biometric security to show it as "an invisible chain that held past populations in strikingly contemporary ways." What are the social ramifications of widely deploying such technologies?
2 dominant religions in Japan
Buddhism and Shinto
Incest rules: difference in incest avoidance between nuclear family centered kinship systems and non nuclear family centered systems
Cousins aren't distinguished among first, second, etc. in nuclear families. In non-nuclear families the distinction is essential. Parallel cousins (children of two brothers or two sisters) are considered incest taboo but cross cousins (children of brother and sister) aren't. some US states permit marriage, and therefore sex, with first cousins, while others ban it; in nonindustrial societies, when unilineal descent is very strongly developed, the parent who belongs to a different descent group than your own isn't considered a relative. Thus, with strict patrilineality, the mother is not a relative but a kind of in-law who has married a member of your own group (your father); with matrilineality, the father isnt a relative because he belongs to a different descent group; so sex between half siblings is allowed
Agriculture/Industialism
Cultivation that requires more labor than horticulture does because it uses land intensively and continuously. Reflect its common use of domesticated animals, irrigation (controlling watering), and terracing (steps of fields along hillsides). Requires human labor but the long-term yield per area is far greater and more dependable.
Margaret Mead's nickname
Cultural broker
Matrilocal Residence
Customary residence with the wife's relatives after marriage, so that children grow up in their mothers community
DOMA
Defense of Marriage Act; forbade federal recognition of same-sex marriages. Repealed in 2013 as many states had already legalized same-sex marriage.
Family
Defined by marriage and procreation/adoption A highly malleable concept Minimally, a social domain for raising children
7. What is the importance of food and food exchanges among the Yanomami?
Different tribes of the Yanomami live in different areas, giving them access to different forms of food. They can trade this to other tribes and form bonds and allies.
General characteristics of Chiefdom
Few thousand-30,000 members Density: 15 people/square mile Horticulture and agriculture Well-Established leadership roles that are hereditary (may also require achievements) Independent family groups Ranked status Limited mobility Mostly permanent settlements
General characteristics of populations by socio-political type: Chiefdom
Few thousand-30,000 members Density: 15 people/square mile Horticulture and agriculture Well-Established leadership roles that are hereditary (may also require achievements) Independent family groups Ranked status Limited mobility Mostly permanent settlements
Duration of prodromal phase
Few weeks to few years
Functionalism Theory to explain the existence of economic systems across culture:
Functionalism is a particular practice, belief, or institution contributes to the survival of a peoples culture, Functionalists want to understand why each facet helps maintain the culture (an example is Thanksgiving because it is a fake holiday but we still celebrate it because it brings in a large income to the economy)
Common compulsions with anorexia
Hand washing
Antonio Gramsci
He was a humanist, philosopher, and neo-Marxist known for having developed the concept of hegemony, first utilized in the early 1960
Hijra
India, Bahuchara Mata (goddess), emasculated, neither man or woman, identify as women, both revered and reviled, ceremonially important (fertility)
Who are most likely to participate in santhara/sellekhana?
Jainists- people who want to die
Ethnocentrism
Judging another culture solely by the values and standards of one's own culture
What is the relationship between the Kami and Fathers?
Kami needs help from human to move around→release from shrine, walks it around house with fan, provides food and saki for spirit Kami are sensory but can't see so farmer guides them and describes everything to them Plants pine tree so spirit can rest in branches
A spirit in the rice field
Kami-the rice spirit-respect the kami. Belief in spirits that are located within inanimate objects. Ano Koto- ceremony with rice spirit kami- used as a Japanese thanksgiving.
"We belong to the land"
Kenyans were evicted from their homes and lands- police attacks on Samburu lands- a lot of the elders were killed- police claimed they were a part of al-Shabaab, an Islamist militant organization based in Somalia- trial still going on
Covert Female Infanticide
Killing baby daughters because they are an economic burden
Chiefdom
Kin-based Formalized (permanent) political system Differential access to resources Governed by chief based on descent not achievement (ascribed, not achieved) Individual land ownership Multi-community/regional
Eskimo system
Kinship reckoning in which the nuclear family is emphasized by specifically identifying the mother, father, brother, and sister, while lumping together all other relatives into broad categories such as uncle aunt and cousin; also known as the linear system.
Long Walk
Kit Carson led a group of US government soldiers and had the Navajo walk from the 4 corners region to Fort Sumner which was 365 miles where they lived from 1862-1868 until the treaty of Bosque Redondo was signed. the 1864 deportation of the Navajo people by the government of the US; forced to walk up to 13 miles a day at gunpoint from their reservation in Arizona to eastern New Mexico
Bamanan
Largest group in Mali. Agriculture = labor needs. Marriage/Family System: patrilineal, patrilocal, clan exogamy, extended family residence. Polygyny is common.
Onset of schizo
Late adolescence to early 20s
Inka Agropastoralism and cultural importance of Andean camelids
Llamas: live up to 16k feet above Carries things up the mountain called "beasts of burden" carries up to 150 lbs Part alpaca Women weave, they are domesticated pastorals Alpaca: red wool only use or for sacrifice Dense food consumption: energy conservation Symbiotic Male and female duality: women weave males wear The only state to develop w/o written/annotation/gliph system used knotted alpaca cords to communicate running of cords KIPU
Local Market Economies
Local: vendors themselves, and their families, often produce the food and wares they sell -less dependent on external market forces -limited in the product categories they sell -labor is often part-time, and in some cultures women will dominate these spaces -much easier to regulate based on purchasing decisions of individuals
What is another name for the Samburu?
Loikop
Exogamy
Marriage to someone outside the kinship group.
commodities
Mass-produced and impersonal goods with no meaning or history apart from themselves.
Say "Cheese" (Shearing and Stenning)
Mechanisms for social control built into park. "Private corporate policing." • "Control strategies are embedded in both environmental features and structural relations." • Control becomes consensual. Inducing coercion by "depriving visitors of a resource they value." • Argument: "people today are seduced to conform by the pleasures of consuming the goods that corporate power has to offer."
Example of rite of passage
Mescalero Apache Initiation to Womanhood Awa Male Initiation Rituals
Hill's argument
Mock Spanish as racial discourse. Elevation of whiteness: directly indexing congeniality of speaker relies on indirectly indexing negative stereotypes
Horticulturalists
Mode of cultivation in which hand tools powered by human muscles are used. Requires large tracts of land to allow soils to replenish (fallow). This is particularly true of slash and burn (swidden) horticulture practices.
tribute
Money paid for protection
Anorexia weight loss
More than 15% of the expected weight
Physical dependence
Need for increasing amounts to produce the desired effects
Neolithic
New Stone Age; a prehistoric period beginning about 10,000 years ago in which peoples possessed stone based technologies and depended on domesticated plants and/or animals for substances
Bilateral Descent ("two sided")
No distinction based on gender of connecting relatives Mother's and father's sides are of equal importance Trace descent thyoughboth, inherit from both
State
Non kin-based Bureaucracy Stratified- clear lines between elite and commoner Use of ideologies to maintain status quo Regional/nation-state Population control, formal laws, police and military and taxation
Bands and Tribes are considered to have _______________________ political systems.
Non-Centralized
Body composition of bulimia nervous
Normal, slightly over or underweight
Parallel Cousins
Not okay to marry. Children of 2 brothers or 2 sisters
differences between conceptualizations of nuclear family-centered and lineage centered Kinship systems
Nuclear is usually bilateral kinship Lineage Centered is often matrilineal or patrilinieal kinship
What are happening to the Schools?
Numbers are going down in terms; local population shrinking which could lead to closing school; universities are in urban areas so people move to have children go there
Psychiatric comoridities with ADHD
ODD Conduct disorder Anxiety Depression Bipolar Substance use disorder
Substance withdrawal
Occurs upon abrupt reduction/discontinuation of a substance with symptoms specific to the substance used including physical and psychological functioning disruption
etic
POV observing culture from outside
emic
POV studying within culture
A case study on the potlatch was conducted on Native American people from where?
Pacific Northwest (U.S and Canada)
schizophreniform disorder
Psychotic disorder involving the symptoms of schizophrenia lasting more than one month but less than 6 months.
Nursing diagnoses for ADHD
Risk for injury Impaired social interaction Low self-esteem Noncompliance with task expectations
Meds FDA approved for ASD
Risperidone Aripiprazole
students of Franz Boaz
Ruth Fulton Benedict and Margaret Mead
Research Ethics
Specifically interested in the analysis of ethical issues that are raised when people are involved as participants in research
Modes of Exchange
The dominant pattern, in a culture, of transferring goods, services, and other items between and among people and groups. 1. Balanced Exchange: a system of transfers in which the goal is either immediate or eventual balance in value 2. Unbalanced Exchange: a system of transfers in which one party attempts to make a profit
Modes of Livelihood
The dominant way of making a living in a culture.
Reciprocity
The exchange of resources, goods, and services among people of relatively equal status; meant to create and reinforce social ties.
Gender
The expectations of thought and behavior that each culture assigns to people of different sexes.
6. Is there a division of labor by gender/sex? If so, who does what?
The men will hunt for days at a time will the women raise the children.
Incest Taboo
The rule that prohibits sex and marriage among designated relatives.
9. Is there any contact with other cultures? What evidence supports your answer?
There is few contact with other cultures but we saw that they had some because they had a gun and the one man had on red shorts so it was clear another culture gave them these goods.
Importance of a kinship diagram
They are important because it can provide information on dozens of relatives in a kin and gives anthropologists a lot of insight on that kinship beforehand and how kinships are also evolving.
"Man the hunter, woman the gatherer" debate
This fiction is frequently invoked to explain contemporary differences in gender roles by referencing - A fiction frequently invoked to explain contemporary differences in gender roles by referencing the effects of human evolution. Human males, being larger, stronger, and more agressive, hunted to sustain themselves, their sexual partners, and their offspring. Woman, the gatherers, collected fruits, nuts, and seeds and were more sedentary, home orientened, child centered, nuturing, cooperative, talkative, and passive.
Southern Athapaskan
This group of Athapaskan settled in the Southwest of the US where they brought with them the bow and hard soled moccasins
What did Tondo endure in order to become a man among the Kosa? What did Dashini endure in order to become a woman among the Mescalero Apache? What is communitas?
Tondo had to be circumsized in his late-teens and had to be separated from his community for a week while avoiding water throughout. Dashini had to refrain from showing emotion and also dancing for a prolonged amount of time. Communitas roughly means "community."
Role of Exchange in Managing Social Relationships
Trobiand Islands- Sagali is a mortuary exchange ritual. When someone dies Trobriand Islanders mourn for months. When they emerge from social seclusion they receive gifts of women skirts and banana leaf bundles.
2 Basic Forms of Descent
Unilineal Bilateral
General characteristics of populations by socio-political type: Bands
Usually 25-several hundred members, low population density (1 person/sq.mile) Hunter-gatherers Informal/temporary political structure Small families Marriages are more economic partnership and alliances Egalitarian and highly mobile (nomadic) Temporary settlements.
Domestic Violence
Violence perpetuated through sexually related physical assaults such as rape.
Possibly physiological factors for schizophrenia
Virus Anatomical abnormalities in the brain (lobes and limbic system)
Sex and Temperament in Three Primitive Societies
Written by Margaret Mead in 1955, shows that definitions of masculinity and femininity are not biological givens, but are instead created by cultures and learned by their members along with other cultural norms, which makes them subject to change.
Third gender in Oman
Xanith: social roles, access to women' space and activities, mixed gender clothing, distinctive hairstyles
two spirit sexuality
Zuni and Cheyenne, Berdache, males dress as women, supernatural power
Squaw Dance
a 4 day social event that includes many nuclear units to help pay for it. utilizes a chanter. A Squaw Dance was originally used as a way to rid warriors from evil that plagued warriors returning from a raid.
Max Weber
a German sociologist, philosopher, and economist, considered religious ideas to be a key for understanding the unique development of societies worldwide and the rise of industrial capitalism, particularly in western Europe.
Alfred Kinsey
a Harvard-trained biologist and zoologist, produced two of the most famous studies, Sexual Behavior in the Human Male (Kinsey, Pomeroy, and Martin 1948) and Sexual Behavior in the Human Female (1953).
cultural construct
a category created and developed by people in society, perception of a group is constructed through cultural and social practice
rite of passage
a ceremony or event marking an important stage in someone's life: birth, puberty, marriage, and death
race
a concept that organizes people into groups based on specific physical traits that are thought to reflect fundamental and innate differences
ethnicity
a concept that organizes people into groups based on their membership in a group with a particular history, social status, or ancestry
hidden transcript
a critique of power by the subordinate group that occurs in domains hidden from the eyes of the dominant group
leveling mechanism
a cultural obligation compelling prosperous members of a community to give away goods, host public great, provide free service, or otherwise demonstrate generosity so that no person permanently accumulates significantly more wealth than anyone else
marriage
a culturally sanctioned union between two or more people that establishes certain rights and obligations between the people, between them and their children, and between them and their n-laws. Such marriage rights and obligations most often include, but are not limited to, sex, labor, property, childbearing, exchange, and status.
consanguineal family
a family of blood relatives, consisting of related women, their brothers, and the women's offspring
Communitas
a feeling of intense affinity with other people who have gone through the same process of ritual initiation a feeling of social solidarity that emerges out of ritualized disorder and anti-structure
social isolation
a focus inward on the self to the exclusion of the external environment
Redistribution
a form of exchange in which accumulated wealth is collected from the members of the group and reallocated in a different pattern
Traditional agriculturalist
a form of food production in which fields are in permanent cultivation using plows, animals, and techniques of soil and water control
Cofradia
a group or organization of Roman Catholic laymen in Mexico and Central America responsible for the material care of religious images, pilgrimages, and ceremonies.
cofradia
a group or organization of Roman Catholic laymen in Mexico and Central America responsible for the material care of religious images, pilgrimages, and ceremonies.
moiety
a group usually consisting of several clans, which results from a division of a society into two halves on the basis of descent
Cofradia
a hierarchical system dating from colonial times that combines civic leadership and catholic religious authority
Moka Exchange
a highly ritualized system of exchange in the Mount Hagen area, Papua New Guinea, that has become emblematic of the anthropological concepts of "gift economy" and of "Big man" political system.
Marriage
a legal relationship, usually involving economic cooperation, sexual activity, and childbearing. -Gamy
fictive marriage
a marriage form in which a proxy is used as a symbol of someone not physically present to establish the social status of a spouse and heirs
serial monogamy
a marriage form in which an individual marries or lives with a series of partners in succession
Nuer (video)
a member of an African people of South Sudan and Ethiopia, traditionally rearers of cattle. The environment depends on food production God, cows → sacrifice They follow the lead, herd and protect nothing goes to waste (of cow, sacred, sacrifice) Move cyclically: larger numbers Specialized social rules not required by foragers
Sherpa
a member of the Himalayan people living in Nepal and Tibet who are famous for their skill as mountaineers
negative reciprocity
a mode of exchange in which the aim is to get something for as little as possible. Neither fair nor balanced, it may involve hard bargaining, manipulation, outright cheating, or theft.
Kinship System
a network of people who are related by marriage, blood, or adoption
patrilocal residence
a residence pattern in which a married couple lives in the husband's father's place of residence
metrilocal residence
a residence pattern in which a married couple lives in the wife's mother's place of residence
kula
a ritualized pattern of delayed gift-giving involving the exchange of many items including necklaces (clockwise) and armbands (counterclockwise)
Mana
a sacred impersonal force residing in people, animals, plants, places, or objects. believed to make people sick if you touch or disturb it
gender ideology
a set of beliefs about the appropriate gender roles and social positions of men and women; these beliefs are considered to be important truths and natural facts
conspicuous consumption
a showy display of wealth for social prestige
Lineage
a single line descent from an ancestor
Peasant
a small-scale producer of crops on livestock living on land that is self owned or rentrd in exchange for labor, crops or money; often exploited by more powerful groups in a complex society.
market
a social institution in which people come together to buy and sell goods & services
Achieved Status
a social position a person takes on voluntarily that reflects personal ability and effort
achieved status
a social position a person takes on voluntarily that reflects personal ability and effort
class system
a social structure that a category or group of persons having a definite status in society which permanently determines their relation to other groups. (open)
caste system
a social structure that divides different groups into ranked categories. Members of "higher" castes have a greater social status than individuals of a "lower" caste. (closed)
Marriage
a socially recognized relationship that may involve physical and emotional intimacy as well as legal rights to property and inheritance
industrial society
a society in which human labor, hand tools, and animal power are largely replaced by machines, with an economy primarily based on big factories.
moka
a strategy for developing political leadership in highland New Guinea that involves exchanging gifts and favors with individuals and sponsoring large feasts where further gift-giving occurs
Economy
a system for managing the production, distribution and consumption of goods and services
structural racism
a system in which policies, procedures, institutional practices, and other norms work to promote or perpetuate racial inequality and racialized social stratification
Kula
a trading network, linking many of the Trobriand Islands, in which men have long-standing partnerships for the exchange of everyday goods, such as food, as well as highly valued necklaces and armlets
kula
a trading network, linking many of the Trobriand Islands, in which men have long-standing partnerships for the exchange of everyday goods, such as food, as well as highly valued necklaces and armlets
phratry
a unilineal descent group composed of at least two clans that's supposedly share a common ancestry, whether or not they really do.
System of Reciprocity
a way of thinking and working within an existing system to generate resources or services that one does not have, in return for giving resources or services that one does have. 1. Generalized Reciprocity: a transaction that involves the least conscious sense of interest in material gain or thought of what might be received in return, these exchanges usually involve good of everyday nature like a cup of coffee 2. Expected Reciprocity: the exchange of approximately equally valued goods usually between people of roughly equal social status
Egalitarian system - centralized political systems
acephalous "head-less" societies encourage these principles there are little to no distinctions in access or acquisition of status leadership roles are temporary gender, age, skills may influence access to roles and positions you're not born into vastly different power/prestige/wealth positions, and there are not external governing bodies
pastoralism
adaptations of livestock
Pastoralists
adaptions based on tending, breeding, and harvesting the products of livestock
Pastoralists
adaptions based on tending, breeding, and harvesting the products of livestock. live by animal husbandry
cultural appropriation
adoption of elements of one culture by members of a different one, especially if the adoption is without the consent of the originating culture, and when the appropriating group has historically oppressed members of the originating culture
Fundamentalism
advocating strict fidelity to a religion's presumed founding priciples
family therapy and schizophrenia
aimed at helping family members cope with long-term effects of illness
Glossalalia
aka "speaking in tongues"
Nuer
alternating flood and dry seasons, southern Sudan, protection against flooding, fish in dry seasons, no leadership bc kin based, Leopard skin chiefs, no afterlife=scared of death
new reproductive technologies
alternative means of reproduction such as surrogate motherhood and in vitro fertilization
Magic
an explanatory system of causation that does not follow naturalistic explanations, often working at a distance without direct physical contact
clan
an extended unilineal kin group often consisting of several lineages whose members claim common descent from a remote ancestor, usually legendary or mythological.
kula
an extensive inter-island system of exchange in which high-ranking men gave ornamental shell armbands (mwali) + necklaces (soulava) to lifelong exchange partners on other islands *delayed reciprocity*
Mana
an impersonal sacred force, so named in Melanesia and Polynesia
green revolution
an initiative born after the World War 2 in which scientific research has been applied to the expansion and intensification of crop production in the Third World
Communitas
an intense feeling of social solidarity
money
an object or substance that serves as a payment for a good or service
Adaptation
an ongoing process
economic system
an organized arrangement for producing, distributing, and consuming goods
moka
are reciprocal gifts of pigs and shells through which social status is achieved.
Purpose of regression
attempt to decrease anxiety
purpose of echolalia and echopraxia
attempting to identify with someone
Reciprocity
back and forth exchange of products, gifts, and objects, symbolizes obligations and individual relationships as well as satisfies material needs and wants
Reciprocity
back and forth exchange of products, gifts, and objects; symbolized obligations and individual relationships as well as satisfies material needs and wants
reciprocity
back and forth exchange of products, gifts, and objects; symbolized obligations and individual relationships as well as satisfies material needs and wants
Reciprocity
back-and-forth exchange of products, gifts, and objects; symbolizes obligations and individual relationships as well as satisfies material needs and wants
reciprocity
back-and-forth exchange of products, gifts, and objects; symbolizes obligations and individual relationships as well as satisfies material needs and wants
Reciprocity
back-and-forth exchange of products, gifts, and objects; symbolizes obligations and individual relationships as well as satisfies material needs and wants balanced, generalized, negative
four types of political organization
bands, chiefdoms, tribes, and state
pastoralism
based on nomadic animal husbandry or the raising of livestock to provide food, clothing, and shelter.
legal leadership
based on office held, common to state bureaucracies (Max Weber)
charismatic leadership
based on personality, common in families and religion (Max Weber)
Formal (neoclassical) Economics
based on profit motive: individuals seek to maximize their utility (satisfaction)
traditional leadership
based on tradition, common in lineage systems and feudalism (Max Weber)
modern idea of religion
belief (Tylor), practice (Wallace), meaning (Geertz) and social action
Religion
belief and ritual concerned with supernatural beings, powers and forces.
Animism
belief in souls or doubles
Mana
belief that sacred power inheres in certain high ranking people, sacred spaces, and objects
ideas of reference
beliefs that unrelated events pertain to them in some important way
viewing gender as a performance allows for
beyond easy dichotomy, not essential and rooted in biology, fluidity and flexibility
Which of the following is an achieved status?
big man/big woman
sex is
biological
consanguineal kin
biologically related relatives, commonly referred to as blood relatives
human sexuality is
biologically unique because painting, private, ovulation, pleasure
consanguineal kin
blood relatives related through descent
kinesics
body language, facial expressions, gestures and postures
Compare value/values
both refer to the symbolic expression of intrinsically desirable principles or qualities. this relationship also implies that moral norms and economic activity influence each other
spheres of exchange
bounded orders of value in which certain goods can be exchanged only for others. ex: ordinary subsistence goods, prestige goods, and rights in people (especially women and slaves)
Puberty rituals-male
boys participate in a prolonged series of rituals intended to strengthen, protect, and instruct them
Swidden
burned field
other animals use symbols and "__" systems instead of language
call systems
Potlatch
can be tied into the status of individuals or descent groups (i.e. it is a prestige economy) ceremonies associated with funerals, names, status, and privileges can be transferred to the person who is most generous
Potlatch
can be tied into the status of individuals or descent groups. Considered a "rite of passage"
taste
can refer to both the physical sensation on the tongue and social distinction & prestige
Benefits resulted by foraging ---> agricultural
can support larger and more complex socio-political arrangements, surpluses of resources
Sustainability
can we subsist in the long term, without destroying our environment
Herd Animals
cattle, camels, llamas and alpaca, yaks, reindeer, sheep, goats, horses, etc.
Herd animals
cattle, camels, llamas, alpaca, yaks, reindeer, sheep, goats, horses
herd animals
cattle, camels, llamas, alpaca, yaks, reindeer, sheep, goats, horses
herd animals
cattle, camels, llamas, yaks, reindeer, sheep, goats, horses
potlatch
ceremonies associated with funerals, names, status, and privileges can be transferred to the person who is most generous
what are majimia nuri used for?
ceremonies like those at new years
rights of passage
ceremonies marking important transitions in life such as the passage from being single to being married. fraternal rights of passage. Graduation is a rights of passage.
rites of passage
cerimonies that mark important transition phrase in an individual's life; birth or pubirty usually involved ritual activities
centralized political system
certain individuals and institutions hold power and control over resources -ex: chiefdoms and states
human sexuality is cultural constructed because
channel feeling, desires into a limited number of acceptable expressions
Globalization
characterized by movement or flow goods/services/people across borders (transnational)
which socio-political type can be best described as including: a centralized political system with hereditary leadership roles; have an emphasis on charismatic leadership; where social organization is organized around several independent family groups (whereby people can access wealth, status, and property); and where horticulture, pastoralism, and traditional agriculture are the preferred economic strategies?
chiefdoms
Cross-Cousins
children of parents' opposite-sex siblings (Father's sister's children; mother's brother's children)
Parallel Cousins
children of parents' same-sex sibling (Father's brother's children; mother's sister's children)
clang associations
choice of words is governed by sound ex. rhyming
Do other religions participate in fasting rites? How may they be similar versus different from santhara? How so?
christians practice Lent, Muslims have Ramadan, Hindu calendar events, all give up things
Ritual as Action
civil rights activism as a ritual ritual as political protest
Hmong traditional Marriage Customs (video)
clan groups are exogamous when a boy wants to marry a girl he "kidnaps" her and gives her gifts; a messenger from the boy's side goes to tell the family she is safe
The impact of micro cultures on research:
class, race, gender, and other microcultural factors may affect how local people will perceive and welcome an anthropologist
impaired social interaction
clinging and intruding on the personal space of others, exhibiting behaviors that are not culturally and socially acceptable
action theory
closely follows the daily activities and decision making processes of individual political leaders like chiefs in African villages or headmen in amazonian settlements
coercion vs. persuasion
coercion: persuasion by force or threats persuasion: persuasion through reasoning or argument
grammar
combined set of observations about rules
ADHD Categorization
combined type predominantly inattentive presentation Predominantly hyperactive/impulsive
Market
commerce through a price on goods in a market.
descent groups come from
common ancestor
The Commons
communal access to forest or pasture
Displacement
communicate about things not in environment
Rites of Intensification
community rites (worship or celebration) that re-affirm group membership and produce communitas
Rites of passage- transition
condition of having no social status
negatives of polygamy
conflict
Myanmar
conflict between Rohingya Muslims v. Majority Buddists
Mgmt of schizophrenia
connecting stress and symptom exacerbation med mgmt and side effects relaxation techniques social skills training daily living skills training hygiene reminders support services
indexicality
connection between a linguistic form and its social significance through the recognition of their repeated conjunction, an utterance that points to and helps to create a social identity
Sigmund Freud influence
conscious and unconscious behavior
Tchambuli
considerable female political power, men concerned with appearance, women concerned with work
Market
considered the most purely "economic" mode of exchange (in terms of social relations) Impersonal
avunculocal
couples live with the maternal uncle of the husband
how do culture ___ and ___ personality?
create and influence
Bigamy
crime of being married to more than one person without spouses consent
Horticulture (Shifting cultivation)
cultivation that makes intensive use of none of the factors of production: land, labor, capital, and machinery. Involves slash-and-burn technique. Vegetation is broken down, pests are killed, and the ashes remain to fertilize the soil. Crops are then sown, tended and harvested. Abandon a plot because of soil exhaustion or a thick weed cover.
agriculture
cultivation with animals/machinery- more productive--soil is used more intensely
gender is
cultural and ideological
Trademarking Racism (Pauline Strong)
cultural appropriation, strategic anti-essentialism
cultural evolution
cultural change over time; not to be confused with progress
gender roles
cultural expectations of roles for men and women
Value vs. Values
cultural morality not only varies but the variation in the moral/cultural values impacts how you value resources
10. Was the film presented using an ethnocentric view or using cultural relativism?
cultural relativism
Syncretisms
cultural, especially religious, mixes, emerging from acculturation
How do individual personalities make ___?
culture
___ (learned) is our primary adaptation
culture
exogamy
custom of marrying outside a social group to which one belongs. Lineage/clan and village
endogamy
custom of marrying within a social group to which a person belongs; social class/cast, ethnicity
Leveling Mechanism
custom that brings standouts back in line with community norms
non-centralized political systems have an emphasis on ___.
day-to-day experiences
in a kinship diagram, an "x" through a symbol means
deceased
women's status
decreased with pre-industrial and colonialism undermined but slowly improving with education
anergia
deficiency of energy
Household
defined by common residence and economic interests (not [always] the same)
circumstantiality
delay in reaching the point of a communication because of unnecessary and tedious details. Eventually get to the point.
Positive symptoms of schizophrenia
delusions, religiosity, paranoia, magical thinking, associative looseness, neologisms, concrete thinking, clang associations, word salad, circumstantiality, tangentiality, mutism, perseveration, hallucinations, illusions, echolalia, echopraxia, identification and imitation, depersonalization,
key insight of Broughton and Walton
demonstrates continuity and adaptability of gender roles and identities
Intimate Apartheid (Bourgois and Schonberg)
demonstrates how historically rooted systems of segregation and conflict operate at the interpersonal level among homeless addicts who survive on the street side-by-side
Industrial agriculturalist
dependent on investments in machinery, technology communications and information - patterned after manufacturing
bilateral descent
descent that is traced equally through both mother and father ancestors; associating each individual wth blood relatives in both sides of the family.
unilineal descent
descent traced exclusively through eathier the male or the female line of ancestry to establish group membership; sometimes called unilateral descent
matrilineal descent
descent traced exclusively through the female line of ancestry to establish group membership
patrilineal descent
descent traced exclusively through the male line of ancestry to establish group membership
value attribution
describes our tendency to imbue people or objects with certain qualities based on perceived value, rather than on objective data.
Pastoralism
developed at various sites in the grasslands of Afro-Eurasia because these places supported large mobile herds and nomadic lifestyle but not farming or cities.
Carolus Linnaues
developed four basic races of humans: American (red): obstinate, merry, free, and regulated by customs Asian (sallow): haughty, avaricious, governed by opinion European (white): sanguine, muscular, governed by laws African (black): crafty, indolent, negligent, governed by caprice
Tales from The Jungle (film)
difference between fieldwork and data, impact on arguments about samoan sexuality
Inequality
difference in size, degree, circumstances, etc.; lack of equality: social inequality
What makes individual and differences ____?
differences
misconceptions of foraging
difficult to find food, dangerous conditions, work long/hard, prone to illness/injury, consume mostly meat
sociolinguistic discrimination
discrimination based on how a person or group speaks
apathetic affect
disinterest in the environment
Non-Centralized Political Systems
dispersed power and resources commonly found in bands and tribes
Non-centralized political system
dispersed power and resources. Commonly found in tribes and bands
non-centralized political system
dispersed power and resources. Commonly found in tribes and bands
non-centralized political systems
dispersed powers and resources
ranked societies
distinctions in access to certain things; status/wealth based kinship, all get basic resources
Generalized Reciprocity
do not track the specific item being traded, exchanges will even out over time but not within any defined period or with urgency
generalized reciprocity
do not track the specific values of items traded (generosity)
Best of Friends and Worst of Enemies (Madhavan)
does polygyny foster competition or collaboration among cowives
household
domestic unit of one or more persons living in one residence. other than family members, a household may include non-relatives, such as servants
foragers (hunter/gatherer)
domesticated/sedentary-- helps to ward off predators, prevent theft, nurture/provide care, produce/store surpluses
hegemony
dominance of one social group over another by means of ideology; people come to believe that domination is in everyone's best interest
language =
dominant/official dialect
typical antipsychotics and shizophrenia
dopaminergic blockers with various affinity for cholinergic, adrenergic and histaminic receptors
Unique methods of C&P school
dream analysis, projective tests (Roeschaeh... ink blot), clinical interviews, children/adolescents
Common side effects of Risperidone
drowsiness increased appetite nasal congestion fatigue constipation drooling dizziness weight gain
comminutas
during the transition process, participants may gain an intense sense of community
characteristics of state societies include: a. high density living areas b. increased disease loads c. large population sizes d. increased bureaucracy e. all of the above
e
Substantive Economics
economic activities are embedded in social relations
prestige economies
economies in which people seek high social rank, prestige, and power instead of money and material wealth
Initiation Rituals
elaborate set of ceremonies that mark the transition from childhood to adulthood
sexual socialization
enculturation into sexual norms via observation and direct transmission
parallel cousin marriages are an example
endogamy
shared biological. needs do not ___.
ensure shared cultural patterns
mediation
entails third party who intervenes in a dispute to aid the parties in reaching an agreement
the patterns of kinship
eskimo, Hawaiian, sudanese, Omaha, crow, iroquois
Neolocal
establish separate residence, apart from both (usually associated with bilateral kindred)
Why is it problematic to judge Eastern religions using Western laws?
ethnocentrism, cultural relativity
What has happened to the Samburu since 2009?
evictions, torching homes, assaults, and theft of cattle by the government police
Lewis Henry Morgan
evolutionary cultural organization model - all cultures would go from savagery to barbarism to civilized and no one would go backwards
Lewis Henry Morgan's model
evolutionary cultural organization model - all cultures would go from savagery to barbarism to civilized and no one would go backwards
On pp. 130-131, Downs states that the Diné have been remarkably adaptive and culturally flexible, preserving their ethnic identity while undergoing change. Note some examples of this.
ex. a Navajo may have a new pickup truck but put an eagle a top of it which is a Navajo practice that assured speed. The Navajo may even refer to the truck as his horse.
Relationship of subsistence to other cultural domains (such as kinship or religion)
ex: cattle complex
Religiosity
excessive demonstration of obsession with religious ideas and behavior
obesity
excessive fatness
Hyperactivity
excessive psychomotor activity that may be purposeful or aimless, accompanied by physical movements and verbal utterances that are usually more rapid than normal. Inattention and distractability are common
Reciprocity
exchange of goods and services among people of equal status
silent trade
exchange of goods between mutually distrusting ethnic groups so as to avoid direct personal contact
balanced reciprocity
exchanges that are roughly equal in value and are exchanged at specific intervals or for specialized purposes
Balanced Reciprocity
exchanges that are roughly equal in value and are exchanged at specific intervals or for specialized purposes i.e. US giving gifts of equal value with gifts at weddings, birthdays, or buying a round of drinks
balanced reciprocity
exchanges that are roughly equal in value and are exchanged at specific intervals or for specialized purposes i.e. US giving gifts of equal value with gifts at weddings, birthdays, or buying a round of drinks
Balanced Reciprocity
exchanges that are roughly equal in value are exchanged at specific intervals or for specialized purposes
Balanced Reciprocity
exchanges that are roughly equal in value that are exchanged at specific intervals or for specialized purposes
Generalized Reciprocity
exchanges that keeps no accounts because it implies a relation of permanent mutual commitment
cross cousin marriages are an example of
exogamy
Balanced reciprocity is
expectation of return within specified time limit, values are typically equal (sometimes paid with interest)
homestead
extended family unit reside on this land specifically talking about the related females
positives of polygamy
extends alliances, not all bad for women
paranoia
extreme suspiciousness of others
Pastoralists consume more animal meat compared to all other subsistence strategies that we discussed. Hence, the general strategy associated with this practice is for individuals to gain as many animals as possible to be successful in a pastoral economy.
false
true/false: it would be beneficiary to have a large surplus of goods if you lived in a nomadic society.
false
true/false: shinto people believe in one god.
false
true/false: the Suzu believe that the sea is evil, that is why they take fish from it.
false
true/false: during potlach ceremonies, the highest status members do not participate, they are only given gifts.
false highest status members are expected to participate the most generously
true/false: redistribution systems are socially structured, but they are not dynamic.
false redistribution systems are both socially structured and dynamic
hallucinations
false sensory perceptions not associated with real external stimuli ex) auditory, visual, tactile, gustatory, olfactory
traditional agriculture
farming based on human labor; only about 2-5% of the modern world; before WWII
sustainable agriculture
farming based on integrating goals of environmental health, economic productivity, and economic equity
Slash-and-burn
farming method in tropical regions in which the farmer slashes and burns small areas of forest to release plant nutrients into the soil
Slash-and-burn (swidden horticulture)
farming method in tropical regions in which the farmer slashes and burns small areas of forest to release plant nutrients into the soil
slash-and-burn
farming method in tropical regions in which the farmer slashes and burns small areas of forest to release plant nutrients into the soil
Phillip de Sassure
father of linguistics
depersonalization
feelings of unreality
in a kinship diagram, a circle means
female
Reasons for women marriage in Nuer
females marry in order to keep farm in the family. They have an illegitimate child with a side guy in hopes to produce a son to inherit the farm.
burning creates
fertilizer and stability
why does polygyny exist?
few men, excess women; post party sex taboo; delayed marriage
Egalitarian
few possessions, little accumulation of wealth, no specialized knowledge
what is the Suzu fish auction?
fish is sold very quickly through a code language that no one knows unless they are initiated. everything is sold in a matter of minutes
cultural economics
focuses on the symbols and morals that shape a culture's economy
Richard Lee's the hunters: Scarce resources of the Kalahari" provides a case study of what?
food collecting (aka foraging, hunting, and gathering) as substance strategy
Subsistence economies
food for themselves and family
industrial agriculture
food production for sale and profit
Ritual
formal, repetitive, stereotyped behavior; based on a liturgical order
who sold and bought the samburu's lands and why?
former kenyan president daniel moi sold the lands to the african wildlife foundation. they bought the land because they thought it was free of human residence
Girls' Sing (kinaldáá)
four day ceremony announcing a girls' first menstrual period
do muslim women need saving?
freedom ethnocentrism cultural relativism
Sex, Lies, and Conversation (Tannen)
gender and language, socialization, and non-verbal communication
what are some social/cultural patterns
gender, social position, race, occupation
which reciprocity signifies close social ties?
generalized reciprocity
Types of Reciprocity
generalized, balanced, negative
• French sociologist Marcel Mauss (1872-1950), along with many economic anthropologist, would say that
gift giving is less about the gift itself and more about the social relationships
Why have gift giving economies been researched so heavily by anthropologists?
gifts are represent a clear example o the way in which economic activities are embedded in social relations.
Puberty rituals-female
girls have a 4 day puberty ceremony to publicly acknowledge their attainment of adulthood.
generalized reciprocity
giving and receiving goods with no immediate or specific return expected
examples of rites of passage
graduation marriage ceremonies bar and bat mitzvahs fraternity/sorority initiations vision quests births deaths
example of rite of passage
graduation, marriage, frat/srat initiations, bar mitzvah, birth, death, vision quest, rumspringa
Disadvantage of Cultivation
greater labor input, time and energy costs (preparation, planting, weeding, restoring nutrients)
pros of changing from horticulture to Ag
greater surpluses, helps individual get food, population and density increases, frees population to do other jobs
bride wealth
groom's family pays bride's family/ both sides have vested interests/ low status for women/ women significant in subsistence(household economy)/ women contribute more than men
nuclear family
group consisting of one or two parents and dependent offspring, which may include a stepparent, stepsiblings, and adopted children. until recently this term referd only to mother, father, and children (unit)
social bond
group formation
Basseri of Iran (video)
group of people who are pastorlists in iran keeps herds of animals and migrate seasonally Nomadic Pastoral cyclical pastoralists Wealth of herds: men PATRILINEAL society Men are emphasized in social world Iraq and Iran want to build roads through but Basseri resist want their rights metaphors of pastoralism
word salad
group of words that put together in a random fashion
kindred
grouping of blood relatives based on bilateral descent! include all relatives with whom EGO shares at least one grandparent, great-grandparent, or even great-great grandparent on his or her father's and mother's side
age grades
groupings of age mates who are initiated into adulthood together
nomadism
groups of people continually migrate to find pastures and water.
guanxi and renqing
guanxi-informal webs of social relationships individuals create and use to pursue their own ends. renqing- effective interpersonal relationships between kin and close friends.
Ranked society
have distinctions in access or acquisition of status and wealth based on kinship exist, but access to basic resources do not have important restrictions
ranked
have distinctions in access or acquisition of status and wealth based on kinship exist, but access to basic resources do not have important restrictions
ranked society
have distinctions in access or acquisition of status and wealth based on kinship exist, but access to basic resources do not have important restrictions
Ranked society - centralized political system
have distinctions in access or acquisition of status and wealth based on kinship exist, but access to basic resources do not have important restrictions there are few high-ranked positions available kin groups and their members can be ranked, with greater ranks obtaining greater rewards
polygyny
having more than one wife at the same time. a form of polygamy
Evaluate the statement "With a clap of his hands the Holy Man declares that ban or no ban, "One hundred percent I will perform santhara," and adds, "I will not be committing suicide." What do you think that Dharamchand Shastri means? And how may he differentiate santhara and suicide?
he called it the right to life; for their next life
Recovery model
healing and transformation enabling a person with mental illness to live a meaningful life in the community while striving to achieve his/her full potential
overweight
heavier than the standard weight range for your height
pastoralism
herding
Pastoralism
herding animals
what is an example of an ascribed status?
hereditary features
chiefdom
hierarchical political organization based on kinship, leadership is monopolized by senior leaders of the families
Hunting
high risk, low return
industrial agriculture characteristics
highly mechanized, sharp class division, consumer separated from land and food
nomadic
highly mobile
nomadic
highly mobile, low population density
Contraindications for wellbutrin
history of seizures, eating disorders
function fo endogamy
hold onto resources, retaining privileges and wealth within group
subsistence strategies
how environmental resources are transformed into food
Subsistence Strategy
how people fulfill their material requirements, especially for food
subsistence
how they transform environmental resources into food
regulation of sexual access
human sexual biology, ensure the care of children who have a prolonged infant dependency
Sahlin's "original affluent society"
hunter-gatherer societies
The Sahlin's "Original affluent society"
hunter-gatherer societies
who did Sahlins call the original affluent society
hunter-gatherers (foragers); this was because they were viewed as a refined mode of subsistence
deterioration in appearance
impaired personal grooming and self-care activities
volition
impairment in the ability to initiate goal-directed activity
Cultural Imperialism
imposition by one usually politically or economically dominant community of various aspects of its own culture onto another, nondominant community
progress
in anthropology, a relative concept signifying that a society or country is moving forward to a better, more advanced Stage, and it's cultural development toword greater perfection.
parellel evolution
in cultural evolution, the development of similar cultural adaptations to similar environmental conditions by Peoples whose ancestral cultures were already somewhat alike.
convergent evolution
in cultural evolution, the development of similar culture adaptions to similar enviormental conditions by different people with different ancestral cultures.
where is santhara/sellekhana practiced & by which religion?
in india by a tiny faith of Jainism
fission
in kinship studies, the splitting of a descent group into two or more new descent groups
man the hunter
in largely egalitarian foraging societies, men usually hunt and women usually gather because of child care constraints on mobility; men acquire high status because they are associated with meat
Potlatch
in these ceremonies, names, status, and privileges can be transferred to the person who is most generous (the person who puts themselves in the most debt for the benefit of the community)
mutism
inability or refusal to speak
anhedonia
inability to experience pleasure
behavior therapy and schizophrenia
inability to generalize to community setting after client has been discharged
Animism
inanimate objects such as trees, rocks, cliffs, hills, and rivers were animated by spiritual forces or beings
Rites of passage- reintegration
incorporation into a new social status
Beef Consumption has ___
increased
Consequences resulted by foraging ---> agriculture
increased disease, increased waste, increased labor, reduced mobility
cons of changing from horticulture to AG
increased labor requirements, reduced mobility, environment play much larger role, increased disease and waste
marital changes in the US
increasing divorce rates in the 1960's results in more single mother households and remarriage results in more "blended families,"
nation state
independent political unit recognized by other states and composed of people who share a single national identity -population considers itself to share a common culture, language, heritage, identity, or commitment to their political institutions
nation-state
independent states recognized by other states and composed of people who share single national identity
direct indexicality
indexes that are understood (e.g. "I'll do it mañana" signals you as congenial, down-to-earth, folksy person.).
3 rites of passage-separation
individual is removed (restricted) from his or her former status
redistribution systems
individuals may provide and obtain resources permanently, either for free or for a fee
(re)incorporation
individuals re-enter society. if they have successfully achieved their transitions this change is then usually publicly marked by elaborate rituals and ceremonies
3 rites of passage- [re]incorporation
individuals re-enter the normal society
"The Beauty Myth" (Urla and Swedlund)
industry has a profit interest in making women feel like they aren't good enough-- always need to be refined and reshaped, always need to be consuming more
hypothesis 2 of female subordination
influence of European colonialism; privileging of men by colonial systems of political rule and economic exchange, disrupted egalitarianism that was characteristic of some native species
why is incest taboo universal?
instinctive horror
communitas
intense feeling of community
Agriculture
intensive crop cultivation, employing plows, fertilizers, and Slash or irrigation.
Agriculture
intensive cultivation, irrigation, draft animals, heavy equipment, more production of fewer crops (contrast with horticulture)
agriculturalists characteristics
intensive cultivation, permanent fields, draught animals with plows, irrigation and soil control, fertilization, more control, specialization
Cultivation
intentionally promoting the growth of certain plants for human use Create an artificial plant community (simplified)
perception
interpretation of stimuli through the senses
heterosexuality was
invented in the victorian era when sex was for pro-creation only
Barter
involves haggling and bargaining, but not the use of money
The term commodity generally means
is associated with impersonal relations, the market, and the buyer's lack of connection in production.
fiat money
is created and guaranteed by a government. ex: American dollar bills
egalitarian principles
is the position that equality is central to justice, that all individuals are entitled to equal respect, and that all human persons are equal in fundamental worth or moral status
Tribute
is the rendering of goods, including foods, to an authority such as a chief to be allocated
Symptoms to report immediately related to liver damage
itching, dark urine, right upper quadrant pain, yellow skin/eyes, sore throat, fever, malaise
what is an example of a rite of passage?
jewish bar mitzvah
Iroquois system
kinship Reckoning in which a father and fathe's brother are referred to be a single term, as are a mother and a mother sister, but a father's sister and the mother's brother a given separate terms. parallel cousins are classified with brothers and sisters, where is Cross cousins are classified separately but not equated with relatives of some other generation.
what are the majimia nuri?
lacquer ball made out of wood
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
language creates thinking, shapes and controls perception and worldview
Sociolinguistics
language shapes culture and culture shapes language/ verbal and nonverbal communication
extensive use of land
large tract of land with little help of chemicals and fertilizer to grow same amount of food as intensive
industry food production
large-scale businesses involved in Mass food productions, processing, and marketing, which primarily rely on laborsaving machines.
male group socialization
larger, inclusive, more hierarchical groups involving competition for status
state
leadership is based on written laws, and more complex and than tribal
Local Scale Market
less dependent on external market forces. Limited in the product categories they sell. Labor is often is part-time, and in some cultures women will dominate these spaces.
local exchange market
less dependent on external market forces. Limited in the product categories they sell. Labor is often is part-time, and in some cultures women will dominate these spaces.
which phase of the rite of passage is communitas found in?
liminal
in a kinship diagram, shading means
lineage
concrete thinking
literal interpretations of the environment
egalitarian principles
little to no distinctions of status; leadership is temporary/situational needs; gender, age, skills can influence roles and positions
Patrilocal
live with or near husband's family
Matrilocal
live with or near wife's family
what is the main difference between global and local markets?
local markets are less dependent on external market forces
hogan
log, stone, and earth made house which may be six or eight sided and is made out of logs a sacred home for the Dine people who practice traditional religion
individual psychotherapy and schizophrenia
long term therapeutic approach difficult due to interpersonal functioning helpful if on meds
Pastoralism Characteristics
low population densities, common land, trade with agriculturalists, accumulation of animals
Gathering
low risk, high return
sandpainting
made by a chanter, that believes the sand painting will heal the individual. the sand painting may not be reproduced in any form.
neologisms
made up words that have meaning only to the person who invents them
hozhó ("walking in beauty")
maintaining beauty which is a balance in the Navajo's life between their people (neighbors and family), spirits (holy people), land (don't overgraze)
in a kinship diagram, a triangle means
male
Sororate
man marries relative (usually sister) of deceased wife
contemporary examples of hunters and gathers
marginal environments like desert and arctic (Inuit)
state societies--class and caste structures
marked distinctions, some deny even the basic resources
what is the principle exchange system in many societies today?
markets
___ exists in almost every culture
marriage
Polygny
marriage between a man and multiple women
polygamy
marriage form in which one individual has multiple spouses at same time
Arranged Marriages
marriage in which partners are not chosen by each other but by their families, on the basis of family status, religion, and wealth.
group marriage
marriage in which several men and women have sexual access to one another; also called co-marriage
Exogamy
marriage outside a particular group or category of individuals.
monogamy
marriage to only one person at a time (birth partners have just one spouse)
Endogamy
marriage within a particular group or category of individual
kinship influence on behavior
marriage, rights, inheritance, responsibility, career, succession
incest
marriage/sexual relations with close relatives; universally taboo
in a kinship diagram, an = means
married
Endogamy
marries someone in their own group (race, religion, class, ethnicity) Common in the US
Exogamy
marry outside ones own group (brand, village, clan, etc.)
Endogamy
marry within ones own group (class, caste, religion, "racial" category, etc.)
matrilineal/matrilineage
maternal lineage
homosexuality examples
mati work amongst Surihamese women, machismo in Nicaragua
unilineal descent
matrilineal or patrilineal, traced through either line but not both
Navajo (origin of term)
means "long cultivated fields" as used by Father Benavides
money
means of exchange use to make payments for other goods and services as well as to measure their value
social control
mechanisms that regulate individual and group behavior with the goal of instilling conformity
singer (hatli, chanter)
medicine man that sings and is paid by other Navajos to heal them of ailments performs the Squaw Dance
Fasting to the death
members of Jainism in India practice santhara or sallekhana or fasting to move on to the next life- gateway to the next birth
report talk
men tend to privilege the collection and presentation of information in their communication
Subsistence strategy
method by which a society acquires its food resources
Gandhi- satyagraha
militant nonviolence
illusions
misperceptions of real external stimuli
Horticulturalists
mode of cultivation focused on small gardens or fields to support basic family needs
agriculture
mode of cultivation in which animals or machinery are used to produce crops. soils are used more intensively, so more crops are produced per land parcel
horticulturalists
mode of cultivation in which hand tools powered by human muscles are used
Taxes
monies are collected and used (redistributed) for the whole community or country
taxes
monies are collected and used (redistributed) for the whole community or country
Taxes
monies are collected and used for the whole community or country
Values
moral norms - symbolic expressions intrinsically desirable principles or qualities
Horticulture Economies
more dense populations, more sedentary, social differentiations are minimal
learning a language becomes
more difficult after age 6 and especially after puberty
advantages of extended family
more land and keep land intact
bands
most simple form of society, no larger than extended family
Hunters and Gatherers
most to all of their subsistence (how they transform environmental resources into food) is based on gathering, hunting, and fishing of wild materials
Foragers (Hunters and Gatherers)
most to all of their subsistence (how they transform environmental resources into food) is based on gathering, hunting, and fishing of wild materials adaptations are focused on mobility - foragers tend to be nomadic (highly mobile) and have low population density this was the primary mode of subsistence for the majority of human existence live in structures that range from temporary to permanent
Revitalization Movements
movements aimed at altering or revitalizing a society
How were the police acting illegally?
murdered a community elder
Sudan
muslims vs. traditional groups, and Nuer vs. Dinka
Reciprocity
mutual exchange
Repricocity
mutual exchange, behavior in which two people or groups of people give each other help and advantages
What did Margaret Mead do in England?
national character studies
discrimination
negative or unfair treatment based on group membership or identity; can be structural, individual, explicit, or disguised
informal economy
network of producing and circulating marketable commodities, labor, and services that for various reasons escape government control
kinship
network of relatives into which individuals are born and married, and with whom they corporate based on customarily prescribed rights and obligations
Isolated children can learn language but
never achieve fluency
bilocal
newly wed can choose who to live with
patrilocal
newly wed couple moves in with husband's parents
matrilocal
newly wed couple moves in with wife's parents
neolocal
newly wed couple moves to a new place
egocentric
no 2 people share the same kindred (except siblings)
agnosia
no awareness of having disorder
dowry economic security for women
no control, not productive, not enough --> domestic violence
gathering, hunting, and fishing leads to
no direct food production, low population density, nomadic people, egalitarian, minimal trade, and no individual land ownership
Generalized reciprocity is
no expectation of immediate return, values not specified, assumption that exchanges more are less balance out
Desired outcomes for ADHD
no self harm Increased self-esteem & interpersonal interactions
Mundugumor
no significant difference in temperamental traits; aggressive society
Arapesh
no significant difference in temperamental traits; peaceful society, cooperative and nurturing
are local markets always simply about material transactions?
no, services can be provided too
Paralanguage
noises and tone
pastoralists
nomads who kept herds of livestock on which they depended for most of their food
reciprocity economy
non market exchange of goods or labor which range from immediate exchange to forms of gift exchange where return is eventually expected
Characteristics of band populations include:
none of the above
inbreeding and genetic defect
not enough data to determine
kinship ideology
not monolithic, rules broken, can change
Frederick Douglass critiques of racial theories
nurture, not nature; social environment explains unfortunate conditions of blacks and other impoverished people
Three types of agriculture:
o Extensive agriculture (aka horticulture, swidden agriculture, or slash-and-burn agriculture) o Intensive agriculture o Mechanized industrialized agriculture
Why is giving a gift considered to be a power move?
o Gaining prestige o Establishing control o Indebting others
generalizations about food collecting as a way of life , some common characteristics include:
o Seasonal nomadism and seasonal rounds o Division of labor based on age and gender o Little or no specialization o Political leadership is temporary and situational (e.g. headman) o Small populations and low population densities (political units often less than 200 people) o Egalitarianism (e.g. few differences in wealth prestige access to resources) o Generalized reciprocity (e.g. less description of meat sharing)
What are the three approaches to the question of decision making and human nature
o Self interest model o Social model o Moral model
transition
often several learning activities and/or experiences are emphasized, or this period may include specific trials that bring about a change in status and/or identity
Monogamy
one person married to one (and only one) other person
Polygamy
one person married to two or more other people
unilinear descent
one side of family, non-overlapping, unambiguous group membership
Polyandry
one woman married to more than one man
productivity
open system, infinite combinations (Never before heard)
what is an example of generalized reciprocity?
parents giving their children a car
marriage residence types
patrilocal, matrilocal, avunculocal, bilocal, and neolocal
syntax
patterns and rules for constructing phrases
Negative Reciprocity
people attempt to get the better deal, or create debts for others
negative reciprocity
people attempt to get the better deal, or create debts for others i.e. the Navajo tried to get as much as possible without giving up very much to an outsider
sedentism
people live permanently in one place instead of moving to find food
affinal kin
people related through marriage
consumers
people who rely on goods and services not of their own making
domestication
peoples control of plants/animals to increase usefulness
perseveration
persistent repetition of the same word or idea in response to different questions
achieved
personality, skills, approval of members to gain status
Persuasion
persuading someone to voluntarily change their belief or action
strategies employed by leaders
persuasive and coercive; charisma and social influence; force and authority
Sexual Characteristics
physical and behavioral traits of an organism that indicate its biological sex
origin of language
physical changes of larynx and brain
Characteristics of liminal phase
physical, mental, emotional challenges that bring about change in status.
William Herschel
pioneered use of finger and hand prints as identity markers in colonial India for purpose of guaranteeing contractual obligations
plural marriages
polygyny or polyandry
problems with pastoralism
population growth, settlement, drought, and conservation
Cargo Cults
post-colonial, acculturative, religious movements in post-colonial Melanesia
neolocality
postmarital residence pattern in which a couple establishes a new place of residence rather than living with or near either set of parents
negative reciprocity
potentially hostile exchanges among strangers
non-centralized political system
power and control over resources are dispersed among members of the society -ex: bands and tribes
gender ideology influences
power and status, individual and group identities, kinship, hierarchy and social controls, thinking
Coercion
practice of persuading someone to do something by using threats or force
Coercison
practice of persuading someone to do something by using threats or force
Goldstein
predicted that people would abandon polyandry when other income earning opportunities became available
prejudice
preformed, usually unfavorable opinions that people hold about those who belong to groups different from their own
Various ways in which economic success may be measured. Is it always about the accumulation of wealth and income?
prestige economies are economies where people participate seeking to establish or maintain rank, prestige, and power rather for a direct material benefit
Imitative magic
principle in society that involves voodoo dolls or animal skulls. correspondence involved "like produces like"
Contagious magic
principle in sorcery that involves power coming from contact. spitting alcohol, blowing smoke, holding hot peppers in mouth
Horticulture
production of plant crops with simple technologies
Economic Activity
production, distribution (or exchange), consumption
linguistic profiling
profiling based on auditory cues; to make usually negative assumptions about the characteristics and behaviors of another person based on the way they talk
racial profiling
profiling based on visual cues
incest taboo
prohibition of sexual relations between closely related individuals
Taboos
prohibitions against acting in certain ways that offend animal spirits
Ancestor Veneration
promotes solidarity and continuity of the lineage or household
Rites of passage
public ceremony that marks, recognizes, celebrates, or is believed to actually cause a change in a person and his or her status, often brought about or related to increasing age.
Rite of Passage
public ceremony that marks, recognizes, celebrates, or is believed to actually cause a change in a person/his status, often related to increasing age (graduation, driver's license, first communion, etc)
Rites of Passage
public ceremony that marks, recognizes, celebrates, or is believed to actually cause a change in a person/his status, often related to increasing age (graduation, driver's license, first communion, etc)
no direct food production leads to
rarity of food shortage and less time working
transactional orders
realms of transactions a community uses, each with its own set of symbolic meanings and moral assumptions
Distribution ("modes of exchange")
reciprocity, redistribution, market exchange
biometrics
recognizing humans on basis of traits such as: face, fingerprints, iris, hand geometry, DNA, body odor, handwriting, voice pattern, gait
what is the purpose of potlach?
redistribution
generalized reciprocity
refers to giving something without the expectation of return, at least not in the near future
political power
refers to how power is created and enacted to attain goals that are presumed to be for the good of a community--the common good
horizontal migration
refers to movement across a large area in search of whatever grazing lands may be available
limited purpose money
refers to objects that can be exchanged only for certain things
Foraging
refers to searching for edible plant and animal foods without domesticating them; Hunter-gatherers who obtain their subsistence through a combination of collecting foods and hunting prey
phase 3: rites of passage
reincorperation: the individual has undergone the education or trials and is now back in the community with a new status or name PARTY!
incorporation stage
reintegrated into society with a new role
Antimodernism
rejecting the modern for a presumed earlier, better, purer way
consanguineal
related by blood
growth and development of identity
relationship to surrounding social environment
politics
relationships and processes of cooperation, conflict, social control, and power that are fundamental aspects of human life
Kin
relatives
indirect indexicality
reliance on stereotypes (typically negative) to make sense
World-Rejecting Religions
religions that focus more on the sacred than the mundane (e.g. Christianity)
Hijras
religious followers of the Hindu Mother Goddess, Bahuchara Mata, who is often depicted and described as transgender. Most hijras are born as men, though some may be intersex.
mana
religious power or energy that is concentrated in individuals or objects
kinship ritual
religious; example: Thanksgiving
Hunter-Gatherers (foragers)
rely heavily on wild/game animals, natural stands of vegetation Conventional view: no attempt to control the reproduction of plants and animals
Michael Pollan
republic of fat, over nutrition, high fructose corn syrup, supersizing
Fallow
rest period: allow soil dot replenish itself
regression
retreat to an earlier level of development
residual phase of schizophrenia
return to prodromal levels, mild symptoms, impairment of functioning, no delusions or hallucinations. Flat affect
Rites of Passage
rites marking transitions between places, or stages of life
what is the abi koto?
ritual where a man contacts his spirit in nature to help him with his crops
Secular Rituals
ritual-like behavior that occurs in a secular context
Gandhi- Fasting
ritualized "starvation" as political action
Kula
ritualized pattern of delayed gift-giving involving the exchange of many items
Kula
ritualized pattern of delayed gift-giving involving the exchange of many items including necklaces and bracelets.
Gandhi- Swadeshi
ritualized spining to symbolize independence and freedom
Faith and Fun (Deeb and Harb)
role of jurisprudence in Islam, the practice of piety in Islam, moral rubric, flexibility and responsibility
Taboo
sacred and forbidden, prohibition backed by supernatural sanctions
Francis Galton
search for heritable characteristics or race through anthropometrics; received Herschel's notes on subject of fingerprints, understood their potential to be used as identifiers
Common side effects of antipsychotics
sedating weight gain N/V Photosensitivity Orthostatic hypotension Skin rash
Common side effects of Aripiprazole
sedation fatigue weight gain vomiting somnolence tremor
three phases of rite of passage
separation, liminality, and incorporation
phase 1: rites of passage
separation: losing old names, wearing new clothes
ideology
set of beliefs promoted by a powerful group to justify its power over another
3 rites of passage- liminal/transition
several activities take place that bring about a change in status
Chatele the orangutan
several hundred ASL signs and understood some spoken language
marriage regulates
sexual access
What was Nakuro's story? Why is it important?
she was a mother, community member, and told her story and witnessed things happening to her fellow people
Characterize the symbolic associations of sheep and feelings of people toward their animals in Diné culture.
sheep serve as wealth and as a level of well-being of the family meaning if the family unit is doing well the sheep are tended to well. the Dine culture love their sheep
why polyandry?
shortage of women (infanticide); arable land shortage (avoid dividing); birth control
swidden agriculture
slash and burn; a farming method in tropical regions in which the farmer slashes and burns small area of forest to release plant nutrients into the soil - as soil fertility declines, the farmer allows the plot to regenerate to forest
swidden horticulture is another name for which society?
slash-and-burn
morpheme
smallest units with meaning
why study kinship?
social bond, influence on behavior, ritual, political and economics
market economies
social institution used to exchange goods and services, often using a currency
Market
social institution where goods and services are exchanged, often using a currency
arranged marriage
social obligation and commitment to a larger group
dialect is caused by
social or geographical barriers
Caste society
social stratification where membership is hereditary, strata are endogamous, and contact/relationships between strata are prohibited or otherwise limited - social mobility between castes is not allowed; greatly marked distinctions
Caste society - centralized political systems
social stratification where membership is hereditary, strata are endogamous, and contact/relationships between strata are prohibited or otherwise limited - social mobility between castes is not allowed; greatly marked distinctions
caste society
social stratification where membership is hereditary, strata are endogamous, and contact/relationships between strata are prohibited or otherwise limited - social mobility between castes is not allowed; greatly marked distinctions
caste system
social stratification--hereditary-no changes
descent group
social unit whose members claim common ancestry.
racialization
social, economic, and political processes of categorizing populations into races and creating racial meanings
Hypodescent
societies that regard some races of people as dominant or superior and others as subordinate or inferior, mainly in US, children of mixed unions assigned to the minority group
Ecclesiastical Societies
societies with a full-time priesthood
agriculturalists
society in which the principal technology is growing crops
Lewis Henry Morgan
society primarily advances through food production started as hunter/gatherer (savagery) progressed to settled agriculture (barbarism) arrived at advanced agriculture (civilization)
fallow
soil replenishes
centralized political systems
some individuals hold power/control
Centralized Political Systems
some individuals or institutions hold power and control over resources
group therapy and schizophrenia
some success if occurring over the long-term course of illness
Navajo (Diné)
southwest, live in hogans, weaving, sheep are sacred
ASD stereotypical movements
spinning, flapping hands, clapping ears, rocking, shifting, walking on tip toes
affinal kin
spouses and in-laws, those related through marriage
Rights of passage stages
stage 1-separation stage 2-liminal- ambiguous state of being between two identities stage 3- reincorporation- the final piece or assurance of the right of passage.
progress theory
states sedentary lifestyle is easier and less dangerous--targeted to western society
Ascribed Status
status that one is born into and cannot be easily changed
Ascribed status
status that one is born into and cannot easily (or ever) change
ascribed status
status that one is born into and cannot easily (or ever) change
Ascribed Status
status that one is born into and cannot easily (or ever) change. Ex. caste, biological sex, hereditary features, etc.
ascribed
status that one is born into-cant change
moka
strategy for gaining political leadership that involves exchanging gifts and favors with individuals and sponsoring large feasts where further gift-giving occurs
class
stratification system that is perceived as allowing for social mobility. this may be a result of marriage, or altered through other increases/decreases in access to power, wealth, and prestige based on luck, hard-work, etc.
caste
stratification system where membership is hereditary, strata are endogamous, and contract/relationships between strata are prohibited or limited
communitas
structureless phase, unity and equality with other people going through the same things
Pierre Bourdieu
studied the French educational system to understand the relationship among class, culture, and power. Uncovered Social reproduction.
neoclassical economics
studies how people make decisions to allocate resources like time, labor, and money in order to maximize their personal satisfaction
Warning re: CNS stimulants
sudden death r/t cardiovascular disease
Advantage of Cultivation
support more people per unit of land
What food is common to find being prepared by street vendors in the market place?
sushi
Subsistence
sustaining oneself; obtaining food, clothing, shelter
code switching
switching back and forth between one linguistic variant and another depending on the cultural context
Rites of passage- separation
symbolic break with previous social status
How meds treat ASD
symptoms only esp aggression, deliberate self-injury, temper tantrums, quickly changing moods
Morphology
system of creating words from sounds
Phonology
system of sounds
Class system
system of stratification that can be altered (allows mobility) by marriage or other increases in access to power, wealth, and prestige; greatly marked distinctions
Class system - centralized political systems
system of stratification that can be altered (allows mobility) by marriage or other increases in access to power, wealth, and prestige; greatly marked distinctions
class system
system of stratification that can be altered (allows mobility) by marriage or other increases in access to power, wealth, and prestige; greatly marked distinctions
Class
system of stratification that may be altered through marriage, or status may be altered through other increases/decreases in access to power, wealth, and prestige
class system
system of stratification-can be altered
centralized political systems
system where some individuals or institutions hold power and control over resources
Centralized Political Systems
system where some individuals or institutions hold power and control over resources commonly found in chiefdom and states
Centralized political system
system where some individuals or institutions hold power and control over resources. Commonly found in chiefdom or states
Program of Assertive Community Treatment
team approach case management providing comprehensive, community-based psychiatric treatment, rehabilitation and support to persons with serious and persistent mental illness
example of ritual
thanksgiving Easter nag panchami
simple ranked system
that ranks individuals in terms of their genealogical distance from the chief. Closer relatives of the chief have higher rank or social status than more distant ones
How do the Diné adapt to the seasonal availability of resources?
the Dine adapt by moving hogans having at least two
In general, how are traders influencing culture change on the reservation?
the Navajo was able to obtain material goods from the outside world from the trader such as kerosene lamps, coffee, hand ground corn flour, and manufactured goods that the Navajo can't access without the trader.
What cultural changes stemmed from Diné men's raiding activities in the Desert Southwest during the Spanish colonial era?
the Navajo went from being a bilateral society to a matrilineal. the women stayed home and took care of the sheep.
"We belong to the land"
the Samburu refused to accept a deal for relocation- soldiers told them they were on the president's land and needed to leave immediately
What may happen to the Samburu way of life since lands are now being purchased rapidly by private owners and annexed by the government?
the Samburu way—cyclical movement with the cattle—may no longer be viable
what february ritual is "the spirit of the rice field" about?
the abi koto
Liminality
the abiguous transitional state in a rite of passage in which the person or persons undergoing the ritual are outside their ordinary social position
lactase persistence
the ability to continue producing lactate in adulthood
power
the ability to exercise one's will over others
consumption
the act of using and assigning meaning to a good, service, or relationship
negative reciprocity
the attempt to get something for nothing, to haggle one's way into a favorable personal outcome
Polytheism
the belief of multiple deities. examples are Hinduism and Ancient Greek Gods
Pastoralism
the breeding and managing of migratory herds of domesticated grazing animals, such as goats, sheep, cattle, llamas, and camels.
animal husbandry
the breeding, care, and use of domesticated herding animals such as cattle, camels, goats, hordes, llamas, reindeer, and yaks
Market exchange
the buying and selling of goods and services, with prices set by rules of supply and demand
market exchange
the buying and selling of goods and services, with prices set by rules of supply and demand
strategic anti-essentialism
the calculated use of a cultural form, outside of your own, to define yourself or your group (George Lipsitz)
parallel cousin
the child of a father's brother or a mother's sister
Redistribution
the collection and distribution of goods by a centralized authority
redistribution
the collection and distribution of goods by a centralized authority
Redistribution
the collection and distribution of goods by centralized authority
Redistribution
the collection and distribution of goods by centralized authority tribute & taxes
division of labor
the cooperative organization of work into specialized tasks and roles
horticulture
the cultivation of gardens or small fields to meet the basic needs of a household
horticulture
the cultivation of gardens or small fields to meet the basic needs of a household; i.e. subsistence agriculture sedentary lifestyle (living in one place)
Changing Woman
the daughter of First Man and First Woman. She was allowed to mate with the Sun and produced to twins (the hero twins). These twins slayed the monsters plaguing the earth and the people.
Social Distance
the degree to which cultural norms specify that individuals or groups should be helpful to, imitate with, or emotionally attached to one another
Social Distance
the degree to which cultural norms specify that individuals or groups should be helpful to, intimate with, or emotionally attached to one another
Social Distance
the degree to which cultural norms specify that individuals or groups should be helpful to, intimate with, or emotionally attached to one another the closer the relationship is perceived to be, the more that will be shared with little to no expectation of return
nomenclature
the devising or choosing of names for things
surplus value
the difference between what people produce and what they need to survive
structural functionalism
the different structures of society (religion, politics, kinship, etc.) function in an integrated way to maintain social order and equilibrium
capitalism
the economic system based on private ownership of the means of production, in which prices are set and goods are distributed through a market-- emerged in Europe
what is the relationship between the Kami and farmers?
the farmers believe that kami are spirits that live in their fields. they invite them into their homes to live with them for a few months, where they provide them baths and meals.
Window Rock (Arizona)
the governmental capital of the Navajo Nation
structuralism
the human mind creates meaning and understanding by making patterned oppositions and contrasts
"Cattle Complex" of East Africa
the idea that east African pastorals have been irrationally overemphasizing their cattle in culturally determined ways leading to overgrazing and poor-quality animals cattle represent social status/wealth and are central to the economy/philosophy people cannot imagine their life without livestock present in rituals/everyday life; essential basis for food and source of material culture
language continuum
the idea that variation in language appears gradually over distance
Symbolic Culture
the ideas associated with a cultural group, including ways of thinking (beliefs, values, and assumptions) and ways of behaving (norms, interactions, and communication)
Liminality
the in-between phase of a passage rite
separation
the individual is removed from his other former status and/or identity
why is language loss a bad thing?
the information with the languages is lost as well as the language
agroecology
the integration of the principles of ecology into agricultural production
What is happening to the Samburu's lands?
the islands are being taken away by the government- or they are trying to
Intensive production system
the land use strategy is dependent on bringing nutrients into a land parcel without moving to allow natural replenishment agricultural
Extensive production system
the land use strategy requires movement to allow resources to replenish foraging/hunter-gatherer horticulture pastoralism
means of production
the machines and infrastructure required to produce things in a factory
What is economic anthropology
the part of anthropology that "debates issues" of human nature that relate directly to the decisions of daily life and making a living"
Coercion
the practice of persuading someone to do something by using force or threats
Domestication
the process by which people control the distribution, abundance, and biological features of certain plants and animals in order to increase their usefulness to humans. It allows for the development of surpluses in the food sources. Behaviors includes: pastorialism, horticulture, and agricultural practices.
Adaptation
the process in which we develop psyiologicial and behavioral characteristics which allow us to survive and reproduce in our environment
appropriation
the process of taking possession of an object, idea, or relationship and making it one's own
politics
the relationships and processes of cooperation, conflict, social control, and power that are fundamental aspects of human life
Value
the relative worth of an object of service that makes it desireable
value
the relative worth of an object or service
Tribute
the rendering of goods including foods, to an authority, such as a chief to be reallocated
tribute
the rendering of goods including foods, to an authority, such as a chief to be reallocated
tribute
the rendering of goods, including foods, to an authority, such as a chief, to be reallocated
tribute
the rendering of services/resources to an authority, such as a chief, to be reallocated
sex
the reproductive forms and functions of the body
The incest taboo is a cultural universal
the rule that prohibits sex and marriage among designated relatives
what is happening to the size of schools in Japan?
the sizes are going down more and more every year because the local population is going down as well
modes of subsistence
the social relationships and practices necessary for procuring, producing, and distributing food
kinship
the social system that organizes people in families based on descent and marriage
authority
the socially approved use of power
economic system
the structured patterns and relationships through which people exchange goods and services, and making sense of how these systems reflect and shape particular ways of life
economic anthropology
the subfield of cultural anthropology concerned with how people make, share and buy things and services, has considered this question for a century
domestication
the taming of animals for human use, such as work or as food
Triangle Trade
the trading system between the Americas, England and Africa; Africa would give slaves and rum to the Americas, including the West Indies; America would offer timber, tobacco, fish, and flour; England would mainly process and ship back
Impulsiveness
the trait of acting without reflection and without thought to the consequences of the behavior. An abrupt indication to act and the inability to resist acting on certain behavioral ages
Exchange
the transfer of objects and services between social actors
exchange
the transfer of objects and services between social actors
formal economies
the underlying "formal" logic that shapes people's actions when they participate in an economy
Witchcraft
the use of psychic powers or the result of bodily substances with alter reality
Witchcraft
the use of psychic powers, or the result of bodily substances, which alter reality
generalized reciprocity
these exchanges don't track specific value of items; signifies close social ties i.e. inuit sharing whale blubber
The central tenet of Jainism is nonviolence, how does santhara/sellekhana fit into this worldview? In other words, how does their worldview support this rite?
they are not allowed to bring in leather of any sort, as that is a form of animal violence not eating is a not violent way to detach from their life
when they AWF found out that people DID actually live in the samburu lands, what did they do?
they gifted the land to the Kenya Wildlife Service
Misconceptions about Foragers
they have a difficult time finding food they need to compete with dangerous conditions in nature (animals) they consume mostly meat they work hard, long hours they are prone to illness and injury
misconceptions about foragers
they have a difficult time finding food they need to compete with dangerous conditions in nature (animals) they consume mostly meat they work hard, long hours they are prone to illness and injury
what has happened to the Samburu since 2009?
they have been abused by the new owners of the land
how do Jains view death?
they welcome it as a gateway to their next birth
inalienable property
things such as land or objects that are symbolically identified with the groups that own them and so cannot be permanently severed from them
Arnold van gennep
three stages
industrial agriculture
through use of machines, it harnesses sources of energy such as steam power and petroleum, vastly increasing the scale of productivity; began working after WWII
Patrilineal
trace descent through male ancestors
bilateral descent
traced through both lines
Patrilineal
tracing kinship through the father's side of the family.
who exchanges kula?
trading partners
what is the santhara/sellekhana?
tradition where an elderly or ill person stops eating in order to die
Market Exchange
transfer of goods and services based on price, which varies with supply and demand
Redistribution
transfer of goods and services through a central authority (individual or group)
phase 2: rites of passage
transition/liminal phase: education, santification, new diet
slash-and-burn is used in what society?
tribal societies
Which socio-political type can be best described as including: a dispersed (non-centralized) political system with temporary leadership roles (i.e., non-permanent positions of power and authority) that are typically achieved; where the social organization is organized around independent family groups, and where horticulture or pastoralism is the preferred economic strategy?
tribes
Nutritional profile of ju/ hoansi (kung) is roughly equivalent to that of western industrialized nations in terms of caloric intake.
true
true/false: ALL forms of agriculture are intensive.
true
true/false: industrial agriculturalists consume more animal meat compared to all other subsistence strategies discussed. hence, the general strategy associated with this practice is for farmers to produce as many animals as possible to be successful in this economy.
true
true/false: shinto people believe in multiple different spirits.
true
true/false: social mobility between castes is not allowed, or very limited.
true
Nuclear Family
two generations: parent(s) and children
family
two or more people related by blood, marriage, or adoption. The family may take many forms, ranging from a single parent with one or more children, to a married couple of polygamous spouses wth or without offspring, to several generations of parents and their children.
Communitas
undergoing a rite of passage within a group; thus establishing life-long connections
if a good/service is not appropriate in a culture, how might a person gain access to it?
underground markets
historical linguistics
understand language history
lineage
unilineal kin group tracing descent from a common ancestor or founder who lived 4 to 6 Generations ago and in which relationships among members can be exactly stated in geneilogical terms.
Incest Taboo
universal, what constitutes it varies
social skills training and schizophrenia
use of role play to teach client appropriate eye contact, interpersonal skills, voice intonation, posture,
Magic
use of supernatural techniques to accomplish specific ends
Agriculturalists
use their land intensively and continuously
antipsychotics and schizophrenia
used to decrease agitation and psychotic symptoms of schizophrenia and other psychotic d/o
economics
used to describe how people make their living
intensive use of land
using a smaller tract of land and heavily using fertilizers and machines to achieve same output as extensive
Intensive Farming
using less area of land, but having large amounts of fertilizer and machinery and needing large labor and capital inputs for farming
Extensive Farming
using more land with lower yield to produce the same amount of food
Achieved Status
using personality skills and with the approval of many other members of the society to gain status
achieved status
using personality, skills, and with the approval of many other members of the society gain status
Achieved status
using personality, skills, and with the approval of many other members of the society to gain status
acheived status
using personality, skills, and with the approval of many other members of the society to gain status
Achieved Status
using personality, skills, and with the approval of many other members of the society to gain status. Ex. Bigmen/Bigwomen roles.
traders
utilized by the Navajo specifically Mormons who helped the Navajo trade their goods with other White men.
Agribusiness
vertical integration and global markets
cultural economics
views the economy as a category of culture, not a special arena governed by universal utilitarian or practical reasons
flat affect
void of emotional tone
posturing
voluntary assumption of inappropriate or bizarre postures
atypical antipsychotics and schizophrenia
weak dopamine antagonists exhibit antagonism for cholinergic, histaminic and adrenergic receptors
bland affect
weak emotional tone
patrilocality
when couple marries they move into the husbands household/community
matrilocality
when couple marries they move to wife's household/community
Negative Reciprocity
where people attempt to get the better deal or create debts for others
negative reciprocity
where people attempt to get the better deal, or create debts for others.
mediator court
where the Navajo go to sort out their differences with a na'tanii this includes family disputes.
No Peace in the House (Crampton)
witchcraft in Europe, witch trials that tried 100k people and usually targeted older, poorer, rural women
Socorate
woman marries sister's husband after her sister dies
Reasons for women marriage in Nigeria
women can work at market and still have a wife to help her around the house
rapport talk
women tend to privilege communication that builds up and sustains relationships
Mati of Suriname
women who form intimate spiritual, emotional, and sexual relationships with other women.
hypothesis 1 of female subordination
women's role in childbirth and infant care; symbolic relationship to nature rather than culture (structuralism)
dowry wealth
women's share of family inheritance that often goes to the groom's family
focal vocabulary
words and terminology that describe unique cultural realities
Monotheism
worship of an eternal, omniscient, and omnipresent supreme being
Polytheism
worship of multiple deities, who control aspects of nature
is the incest taboo universal?
yes, but no defined equally
what is the relationship between the words "value" and "values?"
your cultural morality not only varies but the variation in moral/cultural values impacts how you value resources
J. Philippe Rushton
• Race, Evolution, and Behavior (1995 & 2000) attempts to link genetics with behavior. • There are three biologically-based human races. Racial groups differ in intelligence, health, and other social/behavioral variables. • Orientals (East Asians, Mongoloids), Whites (Europeans, Caucasoids), Blacks (Africans, Negroids). Rationale: How would a team of extraterrestrial scientist divide humans into groups? How are racial groups distinguished in "common usage."
Ruth Benedict
-"Race" What It Is Not" -Proponent of Culture and Personality school that posits enculturation shapes personality -Many different "races" contributed to growth of European culture
hypodescent
-"one drop rule" -principle that a child of mixed descent is classified as a minority
bands
-250-several hundred members -gathering, hunting, fishing -informal political organization, temporary leadership -small family groups -egalitarian -highly mobile, nomadic -temporary settlements
Marshall Sahlins and Elman Service
-Typology of different forms of political and economic organization -Who controls food/resources? What kind of political organization takes shape around a given economic system? How did forms of political organization increase in complexity?
Hijra
-Usually born male, some intersex, identify as impotent -Wear women's clothing, may engage in sex with men -Spiritual and symbolic connections to Hindu deities -Revered and ridiculed, may live in communities
gender construction
-a process of enculturation that starts at birth (dressing, naming) when a sex category becomes a gender status -once gender is evident, people treat that individual accordingly; this contributes to a cycle in which one comes to act as if gender were natural
state
-agriculture/industrial -civitas -centralized, legal -stratified -sovereign leader, supported by bureaucracy ; authority sanctioned by formal laws -complete control of physical force
sociopolitical typology
-band, tribe, chiefdom, state -Correlates with adaptive strategy typology and Morgan's sociopolitical typology -implies unilineal evolution
gender on non-verbal communication
-boys and men: avoid eye contact, positions themselves at angles rather than face-toface -girls and women: look one another in the eye and gesture to confirm engagement in the conversation
mana
-common concept in South Pacific and Melanesia -concentrated animistic force that give extraordinary power to certain people, animals, plants, or objects
Madhavan's insights
-degree to which cowives compete or collaborate shaped by numerous factors
Baseball Magic (Gmelch)
-research agenda: to render explicit what is often unseen or obscure to fans -magical rituals much more common in situations of uncertainty -intended to manipulate odds of success
Koko the gorilla
1,000 "GSL" and understood 2,000 words
General characteristics of Tribes
1,000-20,000 members Density: 10 people/square mile Part-time slash and burn horticulture and also pastoralism Few formalized leadership roles with limited authority (based on personal achievements) Self-sufficient family groups usually egalitarian Limited mobility, semi-nomadic Seasonal settlements
General characteristics of populations by socio-political type: Tribes
1,000-20,000 members Density: 10 people/square mile Part-time slash and burn horticulture and also pastoralism Few formalized leadership roles with limited authority (based on personal achievements) Self-sufficient family groups usually egalitarian Limited mobility, semi-nomadic Seasonal settlements
Tribes Characteristics
1,000-20,000 members Density: 10 people/square mile Part-time slash and burn horticulture and also pastoralism Few formalized leadership roles with limited authority (based on personal achievements) Self-sufficient family groups usually egalitarian Limited mobility, semi-nomadic Seasonal settlements
food miles
1,500-2,500 miles
Types of Descent Systems:
1. Bilineal Descent System: the tracing of descent through both parents (15% of worlds culture) 2. Unilineal Descent System : the tracing of descent through only one parents (60% of worlds culture) a. Patrilineal Descent System: the tracing of descent is through the male's side b. Matrilineal Descent System: the tracing of descent through the female's side c. Double Descent System: this is a mixture between patrilineal and matrilineal
Economic Anthropologists focus on three components of Economic systems:
1. Livelihood- making goods of money 2. Consumption- using up goods or money 3. Exchange- the transfer of goods or money between people or institutions
descent groups are beyond
2 generations
Modes of Consumption: the dominant pattern, in a culture, of using things up or spending resources to satisfy demands.
2 modes of consumption: 1. Minimalism- a mode of consumption that emphasizes simplicity, is characterized by few and finite consumer demands, and involves and adequate and sustainable means to achieve them. 2. Consumerism- a mode of consumption in which peoples demands are many and infinite and the means of satisfying them are insufficient and hard to meet.
Ethnography
A firsthand, detailed description of a living culture, based on personal observation
Redistribution
A form of exchange in which accumulated wealth is collected wealth is collected from the members of the group and reallocated in a different pattern.
Bride Service
A form of marriage exchange in which the groom works for his father-in-law for a certain length of time before returning home to the bride.
Polyandry
A form of marriage in which women have more than one husband. a form of polygamy
*Shifting Cultivation*
A form of subsistence agriculture in which people shift activity from one field to another; each field is used for crops for relatively few years and left fallow for a relatively long period.
Culture Area
A geographic region in which a number of societies follow similar patterns of life.
clinal
A gradual change in an inherited characteristic across the geographic range of a species, said of race
Food Taboos
A prohibition against consuming certain foods
What is a ritual?
A ritual is a patterned, recurring sequence of behaviors.
2. What are some of their rituals and the meanings or significance of them?
A ritual they did was drugs. They did drugs such as tree bark to give them hallucinations and they believed that they could talk to the Gods that way. They also performed rituals to get rid of sickness
Kula
A ritualized pattern of delayed gift-giving involving the exchange of many items including necklaces (clockwise) and armbands (counterclockwise); Trobriand Islanders define and maintain their social identities by participating in this.
government
A separate legal and constitutional domain that is the source of law, order, and legitimate force.
Scientific Method
A series of steps followed to solve problems including collecting data, formulating a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, and stating conclusions.
Gender Ideology
A set of cultural ideas, usually stereotypical, about the essential character of different genders that functions to promote and justify gender stratification.
Ascribed Status
A social position assigned to a person by society without regard for the person's unique talents or characteristics.
ascribed status
A social position assigned to a person by society without regard for the person's unique talents or characteristics.
acephalous society
A society without a governing head, generally with no hierarchical leadership.
Polygeny
A system in which a man has more than one wife
Polyandry
A system in which a woman has more than one husband
Bilateral (Cognatic) Kinship
A system in which individuals trace their descent through BOTH parents
Unilateral Kinship
A system in which individuals trace their descent through only ONE gender
Class
A system of power based on wealth, income, and status that creates an unequal distribution of a society's resources.
totemism
A system of thought that associates particular social groups with specific animal or plant species called "totems" as an emblem.
Neolocal Residence
A system under which a couple establishes an independent household after marriage
Ecosystem
A system, or a functioning whole, composed of both the natural environment and all the organisms living within it.
Rapport
A trusting relationship between the researcher and the study population
Swidden
A type of agriculture characterized by land rotation in which temporary clearings are used for several years and then abandoned to be replaced by new clearings; also known as slash-and-burn agriculture.
Clans
A type of descent group based on a claim to a founding ancestor but lacking genealogical documentation.
Lineages
A type of descent group that traces genealogical connection through generations by linking person to a founding ancestor.
Nomadism
A way of life, forced by a scarcity of resources, in which groups of people continually migrate to find pastures and water.
nomadism
A way of life, forced by a scarcity of resources, in which groups of people continually migrate to find pastures and water.
According to Van Gennep, what are the four life crises that may be observed by a rite of passage?
According to Van Gennep, the four crises that may be observed as rites of passage are Birth, Initiation (Puberty), Marriage and Death.
Negroid
African
Who bought the lands? Why?
African Wildlife Foundation
Colonialism
An attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles in another territory.
Pastoral Nomadism
An entire population (women, men, and children) move with their animals throughout the year
Things to note about CNS stimulants
Careful Cardiovascular function monitoring Psych symptoms may worsen Periodic drug holiday is necessary for effectiveness
Chiefdom and States are considered to have ____________________ political systems.
Centralized
Zande Witchcraft
Classification of misfortunes and mechanism for explaining unfortunate events. Accepted as common, routine, and part of everyday existence.
Margaret Mead's first book
Coming of Age in Samoa (1928)
Phase three of schizophrenia
Delusions, hallucinations, functional impairment, disorganized speech
Lineage
Demonstrated descent from an ancestor
Industrialized Agriculture
Dependent on massive inputs of fossil fuel, chemical fertilizers and pesticides Deemed superior Variety is deceptive
Substance use and personality
Depression, anti-social
Horticulture
Cultivation of crops in food gardens carried out with simple hand tools such as digging sticks or hoes.
Patrilocal Residence
Customary residence with the husband's relatives after marriage, so that children grow in their father's community
Dating is used to find what we like and don't like about people and character traits.
Dating eventually leads to finding a mate which leads to engagement and then marriage
bulimia nervosa
Episodic, uncontrolled, compulsive, rapid ingestion of large amounts of food in a short period followed by compensatory behaviors like vomiting, laxatives, diuretics
swidden
"slash and burn"
what 2 things are the basis for foragers homes?
- group mobility - resources
chiefdoms
- horticulture with mixed livestock herding and use of wild plants and animals - agriculture or pastoralism - formalized political organization - well-established leadership roles that are HEREDITARY - limited mobility-sedentary - mostly permanent settlements
states
- plow or irrigation agriculture - highly developed state organization - clear hierarchy of authority - sedentary - emphasis on nuclear family - settlements are permanent and condensed - urbanization
what are the 3 phases of rites of passage?
- separation - liminal - reincorporation
tribes
- slash-and-burn horticulture with livestock herding and use of wild plants and animals - pastoralism (herding) used - limited authority, few leadership roles - semi-sedentary/semi-nomadic - seasonal or rotational settlements
3 Phases of Rites of Passage
1. separation 2. liminal 3. re-incorporation
BMI normal
20-24.9
Kanzi the bonobus
200+ lexigrams
Washae the chimpanzee
350 ASL signs
Gender breakdown of ADHD
3:1 boys:girls
alcohol withdrawal
4-12 hours after d/c of heavy & prolonged alcohol use
ASD gender breakdown
4.5:1 boys:girls
Anthropologists uncovered ___ patterns of kinship
6
Mosuo
A matrilineal society in China. Children grow up in their mother's home and uncles look after their sisters' children.
Pastoralists
Adaptations based on tending, breeding, and harvesting the products of livestock. Herd animals include: cattle, camels, llamas and alpaca, yaks, reindeer, sheep, goats, horses, etc.
Coming of Age in Somoa
Adolescence not same everywhere, challenge Freudian ideas turbulence, sexual "freedom" something to bring to US?
Patient teaching with antipsychotics
Do not stop abruptly Use sunscreens & protective clothing Do not drink alcohol Do not consume other meds without HCP knowledge
Distinctive traits of Northwest Coast foragers, such as the Haida
Aquatic foragers; rely primarily on resources from water utilized a wide variety of foods from the surrounding waters (salmon, halibut, crab, scallops, sea cucumber, sea lion, otters, seaweed) - potlatch - regional exchange system among tribes of the North Pacific Coast. Give away food, blankets, copper and items. Cultural adaptation to alternating periods of local abundance and shortage.
Mongoloid
Asian
Echolalia
Automatic and immediate repetition of what others say
Ongkah's big moka is an example of what type of reciprocity?
Balanced
Types of Reciprocity
Balanced Generalized Negative
Negative Reciprocity
Between strangers or even people hostile to one another ("outsiders") Try to obtain what they want at the least cost to themselves Purpose is simply material advantage: gain at other people's expense
cheap corn has caused
CAFOs, increase in meat processing, food poisoning, and Central American deforestation
Meds used for ADHD
CHS stimulants Atomoxatine (Strattera) bupropion (Wellbutrin)
Contraindications for benzos
COPD - depresses respirations
Tell tale signs of bulimia
Calluses on tops of hands from inducing vomit (Russell's sign), bad teeth, gastric issues, esophagus tearing
Cross-cousins
Children of siblings of the opposite sex. (children of a brother and sister)
CAFO
Concentrated animal feeding operations
Households
Consists of one or more people who live in the same dwelling and also share meals.
adjudication
The legal process by which an individual or council with socially recognized authority intervenes in a dispute and unilaterally makes a decision.
Psychological dependence
Desire to repeat the use of a particular drug to produce pleasure or avoid discomfort
A. R. Radcliffe-Brown
Developed the "structural functionalist" perspective; The structure or institutions of society function together to maintain and reproduce itself.
Binge eating disorder
Do not engage in behaviors to get rid of excess calories.
How might rice and Ano Koto important?
Eats rice from own field and believes there is a spirit in his field It's more than food=don't waste single grain Watched his father perform it and wanted to revive tradition
capitalism (issue of "maximization") mode of production
Economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit rather than by the state
Family therapy and eating d/o
Educating family about d/o Asses family's impact on maintaining d/o Assist in methods to promote adaptive functioning
Bands
Egalitarian Kin-based Ephemeral leadership (with no real authority) No formalized laws Foraging societies Common land ownership, reciprocity
Tribes
Egalitarian Kin-based Headmen and Big Men (no real authority) Achieved vs. ascribed status Sodalities and Segmentary Lineage Organizations (SLO) Multi-community
ghosts
Every individual has evil aspects, when you die the evil part remains among the living Deeply feared dead, Avoid contact with dead and dying If a person died indoors, they would knock a hole in the north wall and take the body out that way, so the ghost didn't know how to get inside the doorway. They would typically burn and abandon Hogan.
11. What type of research method was used in this film?
Ethnology bc the researcher was observing the characteristics of the two clans and the differences and relationships between them.
Cocaine, amphetamines, synthetics intoxication
Euphoria, impaired judgement, confusion, vital sign changes, psychotic, paranoid
Caucasian
European
Biometrics and Utopian Vision
Every human being should be partially signalised...It would then be possible to find any persona at once whenever desired, whether for its own good or that of society at large, in whatever place he might be and however he might alter his appearance or name. Crime would thus be rooted out, elections purified, immigration laws effectively enforced . . . Publisher's introduction to Bertillon's Signaletics, 1896
Each discipline has a Code of Ethics that researchers must be familiar with.
Examples of Codes of Ethics: 1. Do no harm/cause no harm to the people you are studying 2. Give Informed Consent 3. Protect your subjects' privacy 4. Ensure confidentiality 5. Physical Therapists shall respect the inherent dignity and rights of all individuals 6. Physical Therapists shall be accountable for making sound professional judgements 7. Physical Therapists shall be trustworthy and compassionate in addressing the rights and needs of patients/clients
Possible biochemical link with schizophrenia
Excess of dopamine
Large Scale Market
External market forces Larger Variety of goods sold Labor is often full time
large scale market
External market forces Larger Variety of goods sold Labor is often full time
Delusions
False personal beliefs that persist after being presented with facts
fictive kin
Family-like relationships that are not based on blood or marriage but on close friendship ties, like godparents
Where and who?
February Ritual ANO KOTO→contacting spirit of nature Noto Peninsula→very small, rural, fisherman, rice farmers, two jobs with one in city Kami (spirits inhabit all of nature) Two dominant religions in Japan: Buddhism and Shinto (temples for priests) Shinto priest pray for life, happiness, health, protection→pray to Kami
taxes
Fees for the support of government required to be paid by people and businesses.
Navajo Nadleehe
Five genders: men, women, intersected nadleehe, masculine-female nadleehe, feminine male nadleehe -Nadleehe: Someone who is in a constant process of change
Characteristics of foraging
Flexibility and mobility. Distinctions based on age. Band societies. Egalitarian
What is folklore?
Folklore are texts that relate traditional stories, the exploits of cultural heroes and characters handed down from generation to generation.
Substance intoxication
Following effective use of a substance with an effect on CNS with disruption to physical and psychological functioning including disturbed judgement
What are the types of subsistence strategies:
Food collectors and food producers
Foodways Communicate Symbolic Meaning
Food is a rich source of meaning, people use it to communicate specific messages. Particular foods and meals can draw people together. And food, just as easily can communicate division and unequal power relations.
o Extensive agriculture (aka horticulture, swidden agriculture, or slash-and-burn agriculture) o Intensive agriculture o Mechanized industrialized agriculture are all examples of?
Food producers
Who sold the lands?
Former Kenyan President Daniel Moi
How many years does it take to master the skills to make nuri??
Four; over 20 years to master though
Domestication
animals provide humans with a useful product or service
Principles for Classifying Kin
Generation Gender Affinity Collaterality Bifurcation Relative age Sex of linking relative
Schizophrenia causes
Genetics, biochemical, physiological, psychosocial
Ways to ease hospital stay for ASD patients
Getting thorough history Decrease changes in staffing Keep routine Decrease stimulation
DUI
Greater than 80 mg/dL
Anorexia nervosa symptoms
Gross body image distrotion, preoccupation with food, refusal to eat, hypothermia, bradycardia, edema, hypotension, lanugo, metabolic changes, amenorrhea , depression, anxiety
Substance and social learning
Grown up in homes with excessive alcohol use, peer pressure
Substance induced psychotic disorder
Hallucinations and delusions directly attributed to intoxication or withdrawal
Psychotic disorder r/t medical condition
Hallucinations and delusions directly related to a medical condition
swidden agriculture
another term for slash and burn
How did the young farmer learn more about the Ano Koto?
His father taught him about the spirits in the rice field
Habitus (Bourdieu)
Histories and social structures are evident in our behaviors, feelings, and bodily comportment
What is a reoccurring problem in archaeology and biological anthropology?
How to use the "ethnographic analogy"
Moka
In Papua New Guinea, allows big men to compete for status
panopticism
Idea that with biometrics and biosecurity the body becomes both a target and instrument of control
Possible Nursing diagnoses for anorexia/bulemia
Imbalanced nutrition Deficient fluid volume Ineffective denial Disturbed body image Anxiety
Echopraxia
Imitation of the movements and gestures of another.
contagious versus imitative magic
Imitative magic: produces things (i.e., voodoo doll, animal skull used to transfer a headache) Contagious magic: power comes from contact (i.e., spitting alcohol, blowing smoke, hot peppers held in mouth)
Exogamy - adaptive functions
Marriage between people of different social categories
Endogamy
Marriage between people of the same social category
Food Preferences: What
In Yao cosmology, the more foods are cooked or the closer to home they are produced, the more they are considered civilized. Raw and bloody foods are stronger and more dangerous. This reflects and reinforces ideas about maleness and femaleness.
Food Preferences and Gender
In all societies, maleness and femaleness are associated with certain foods, bolstered by social rules and etiquette that govern what men and women can and cannot eat
EGO
In kinship studies, the central person from whom the degree of each kinship relationship is traced.
Bridewealth
Marriage gifts of husband's family to wife's parents.
Monogamy
Marriage to only one person at a time.
Endogamy
Marriage to someone within the kinship group.
Prodromal phase
Issues with sleep, perception, social, functioning, anxiety, irritability Ideas of reference
Advantages of foraging to agriculture
It enables greater surpluses of resources It reduces the distance needed for individuals to seek food. It allows for population size and density to increase.
Where is santhara/sellekhana practiced and by which religious community?
It is practiced in India by Jainism
What was problematic about the trial in Nyeri?
It was conducted in English, a language few Samburu could speak
Iraq
Kurds vs. shia muslims
What are the Wajimia nuri?
Lacquerware→untreated wood which is then smoked
Two Spirit
Lang; an additional gender identity in many Native North American cultures; often thought to have special spiritual powers. Largely based on the roles a person fulfills
Possible predisposing factors for ASD
Large brain size Large amygdala size Gestational diabetes Gestational bleeding Exposure to depacote in utero Maternal rubella during pregnancy Familial association Maternal asthma/allergies
Larger scale market economies (national and global)
Large: goods and services are bought and sold, as determined by the cultural group or community -some goods/services are deemed unfit for exchange -many people make their living selling goods or services in markets but usually are participating in multiple forms of exchange
Need for hospitalization with eating d/o
Malnutrition, dehydration, severe electrolyte imbalance, cardiac arrhythmia/bradycardia, hypothermia, hypotension, SI
Gender in Oaxaca, Mexico
Marimachas: married women who have sexual relationships with other women Muxe: people who are understood as male but who have certain feminine characteristics; defined by gender characteristics but not sexuality
Three types of exchange
Market, Redistribution, and Reciprocity
Ranges of alcohol use disorder
Mild, moderate, severe
Common diagnosis in adulthood for ADHD
antisocial personality disorder (25%)
kin-based mode of production
Most production and exchange is organized between lineage groups. Balanced reciprocity dominates. Common in bands and chiefdoms.
four sacred peaks
Mt. Taylor San Francisco peaks Mt. Hesperus Mt. Blanca
What roles does kinship play in non-industrial societies?
Multifunctional kin groups- kin group manages where you live, work, worship, etc.
Behavior modification in eating d/o
Must perceive that client is in control of treatment
Adverse reactions to risperidone and aripiprazole
NMS tardive dyskinesia hyperglycemia EPS Diabetes
inequality/stratification is ___ ___.
NOT biological
Hopi
Native American group that the Navajo took matrilineal and corn cultivation
Two-Spirits
Native Americans who didn't conform to gender stereotypes. Transgender.
descent group
any kin-group whose members share a direct line of descent from a real (historical) or fictional common ancestor
Cross cousins
Okay to marry. Children of a brother and Sister
Polyandry
One female, several males.
Polygyny
One male, several females.
Pastoral Transhumance
Part of the population moves with their animals, but most people stay in the home village
Sherpa and zoma cattle (video)
Pastoralist: forming, trading in Nepal the Sherpa depending on altitude, some animals and agriculture hard to grow Domesticated the zoma (cow) yak and cow: for productivity and resilience at the higher altitudes USE BUTTER for religious and nutritious purpose
Tibetan family system
Patrilocal post-marital residence: women marry out, men stay at home; patrilineal inheritance: inheritance at marriage, not at parental death; men inherit the land and animals from their fathers, women inherit dowry jewelry and some animals
Foraging (formerly hunting-gathering)
People rely on available natural resources for their subsistence, rather than controlling the reproduction of plants and animals. Characteristic is mobility. Modern foragers rely on regional forces and influences.
Band societies
People who subsisted by hunting and gathering often live in band-organized societies. A small group of fewer than a hundred people, all related by kinship or marriage.
foragers
People who support themselves by hunting wild animals and gathering wild edible plants and insects.
Which is more important, performing the ceremony perfectly or having it be special and significant for the farmer?
Perform with conviction→does not have to be done the same way every time Very traditional but modernized Explores invisible presence of nature
Alcohol's effect on the body
Peripheral neuropathy, muscle wasting ED, decreased libido Pancreatitis, GI bleed, Gastritis, cardiomyopathy Cirrhosis
Culture Shock
Persistent feelings of uneasiness, loneliness, and anxiety that often occur when a person has shifted from one culture to a different one
What do Shinto priest pray for?
Prayer to Kami and thank spirits for protection
Schizophrenia phases
Premorbid Prodromal Schizophrenia Residual
Dowry
Property or money brought by a bride to her husband on their marriage
Dowry
Property or money brought by the bride's family to her husband on their marriage.
Fatherhood and masculinity
Providing: Food, clothing, shelter plus holidays, gifts, etc. Protecting: Secure family environment. Endowing: Providing/protecting leads to emotional closeness which leads to endowment of moral character.
Meds for anorexia
Prozac Anafranil Pariactin Thorazine Zyprexa
Meds for bulimia
Prozac Tofranil Nopramine Elavil Aventyl
rite of passage
any life cycle rite that marks a person's or group's transition from one social state to another
transhumance
Regular seasonal movement from one ecological niche to another.
Consanguinity
Related by birth ("with blood"); shared ancestor in a previous generation
Affinals (affines, in-laws)
Relatives by marriage
Religion as a Cultural System (Geertz)
Religion is a system of symbols that establish moods and motivations by formulation conceptions of a general order of existence and clothing these conceptions in an aura of factuality such that these moods and motivations seem realistic
Foraging
Relying on wild (uncultivated) plants and animals for sustenance; hunting and gathering. Foraging was the dominant way of life during the Paleolithic era.
Diseases associated with psychotic disorder
Renal, headaches, delirium, electrolyte imbalance, new meds
*Primary Functions of Marriage Cross-Culturally*
Reproduction and Kinship
Bulimia and neurochemical influences
Serotonin and norepinephrine
Margaret Mead's second book
Sex and Temperament in Three Primitive Societies
General characteristics of populations by socio-political type: States
Tens of thousands-millions of people Density: 300 people/ square mile Plow or irrigation agriculture Highly developed state organization with clear hierarchy Nuclear family Ranked status and often stratified Limited mobility/sedentary Mostly permanent settlements; urbanization
Premorbid phase
Shy and withdrawn Few relationships Antisocial
Royal Incest
Siblings marry each other because they believe no one else is of their class level because they are divine. w/o marrying each other their children would only be half divine.
What is social birth? How is naming a baby connected to this?
Social Birth is social recognition of the transition to personhood. In some cultures, they name the baby before or right after it has been born. In other cultures, they can change the name at certain points in their life.
So if it is not all about money, nor about acquiring material benefit in general, than what are these non-momentary economic interactions focused on?
Some may emphasize personal relationships, others emphasize prestige, and yet others might focus on the success of the larger community emphasizing the redistribution of resources
Sedentary/sedentism
Stationary
Sedentism (Sedentary)
Stationary living. Helps people to ward off predators, prevent theft of plants and animals, provide additional care, produce and store surpluses of consumable products
Clan
Stipulated descent from a distant ancestor
General characteristics of States
Tens of thousands-millions of people Density: 300 people/ square mile Plow or irrigation agriculture Highly developed state organization with clear hierarchy Nuclear family Ranked status and often stratified Limited mobility/sedentary Mostly permanent settlements; urbanization
Nomadic
Tendency of foragers, highly mobile
Aztec
Tenochtitlan, corn, harsh punishment, Royal bloodline
Co-madres
The Committee of Mothers and Relatives of Political Prisoners, Disappeared, and Assassinated of El Salvador
sorcery
The conscious and intentional use of magic
prestige economy
The creation of a surplus for the express purpose of displaying wealth and giving it away to raise one's status.
liminality
The critically important marginal or in-between phase of a rite of passage
Relation between Kami and farmers?
The Kami is a spirit that the farmer's invite into their lives. Treats Kami like a guest.
female principle
The Navajo are a society dominated by women thus a matrilineal. The importance of the female and her line is treated in high regard in this society.
"bashfulness" and "easiness"
The Navajo are bashful with certain people in their group. man and mother in law = most bashful nephew and wife's brother = easiness siblings can joke but not about sexual matters
Agriculture
The deliberate effort to modify a portion of Earth's surface through the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock for sustenance or economic gain.
Cultural Imperialism
The deliberate imposition of one's own cultural values on another culture
1. Who are the Yanomami and where are they located in the world?
The Yanomami people are an indigenous people found in the mountains between brazil and Venezuela.
Neolithic Revolution
The demonstrations of plants and animals by people with stone based technologies beginning about 10,000 years ago and leading to radical transformations in cultural system; sometimes referred to as the Neolithic transition
Substantive Economics
The branch of economics that studies the daily transaction people engage in to get what they need or desire
cultural cohesion
The capacity of different national and ethnic groups to make a mutual commitment to live together as citizens of the same state.
Cross cousin
The child of a mother's brother or a father's sister
cross cousins
The children of a person's parents' opposite-gender siblings (a father's sister's children or a mother's brother's children).
Parallel Cousins
The children of a person's parents' same-gender siblings (a father's brother's children or a mother's sister's children).
parallel cousins
The children of a person's parents' same-gender siblings (a father's brother's children or a mother's sister's children).
Sexuality
The complex range of desires, beliefs, and behaviors that are related to erotic physical contact and the cultural arena within which people about what kinds of physical desires and behaviors are right appropriate and natural.
Bride Wealth
The gift of goods or money from the groom's family to the bride's family as part of the marriage process
Values
The ideas, beliefs, and attitudes about what is important that help guide the way you live
Ego
The individual from whom the network of kinship is traced
Nuclear Family
The kinship unit of mother, father, and children.
Peripheral Nations
The least developed and least powerful nations; often exploited by the core countries as sources of raw materials, cheap labor, and markets.
What are three phases of ritual as defined by Victor Turner? Why is liminality so important?
The three phases of ritual are Separation, Liminality (liminal phase or 'party'), and Re-Integration. Liminality is important because its is the stage where they are right in the middle of the ritual, they no longer hold the pre-ritual status but have not yet begun the transition to the status when the ritual is over.
carrying capacity
The number of people that the available resources can support at a given level of food-getting techniques
Sex
The observable physical differences between male and female, especially biological differences related to human reproduction.
5. Describe the living arrangements of the tribe.
The people all live under one roof and they all see in hammocks under the big roof.
Apical Ancestor
The person at the apex or top of the common genealogy; the common ancestor from whom a lineage may trace its descent
Cultural Relativism
The perspective that each culture must be understood in terms of the values and ideas of that culture and not judged by the standards of another culture
Sexual Dimorphism
The phenotypic differences between males and females of the same species.
Production
The process of creating goods and services
Enculturation
The process of learning culture.
Dowry
The transfer of cash and goods from the bride's family to the newly married couple
Bride Price
The transfer of cash and goods from the groom's family to the bride's family and to the bride
Exchange
The transfer of goods or money between people or institutions
4. What is the tribe's political structure? Is there a leader and what is her/his role?
The tribe has a leader caked Hosewei and he is the main leader that everyone follows.
naturalization
The social processes through which something, such as race, becomes part of the natural order of things.
Mauss use the Maori term "Hau" to describe what?
The spirit of the gift Marked by spirit or self of the giver
Ethnology
The study of the characteristics of various peoples and the differences and relationships between them.
Economic Anthropology
The subfield of cultural anthropology that focuses on economic systems cross-culturally
Kinship
The system of meaning and power that cultures create to determine who is related to whom and to define their mutual expectations, rights, and responsibilities.
Unilineal Cultural Evolution
The theory proposed by nineteenth-century anthropologists that all cultures naturally evolve through the same sequence of stages from simple to complex.
semantic pejoration
The use of positive or neutral Spanish words in humorous or negative contexts
Gender Performance
The way gender identity is expressed through action.
General characteristics of Bands
Usually 25-several hundred members, low population density (1 person/sq.mile) Hunter-gatherers Informal/temporary political structure Small families Marriages are more economic partnership and alliances Egalitarian and highly mobile (nomadic) Temporary settlements.
Machismo in Latin America
There is continuous contest and confusion over what constitutes male identity; it means different things to different people at different times. And sometimes different things to the same person at the same time.
Why would you hang a banana bag or IM thiamine for alcohol withdrawal
To counteract thiamine deficiency induced brain impairment
Stock Reduction Act
This is where the US government came and killed the Navajo's sheep (again) in 1933
What does the role of "mother's brother" toward his nephew in matrilineal societies tell us about the difference between "pater" (socially defined father) and "genitor" (biological father)?
This tells us that the mother is of high importance any relation to her is of equal importance. The mother's son should have a good relationship with his uncle because it is his mother's brother.
Areas affect by schizophrenia
Thought process Perception Affect
Gift economies have been around for awhile as well as ASPECTS market exchange.
True
Gift giving plays an important role in both market and non market economies.
True
Lee states it is inaccurate to view contemporary foragers simply as "living fossils"
True
Market Exchange itself is a relatively new phenomenon.
True
These gift giving culture, like the one in Okahs big Moka, can be found in a variety of cultures.
True
Bands Characteristics
Usually 25-several hundred members, low population density (1 person/sq.mile) Hunter-gatherers Informal/temporary political structure Small families Marriages are more economic partnership and alliances Egalitarian and highly mobile (nomadic) Temporary settlements.
bride service
a designated period of time when the groom works for the bride's family
Transhumance
Upland (mountain) during the summer Lowland (valley) during the winter
Consumption
Using up goods or money
Fraternal Polandry
Wife marries a group of brothers
Food Preferences: Who
Yao men prefer raw meat and blood spiced. When men get together at social gatherings, they drink alcohol and snack on grilled bits of meat and offal. They view this food preference as a sign of their virility Yao women are expected to show slight repulsion toward raw meat and blood. Yao believe that if women prepare or consume these foods, they will experience illness and conflict with their husbands. Their preference is for soft, boiled, tender and bland foods, like rice-based meals and stews. They also prefer fruits, which symbolize femininity.
Azande Male Brides
Younger husband is an "apprentice" to learn from older husband about how to be a soldier. Is a sexual relationship. When apprentice is grown, he usually marries his former husbands sister.
Communitas
a bond participants may gain an intense sense of community in the ritual process
Which of the following land-use strategies is/are extensive?
a, b, and c only
skinwalker ("wolf man")
able to transform himself into a wolf or coyote and while in this form can bewitch his enemies by sprinkling a magic substance containing ground parts of human infants.
food security
access to sufficient nutritious food to sustain an active and healthy life
Egalitarian system
acephalous "head-less" societies encourage these principles there are little to no distinctions in access or acquisition of status leadership roles are temporary gender, age, skills may influence access to roles and positions
gender hierarchy stratification
activities differentially valued
Pastoralists
adaptations based on trending, breeding, and harvesting the products of livestock
Totem
an animal, plant, or geographic feature associated with a specific social group to which that totem is sacred or symbolically important
cultural economics
an anthropological approach to economics that focuses on how symbols and morals help shape a community's economy
Language is a "dialect with..."
an army or navy
potlach
an elaborate redistribution ceremony that is tied into the status of individuals or descent groups
proximate (secondary) cause
an event that is immediately responsible for causing an observed result
Surplus
an excess of production (agriculture creates this)
Sadhins
• Gender variant category among pastoralist group in Himalayan foothills. • Born female, renounce marriage and sexuality. Voluntary decision made before puberty. • Wear men's clothing, short hair, retain feminine name, engage in men's work. • Recognized as woman living "as if" a man. • Culturally acceptable role for women who do not marry in society where marriage and motherhood are expected and normative and sexual activity among unmarried women may be looked down upon.