Anthropology Exam 2

Which of the following statements about irrigation is NOT true? A. Irrigation usually enriches the soil B. Irrigated fields are labor intensive compared to swidden (burned over) fields C. Irrigation is one of the defining characteristics of foraging societies D. Irrigated fields typically increase in value through time E. The Betsileo of Madagascar used irrigation intensively

Irrigation is one of the defining characteristics of foraging societies

Which of the following statements about British colonialism is NOT true? A. It was legitimized by the racist notion of the "white man's burden" B. It lacked an intervention philosophy C. It began to disintegrate after World War II D. It was partly driven by business interestsIt can be divided into two stages

It lacked an intervention philosophy

Which of the following statements about shifting cultivation is true? A. It requires cultivators to change plots of land, with the fallowing durations varying in different societies B. It requires irrigation C. It relies extensively on chemical fertilizers D. It cannot support permanent villages E. It is typically associated with the use of draft animals

It requires cultivators to change plots of land, with the fallowing durations varying in different societies

What happens as one moves along the cultivation continuum? A. There is a heavier reliance on swidden cultivation B. The use of land and labor intensifies C. More time for leisurely pursuits becomes available D. Ceremonies and rituals become less formal E. The use of communal cooking-houses becomes more common

The use of land and labor intensifies

What is a mode of production? A. the cultural aspect of any given economy, such as changing fashions in the textile and clothing industry B. whether a society is foraging, horticulturalist, or agriculturalist C. the way a society's social relations are organized to produce the labor necessary for generating the society's subsistence and energy needs D. a postindustrial adaptive strategy, such as commercial agriculture or international mercantilism E. the land, labor, technology, and capital of production

The way a society's social relations are organized to produce the labor necessary for generating the society's subsistence and energy needs.

What best characterizes the intervention philosophy of the British empire? A. manifest destiny B. this land is our land C. fifty-four forty or fight D. in his majesty's domain E. white man's burden

White mans burden

What changes did workers instigate in response to industrialization in England? A. Workers won the right to control production B. Workers demanded the 8-hour work day and the Sabbath off C. Workers barred women and children from working in factories D. Workers launched a proletarian revolution E. Workers developed organizations to protect their interests

Workers developed organizations to protect their interests

What are the means, or factors, of production? A. a society's institutional mechanisms for making sure that everyone is productive B. synonyms of a society's mode of production C. the ways a society organizes production D. labor forces organized by kinship ties E. a society's major productive resources, such as land and other natural resources, labor, technology, and capital

a society's major productive resources, such as land and other natural resources, labor, technology, and capital

As we see in the film "Faces of Culture: The Food Producers," A. the historical development of agriculture lead to the development of cities B. the development of agricultural surpluses enabled social hierarchy as those who controlled the surpluses became more powerful C. all answers are correct D. the development of agriculture lead to the development of the division of labor

all answers are correct

In reviewing human history, anthropologists argue that certain consequences occur when an economy becomes more productive. What are those consequences? A. population size increases B. all answers are correct C. increasing complexity in social relations and linkages between groups D. greater potential conflict and therefore political regulatory problems arise

all answers are correct

Of what does a mode of production consist? A. available tools and technology B. all answers are correct C. human labor D. the way resources are extracted

all answers are correct

Which of the following is true about the wine industry in California? A. the USA is the world's largest consumer of wine and the California wine industry in the major producer B. California wineries attract 23.6 million tourist visits each year and generate US$7.2 billion in annual tourism expenditures C. California makes 81 percent of US wine and if it was its own country it would be world's 4th-largest producer D. all answers are correct

all answers are correct

With regard to sustainability, anthropologists argue ___ A. we must understand social conditions B. we must understand the relationships between economy and environment C. all answers are correct D. we must understand political conditions

all answers are correct

As shown in the film "Life and Debt," what are some of the effects of foreign debt in the form of International Monetary Fund and World Bank loans? A. local industries tend to be destroyed, putting local people out of work B. simple debt servicing (paying it back) often leads to diminished ability to export goods C. debt servicing is such a burden that poor countries often can only pay the interest — if that D. all answers are correct

all are correct

Which of the following is the most important factor in determining an individual's power and prestige in a state? A. physical size B. personality C. anthropomorphism D. speaking ability E. ancestry

ancestry

What term refers to wealth or resources invested in business with the intent of producing a profit?

capital

According to Immanuel Wallerstein, what are the three structural positions of the modern world system? A. state, nation-state, and nation B. core, periphery, and semiperiphery C. metropole, satellite, and semi-satellite D. preliterate, nonliterate, and literate E. wealth, power, and prestige

core, periphery, and semiperiphery

According to Marx, who are the bourgeoisie and the proletariat? moiety groups that dominated Western capitalism the products of gender differentiation from Europe's tribal past groups destined to reconcile through the postcapitalist process of alienation distinct and opposed classes produced by the world capitalist economy exogamous social groups

distinct and opposed classes produced by the world capitalist economy

According to Karl Marx, classes are A. powerful collective forces that could mobilize human energies to influence the course of history B. not important to his vision of social change in Western society C. complementary, in that they each do different tasks necessary for the survival of the society D. based more on notions of prestige and morality than on actual economic differences E. part of the original, preindustrial social system of humans

powerful collective forces that could mobilize human energies to influence the course of history

Which of the following is most characteristic of foragers? A. unilineal descent and ancestor worship B. territoriality and organized warfare C. permanent villages and full-time priests D. high mobility and small groups with flexible affiliations E. a redistributive economy and specialized leadership roles

high mobility and small groups with flexible affiliations

Because nonindustrial economies can have features of both horticulture and agriculture, it is useful to discuss cultivators as being arranged along a cultivation continuum. Which of the following generally occurs in moving toward the more intensive end of the cultivation continuum? A. increased egalitarianism B. increased leisure time C. longer fallow periods D. improved overall health status of the population E. increasing economic specialization

increasing economic specialization

What term refers to the ideological justification for outsiders to guide native groups in specific directions? A. coercive philosophy B. development philosophy C. development ideology D. intervention philosophy E. intrusive ideology

intervention philosophy

All of the following are true about neoliberalism EXCEPT that it A. is characterized by the policy that environmental protection and job safety are too important to be left unregulated B. has been spreading globally C. seeks to control costs by lowering wage expenses D. characterizes the type of policies designed by powerful international financial institutions E. refers to a recent revival of economic liberalism

is characterized by the policy that environmental protection and job safety are too important to be left unregulated

Neoliberalism is a new form of the old economic liberalism laid out in Adam Smith's The Wealth of Nations (1776). To Smith, economic liberalism encouraged free enterprise and competition, with the goal of generating profits. However, this meaning of "liberal" A. is a Protestant ideology B. has no implications for the relationship between economics and the state C. varies depending on whether it refers to politics in a Western or non-Western context D. is different from the one typically used in current US politics, in which "liberal" is the opposite of "conservative" E. is a more accurate use of the term than the one Americans typically hear in current talk radio

is different from the one typically used in current US politics, in which "liberal" is the opposite of "conservative"

Generalized reciprocity A. disappears with the origin of the state B. is characterized by the immediate return of the object exchanged C. is the characteristic form of exchange in egalitarian societies D. usually develops after redistribution but before the market principle E. is exemplified by silent trade

is the characteristic form of exchange in egalitarian societies

Which of the following is NOT associated with the market principle? A. industrialism B. the profit motive C. the law of supply and demand D. kin-based generalized reciprocity E. impersonal economic relations

kin-based generalized reciprocity

Periphery nations

lack industrialization

According to the film "Faces of Culture: The Food Producers," A. no answers are correct N. markets always stand on their own - that is, they are not related to other institutions in the culture C. markets develop and become important for the distribution of agricultural products D. markets do not develop until the beginnings of industrialization

markets develop and become important for the distribution of agricultural products

What best typifies the intervention philosophy of the French empire?

mission civilisatrice

The Kottak book's description of the San Bushmen's relation to the government of Botswana provides a telling example of how A. the foraging lifestyle has finally become a thing of the past human rights are limited B. foragers are willingly choosing to change their lifestyles and become a part of the global village C. more and more foragers have come under the control of nation-states and are now influenced by the forces of globalization D. foraging communities' identities are being reshaped by their relationships with Non-Governmental Organizations

more and more foragers have come under the control of nation-states and are now influenced by the forces of globalization

What kinds of societies typically are associated with slash-and-burn cultivation? A. state-level societies B. nonindustrial societies C. hydraulic societies D. foraging societies E. nomadic societies

nonindustrial societies

What term refers to the type of pastoral economy in which the entire population moves with their animals throughout the year? A. balanced subsistence B. pastoral nomadism C. foraging D. transhumance E. discretionary pastoralism

pastoral nomadism

A horticultural system of cultivation is characterized by A. intensive use of land and human labor B. lack of proper knowledge about plant domestication C. developing almost exclusively in arid areas D. periodic cycles of cultivation and fallowing E. the use of irrigation and terracing

periodic cycles of cultivation and fallowing

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of band-organized societies? permanent villages an egalitarian social structure minor contrasts in prestige fewer than 100 people all related by kinship or marriage

permanent villages

The case study shows how the winemakers in the Temecula Valley try to promote a characteristic and unique terroir. What is terroir? A. the notion that to drink wine is to make the wine tourists themselves more knowledgeable about wine and this to have a terroir B. all answers are correct C. the idea of a "taste of place," and a kind of local authenticity D. a kind of way of pretending to be French and therefore more sophisticated than local wines

the idea of a "taste of place," and a kind of local authenticity

"Communism" has two meanings, distinguished by how they are written. Small-c communism describes a social system in which property is owned by the community and in which people work for the common good. Large-C Communism: is Lenin's political theory of small-c communism is just another version of neoliberalism but in disguise refers to the social aspects of small-c communism was a political movement and doctrine seeking to overthrow capitalism and establish a form of communism such as that which prevailed in the Soviet Union (the USSR) from 1917 to 1991 is an imperial doctrine to appropriate private capital for the sake of the survival of the state

was a political movement and doctrine seeking to overthrow capitalism and establish a form of communism such as that which prevailed in the Soviet Union (the USSR) from 1917 to 1991

According to Weber, what are the three dimensions of social stratification? A. age, gender, and ethnicity B. status, exchange, and religion C. wealth, power, and prestige D. gender, ethnicity, and race E. the means of production, mode of production, and measure of production

wealth, power, and prestige

Which of the following is true about wine tourism in California and the world? A. tourism is of minor importance to the California wine industry because the emphasis is on production to meet consumer demand B. US federal law - administered by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms, a law enforcement agency in the United States' C. Department of Justice - prohibits visits to wineries in California but tourists are allowed to visit wineries in most other countries such as Spain, Italy, France, Argentina, and Chile D. wine tourism includes such things as gastronomy and education E. All answers are correct

wine tourism includes such things as gastronomy and education

What is the name of the political, social, economic, and cultural domination of a territory and its people by a foreign power for an extended time?

Colonialsim

The labels First World, Second World, and Third World represent a common, if ethnocentric, way of categorizing nations. First World refers to the democratic West, which is traditionally conceived of as being in opposition to a Second World ruled by A. imperialism B. Communism C. primitive neoliberalism D. dictators E. folk economic and political models

Communism

Which of the following statements about nonstate societies is true? A. Political institutions are maintained totally separate from economic institutions B. Social control is maintained mostly through physical coercion C. All political power is based on religion D. Warfare is conducted by professional armies E. Economic, political, and religious activities are often embedded in one another

Economic, political, and religious activities are often embedded in one another

Which of the following statements about Karl Marx is NOT true? A. He viewed socioeconomic stratification in terms of several classes with different but complementary interests B. He emphasized class consciousnessHe analyzed 19th-century industrial production capitalism. C. He called the people who sold their own labor the proletariat. D. He called the owners of the means of production the bourgeoisie

He viewed socioeconomic stratification in terms of several classes with different but complementary interests

___is the term for the physical destruction of ethnic groups by murder, warfare, and introduced diseases.

Genocide

Chapter 7 in the Kottak book's "Focus on Globalization" section discusses economic globalization. Which of the following is an outcome of our 21st-century global economy? With increasing globalization there is increased face-to-face contact in economic transactions Foreigners now finance only a small percentage of the US national debt American companies are withdrawing from foreign markets Economic functions are now locally controlled Modern-day transnational finance has shifted economic control of local life to outsiders

Modern-day transnational finance has shifted economic control of local life to outsiders

Which of the following statements about potlatching is NOT true? A. Potlatching is a form of exchange that has long-term adaptive value B. Potlatching is an example of competitive feasting C. Potlatching is well documented among Native American communities of the North Pacific Coast of North America D. Potlatching was misinterpreted as a classical case of economically wasteful behavior E. Potlatching is a case that proves that the profit-maximizing motive is a human universal

Potlatching is a case that proves that the profit-maximizing motive is a human universal

Why do anthropologists question the idea that present-day foragers can be compared to Paleolithic foragers? Paleolithic foragers were pre-linguistic Present-day foragers have been in contact with food-producing and industrialized societies for long periods of time and all live within nation-states that inevitably affect their livelihood The types of foraging vary so widely that few generalizations can be drawn Paleolithic foragers were not Homo sapiens There are no present-day foragers

Present-day foragers have been in contact with food-producing and industrialized societies for long periods of time and all live within nation-states that inevitably affect their livelihood

Which of the following does NOT occur in moving along the cultivation continuum? A. Village size increases B. Land is used more intensively C. Population density increases D. Societies become more egalitarian E. Villages are located closer together

Societies become more egalitarian

Where did wine grapes and winemaking knowledge in California originally come from and when? A. Benjamin Franklin, who had gone to France in 1776 and succeeded in having France recognize the newly-independent United States in 1777, brought back wine grape vine cuttings when he returned in 1785 and brought them to California B. Thomas Jefferson, who had gone to France in 1784 as a diplomat, brought back wine grape vine cuttings when he returned in 1789 and brought them to California C. Mexican revolutionary leader Emiliano Zapata who, in escaping from the Mexican Army in 1910, brought wine grape vines to California D. Spanish missionaries of the Franciscan order who established 21 missions starting in 1769

Spanish missionaries of the Franciscan order who established 21 missions starting in 1769

Which of the following is NOT true about the modern world system? A. The distinction between bourgeoisie and proletariat has disappeared B. Stratification systems are not simple and dichotomous C. The contrast between capitalists and propertyless workers is a worldwide phenomenon C. Intermediate occupations create opportunities for social mobility D. There is a growing middle class of skilled and professional workers

The distinction between bourgeoisie and proletariat has disappeared

How are nonindustrial economic systems embedded in society? A. The economic system has little to do with the everyday life of the people B. Most economic activity takes place far from home C. People are not aware that they are working toward a goal D. Most nonindustrial economies are managed systems E. The economic system cannot easily be separated from other systems, such as kinship

The economic system cannot easily be separated from other systems, such as kinship

How are nonindustrial economic systems embedded in society? A. The economic system has little to do with the everyday life of the people B. The economic system cannot easily be separated from other systems, such as kinship C. People are not aware that they are working toward a goal D. Most nonindustrial economies are managed systems E. Most economic activity takes place far from home

The economic system cannot easily be separated from other systems, such as kinship

Why do slash-and-burn cultivators stop using a plot of land every two to three years? A. They burn so much wood that the air becomes too polluted to support a healthful existence B. The wild vegetation needs time to reestablish itself before it is burned to clear the land and fertilize the soil C. Slash-and-burn cultivation is unique to segmentary-lineage organized societies, and crop rotation follows the cycle of interlineage exchange D. Slash-and-burn cultivation is associated with big-game hunting, which requires regular movement so as not to deplete the animal population E. Slash-and-burn cultivators use relatively primitive irrigation systems, which have to be repaired every three to four years

The wild vegetation needs time to reestablish itself before it is burned to clear the land and fertilize the soil

In recent times, many foraging groups have been exposed to the idea of food production but have not adopted it. Why? A. They did not have the skills or tools to do so B. They did not realize the advantages of food production C. Their own economies provided a perfectly adequate and nutritious diet, with a lot less work D. They had to ask permission from the state to do so E. People naturally resist change, especially foragers

Their own economies provided a perfectly adequate and nutritious diet, with a lot less work

Which of the following statements about peasants is NOT true? A. They are not part of the world market B. They owe rent to landlords C. They practice small-scale agriculture without modern technology such as chemical fertilizers and tractors D. They owe rent to the government E. They all live in state-organized societies

They are not part of the world market

Which of the following is NOT true of core nations? A. They export their raw materials to other countries B. They represent the dominant structural position in the world system C. They consist of the strongest and most powerful states D. They have complex economies E. They have advanced systems of production

They export their raw materials to other countries

Which of the following was a characteristic shared by recent foraging communities? A. They devolved to foraging from a more advanced level of subsistence B. They lived in marginal environments that were of little interest to food-producing societies C. They fished a great deal D. They spoke simplified languages E. They relied on welfare supplied by state-level societies

They lived in marginal environments that were of little interest to food-producing societies

How does the modern world system affect ethnographers?

They need to be aware of the fact that any culture they study is influenced by and has influence on other cultures

Economic anthropologists have been concerned with two main questions, one focusing on systems of human behavior and the other on the individuals who participate in those systems. The first question is: How are production, distribution, and consumption organized in different societies? The second question is:

What motivates people in different cultures to produce, distribute or exchange, and consume?

Which of the following is a characteristic of most foraging societies? A. social stratification B. egalitarianism C. sedentism D. irrigation E. large populations

egalitarianism

Which of the following kinds of exchange is characteristic among the members of a family? A. negative reciprocity B. no answers are correct C. balanced reciprocity D. redistribution E. generalized reciprocity

generalized reciprocity

Intensive agriculture is not ecologically destructive when it is done with fuel-efficient machinery has a significant impact on the environment, but this impact is very localized and can be controlled can actually breed greater ecological diversity is an ecological improvement over sectorial fallowing has significant environmental effects, such as deforestation, water pollution, and reduction of ecological diversity

has significant environmental effects, such as deforestation, water pollution, and reduction of ecological diversity

Who are peasants? A. people who ignore social norms of behavior B. anyone who falls below the poverty line C. anyone who lives in the country D. small-scale farmers with rent fund obligations E. small-scale farmers who own their own land and sell all their crops to buy necessities

small-scale farmers with rent fund obligations

Membership in groups and social networks forms part of ______

social capital

According to Max Weber, prestige is the basis of A. economic status B. social status C. power D. political status E. political capital

social status

Economic relationships are characteristically embedded in other relationships, such as kinship, in all of the following kinds of societies EXCEPT A. chiefdoms B. horticulturalists C. states D. pastoralists E. foragers

states

Yehudi Cohen's adaptive strategies A. suggest that economic systems are a better way of categorizing societies than relying on cultural patterns B. have strong predictive powers when analyzed in computer models C. suggest hypothetical correlations—that is, a causal relation between two or more variables, such as economic and cultural variables D. suggest an association between the economies of societies and their social features E. suggest multidirectional relationships between a society's mean and its mode of production

suggest hypothetical correlations—that is, a causal relation between two or more variables, such as economic and cultural variables

What is meant by the idea that anthropology works at making the strange familiar and the familiar strange? A. that the perspectives offered by anthropology help us see that other ways of life are simply strange and that's OK - and we can be assured that our ways are better and so there is no need to learn new ones B. that the perspectives offered by anthropology help us see that other ways of life than our own are not quite at our level yet but that instead of criticizing people who aren't like us we need to be more C. sympathetic and encourage them to change - this is the central principle of cultural relativism D. that the perspectives offered by anthropology help us see that other ways of life are simply different ways of going about the same things as we do and that our own ways of life that we take for granted don't have to be the way they are - and in fact probably look strange to others E. all answers are correct

that the perspectives offered by anthropology help us see that other ways of life are simply different ways of going about the same things as we do and that our own ways of life that we take for granted don't have to be the way they are - and in fact probably look strange to others

The present-day capitalist world economy is based on relationships established in the age of colonialism. Which of the following was NOT a result of colonial relationships? A. the French Revolution guaranteed the "Rights of Man" for all, including residents of French colonies, and given the political and diplomatic importance of France (French was the language of diplomacy, for example), other nations followed France's lead B. colonial commodities production was oriented toward the European market C colonial plantation systems led to monocrop production in areas that once had diverse subsistence bases D. colonial territories were exploited for raw materials

the French Revolution guaranteed the "Rights of Man" for all, including residents of French colonies, and given the political and diplomatic importance of France (French was the language of diplomacy, for example), other nations followed France's lead

What is NOT evidence of continued colonial relationships and neo-colonial relationships as demonstrated in the film "Life and Debt?" A. the need to purchase food from abroad due to the tastes of foreign tourists B. the ability of the United States and Europe to have more power in setting the policies of the International Monetary Fund and World Bank C. the ability of all governments to have equal representation with the International Monetary Fund and World Bank due to the founding policies of these institutions D. the agreements to bring produce, such as bananas, into the European Union

the ability of all governments to have equal representation with the International Monetary Fund and World Bank due to the founding policies of these institutions

The growth of a market for sugar in Europe spurred A. the movement of capitalism, once a cultural trait specific to New Guinea (where sugar was first domesticated), to the rest of the world B. the development of a transatlantic slave trade C. a long-term improvement in the distribution of wealth among the rural peasantry of England D. a tremendous expansion in the strength of independent indigenous nations of Mexico and South America E. the movement of sugar-producing nations from the periphery to the core of the world system

the development of a transatlantic slave trade

According to Gerhard Lenski, in advanced industrial societies what reduces the polarization between the owning and working classes? A. the growth of the middle class B. a less complex stratification system C. off-shoring of low-wage jobs D. a socialist government E. less social mobility

the growth of the middle class

Throughout the many years that Kottak has been doing research among the nonindustrial Betsileo of Madagascar, he has witnessed the impact of globalization on their livelihood. All of the following have threatened the traditional fabric of Betsileo life EXCEPT A. agricultural intensification caused by population pressure. B. the growing threat of cattle thieves, some of them relatively well-educated young men looking to make some cash. C. the increased presence of anthropologists collaborating with local leaders to preserve their ancestral lands. D. the breakdown of social and political order fueled by an increasing demand for cash. E. emigration.

the increased presence of anthropologists collaborating with local leaders to preserve their ancestral lands.

What is meant by the term "social metabolism?" A. the interactions between humans and the environment B. the notion of metabolism is meant to emphasize how human labor mediates nature C. it is a concept that focuses our attention on how economic activity both depends upon nature and degrades nature at the same time D. all answers are correct

the interactions between humans and the environment

Which of the following economic principles is generally dominant in industrial society? negative reciprocity the market principle redistribution balanced reciprocity generalized exchange

the market principle

How did the Belgian colonizers of East Africa identify who was Tutsi and who was Hutu?

the number of cattle owned

Which of the following is NOT true about capitalism as a mode of production? A. the objective of capitalism is to produce goods in order to provide enough for the entire community B. it assumes existence of private property C. it is based on the exploitation of labor by owners of capital D. all answers are correct

the objective of capitalism is to produce goods in order to provide enough for the entire community

In postsocialist Russia's initial changeover to capitalism, all of the following declined EXCEPT A. the gross domestic product B. farm and industry subsidies C. life expectancy D. the poverty rate E. the birth rate

the poverty rate

Unlike in industrial societies, where economic alienation is common, in nonindustrial societies A. the relations of production, distribution, and consumption are social relations with economic aspects B. alienation is suffered only among the poorer classes C. alienation is an ascribed status D. alienation is pervasive E. social relations are embedded in all relations except the economic ones

the relations of production, distribution, and consumption are social relations with economic aspects

What can be more accurately stated about the role of the state in the wine tourism industry in the Temecula Valley? A. the representatives of the state claim to believe in the theory of laissez-faire capitalism - that is, abstention by governments from interfering in the workings of the free market - but nonetheless intervene on the side of wine capitalists B. no answers are correct C. the representatives of the state believe in the theory of laissez-faire capitalism - that is, abstention by governments from interfering in the workings of the free market - and do nothing to intervene in the workings of the free market D. the representatives of the state DO NOT claim to believe in the theory of laissez-faire capitalism - that is, abstention by governments from interfering in the workings of the free market - and therefore, being in California, intervene in the economy on the side of workers to set up special programs for their protection

the representatives of the state claim to believe in the theory of laissez-faire capitalism - that is, abstention by governments from interfering in the workings of the free market - *but nonetheless intervene on the side of wine capitalists*

Cultures develop strategies to make a living based on A. what they can import from their neighboring cultures B. the resources available in their local eco-systems C. whether they want to work or not - some cultures take the easy D. way out while others work hard E. all answers are correct

the resources available in their local eco-systems

By promoting rural-to-urban migration, industrialization hastened the process of proletarianization, which is

the separation of workers from the means of production

What does the term "Columbian exchange" refer to?

the spread of people, resources, products, ideas, and diseases between the Eastern and Western hemispheres after contact

In anthropology, history, and literature, the field of postcolonial studies has gained prominence since the 1970s. Postcolonial refers to the study of social movements that, instead of rejecting colonialism, actually embraced it and transformed it for their own benefit an up-and-coming subfield in sociology the study of the interactions between European nations and the societies they colonized the period succeeding the slave trade a moral stance toward oppressed peoples

the study of the interactions between European nations and the societies they colonized

Despite differences arising from environmental variation, all foraging economies have shared one essential feature: their willingness to test out new food-producing technologies to see if they are any better than what they are used to their reliance on welfare supplied by state-level societies their interest in developing irrigation technologies to control sources of water their reliance on available natural resources for their subsistence, rather than controlling the reproduction of plants and animals their emphasis on devising new forms of organic pesticides

their reliance on available natural resources for their subsistence, rather than controlling the reproduction of plants and animals

In the film "Life and Debt," how is the price of labor kept down in world market factories that produce goods for US companies with local labor? this is a trick question - it actually costs these US companies more to produce their goods in other countries than in the United States the companies engage in mind control techniques by providing free Kool-Aid tainted with mind control drugs employees are offered generous health and vacation benefits and they, in turn, agree to lower wages as a show of gratitude to the US companies these companies can move their factories to other countries when their tax holidays and other benefits expire

these companies can move their factories to other countries when their tax holidays and other benefits expire

How does accumulation in wine capitalism in the Temecula Valley, southern California, work for the wineries? A. through egalitarian redistribution of the industry's surplus (profits) B. through the exploitation of the social metabolism (that is, the set of flows of materials and energy that occur between nature and society) via the exploitation of labor to produce wine to sell to wine tourists who are encouraged to consume many other things (tours, gift shop items, etc.) C. through the production and sale of wine only because other forms of business are prohibited under Federal and local law D. through the sustainable coexistence with nature and the cultivation of friendships with people who like wine

through the exploitation of the social metabolism (that is, the set of flows of materials and energy that occur between nature and society) via the exploitation of labor to produce wine to sell to wine tourists who are encouraged to consume many other things (tours, gift shop items, etc.)

As the "Appreciating Anthropology" segment in Chapter 14 in the Kottak book notes, around the world many contemporary nations are repeating—at an accelerated rate—the process of resource depletion that started in Europe and the United States during the Industrial Revolution. Fortunately, however,

today's world has some environmental watchdogs—many of them anthropologists—who did not exist during the first centuries of the Industrial Revolution

In which food production system does part of the group's population accompany the herds to distant pastures and the remaining population maintain year-round villages and grow crops? intensive agriculturalist transhumance mixed specialization pastoral nomadic modified foraging

transhumance

In the Temecula Valley wine tourism industry, and common in all industrial agricultural businesses in the United States, who performs the field labor involved in harvesting? A. unionized American agricultural workers B. non-unionized American agricultural workers C. only those migrant workers cleared to work in the United States through the E-Verify system D. undocumented migrant workers enjoying very few legal protections

undocumented migrant workers enjoying very few legal protections