Anthropology Exam 1

"Hanging out" is a poor form of research and not recommended in anthropological fieldwork.

false

Anthropological research is always done in far-off, out-of-the-way places.

false

Anthropologists are protected by the first amendment which allows them to conceal the sources of the information that they gathered.

false

Clifford Geertz, a highly regarded anthropologist, developed the interpretive theory of culture, which is the idea that culture is transmitted and embodied in the values that people tell each other.

false

For the Gusii of Kenya, being close to a baby or child is intended to give them more independence so that they can venture on their own later in life

false

The U.S. Government hired anthropologists as part of their Human Terrain System in Iraw and Afghanistan. The American Anthropology Association accepted the use of anthropologists in conflict since "one anthropologist can be much more eddective than a B2 bomber-- not winning a war, but creating a peace one Afghan at a time

false

The circulation of clothing globally assists clothing manufacturers in developing countries, such as Zambia.

false

The movement away from farming toward factory economies only produced limited cultural impact on people's daily lives.

false

The principles that orient one's thinking about what it means to be a citizen or a member of the community are called norms

false

When people consumer the same clothes, food, and goods they eventually think and behave the same.

false

The processes by which anthropologists immerse themselves in people's lives for a long period of time conducting interviews, surveys, and observations is called ______________.

fieldwork

____________ are scholars that emphasize that social institutions work together in an integrated and balanced fashion to keep the whole society working smoothly. This idea was popular beginning int he 1920s but received criticism for being to closed, autonomous, and stable.

functionalist

According to anthropologists, ______ is the contemporary widening of scale of cross-cultural interactions owing to the rapid movement of money, people, goods, images, and ideas.

globalization

Anthropoligists tend to work across many disciplines including the four-fields of anthopology in order to more deeply understand a topic or a population of people. This notion of bringing together many areas of study to understand human experience is known as

holism

Most people assume that their way of doing things is inherently better than everyone else.

true

Norms tend to be something that we often are not conscious of until they are broken. For instance, when you receive disapproving looks for doing something wrong.

true

One of the advantages of recording the life histories of a number of people in a community is that it can reveal the ways that people of different ages take on different roles in society as they mature.

true

One of the benefits of learning about people's perspectives in other cultures is that it allows us to appreciate and understand just how artificial our beliefs are. Culture can shape much of what we do from sleep to eat to survive.

true

Paco Underhill's observations reveal that architecture, space, and flow of people can reveal how to make use of semi-public spaces.

true

Phillippe Bourgois' research demonstrates the need for anthropological research as it can greatly inform public policy about subjects that we often have stereotypes about.

true

Renato Rosaldo's research among the Ilongot only made sense after his wife passed away, and he came to realize the force and importance of emotions in social life

true

To establish effective trade and alliances between groups it is important that individuals understand human differences across cultures and groups. In other words trade and peace can be more effective if we better understand human variation.

true

When a minority or immigrant culture differs from mainstream culture, it becomes more visible to everyone in society. This often makes those ccultures less powerful and more unequal. This notion coincides with the theory that the more culture one has the less power one wields. The more power, the less one appears to have culture.

true

The scientific method is a central part of anthropology. Order the steps below to reflect the approach that one would take to follow this method

1. Observation of fact. 2. Construction of a hypothesis. 3. Hypothesis is tested with experiments. 4. Other scientists attempt to reproduce results of previous experiments with the goal of disproving them.

The American anthropologist responsible for the concept of historical particularism was named:

Franz Boas

The most important goal of the Congolese sapeur is to:

accumulate prestige

A synonym for hybridization is:

all of the above

The major goal of "development" is:

all of the above improving health expanding capitalist markets alleviating poverty

The process of an anthropologist living in a community, learning a local language, studying aspects of a community, and recording info ab the people is called

anthropological fieldwork

_________ is the study of human beings, their biology, their prehistory and histories, and their changing languages

anthropology

The subfield of anthropology that studies human evolution, including human genetics and human nutrition, is called:

biological anthropology

The historical practice of more powerful countries claiming possession of less powerful ones is called _____ and was a driving force in anthropology

colonialism

Which of the following best describes the methodology of multi-sited ethnography?

comparative

Collective definitions of proper and improper behavior "built" meanings through common experiences and negotiations are cultural

constructions

__________________ (two words) occurs when influential nations of the West impose their products and beliefs on less powerful nations.

cultural imperialism

A key feature of the ______ concept is that it refers to the taken-for-granted notions, rules, moralities, and behaviors within a social group that feel natural

culture

The act of learning the cultural rules and logic of a society is referred to as

enculturation

_____, which are moral questions of right and wrong, are important to anthropologists

ethics

_____ is the form of bias where one assumes that his or her way of doing things is best while dismissing others.

ethnocentrism

_____ refers to the adaptive changes organisms make across generations

evolution

_____ are people who are expelled by the authorities of their home countries

exiles

James Ferguson, who is an anthropologist of development, argues that development exists:

expand state power

In studying other cultures a scholar does not need to comprehend the cultural logic of local peoples.

false

People in the periphery responded passively to capitalist expansion

false

People rarely hold conflicting values.

false

Phillippe Bourgois learned that drug dealers are lazy people out for a "get rich quick scheme."

false

Since Coca-Cola, Levi's jeans, McDonalds and Cnn are fairly global business, human diversity is in dramatic decline. This means that we will have far less cultural diversity in future generations

false

The point about Ben Finney's research in Papua New Guinea is that he explored many different issues related to coffee and everyday life among the people of the highlands. This is an example of exploring a __________ perspective.

holistic

Learning about social hierarchy, such as how to sit facing forward in a classroom and listening to a teach, is a form of _____ learning

implicit

The practice of anthropologists explaining their research and being clear about the risks involved is called (two words)

informed consent

One of the challenging aspects of anthropological research is that attaining knowledge of people and understanding them better often develops from the relationships that people have with each other. In other words, it is helpful to get to know people as the interact with others rather than just on their own. This idea is known as ___________________.

intersubjectivity

_____________________ are systematic conversations with informants.

interviews

Culture is:

learned and shared

The recent rise of autonomy movements among Hawaiian separatists and Zapatistas in Mexico are examples of __________________.

localization

Norms are stable because:

people learn them when they are young

The structuralist approach to culture theorizes that:

people make sense of the world through binary oppositions

Interviews, intensive observation, and participation to produce detailed descriptions of social behaviors and beliefs are examples of the _____ method

qualitative

Which of the following two aspects is central to participant observation?

rapport and being an engaged observer

Overcoming ethnocentrism is an important part of being an anthropologist and understanding other cultures. One approach to avoiding ethnocentrism is _______________, where anthropologist attempt to understand another culture on its own terms through learning values, beliefs, and goals associated with that culture

relativism

In addition to fieldwork, anthropologists also rely on _______________(two words) which can include scientific studies, government reports and newspaper clippings.

secondary materials

Which of these words does not fit a definition of culture. Culture is _______________.

static

The difference between a wink and a twitch or a blink can be rather subtle. Correctly interpreting the intent of the person winking or twitching, however, can make a significant difference. The wink is an example of a _____________, something that can have deeper meaning and stand for something else.

symbol

The primary ethical responsibility to anthropologist is to

the people or species they study

If a functionalist were to explain why the teacher lectures from the front of the classroom to students organized in neatly arranged chairs, she or he would emphasize that

this way of teaching organizes people to promote shared cultural goals

Often, anthropologists use the term _____ rather than "globalization" to refer to the "global" circulation of goods and people

transnational

A key maker of development anthropology;s success is when local perspectives and voices are paid attention to in development projects.

true

Anthropological research is more holistic as researchers combine qualitative and quantitative information gathered over a long period of time.

true

Diversity, defined anthropologically, refers to both multiplicity and variety, which is not the same thing as "difference"

true

Eric Wolf usefully argued that people on the periphery shaped global capitalist systems but that they are often ignored by elites who write their histories.

true

Globalization and localization are complementary dynamics

true

Most anthropologists argue that one should withhold judgment about other populations in order to better understand them. The practice of remaining unbiased or neutral is referred to as cultural relativism

true