Anthropology Exam 2

Which of the following characteristics would be most important in an Indian family's selection if a bride for their son

/ Domestic skills

An important source of contacts in trying to arrange an Indian marriage is/are

/ Match-making businesses

What is silent trade

Exchange of goods between mutually distrusting ethnic groups that do not want personal contact

According to McCurdy in "Family and Kinship in Village India,"

Extended kinship systems are especially well suited to the organization of holding land in agrarian societies

T or F: Forest Development the Indian Way: Reed argues that people must be prevented from living in the Amazon forest if the tropical ecosystem is to survive

False

T or F: Nelson (Eskimo Science) reported that the Inupiaq were more successful hunter than the Koyukon Indians of Alaska because they engaged in more systematic observations of their natural environment

False

The average number of people in a food-foraging group is

Less than 100

Which of the following is MOST likely to require cooperative hunting skills

Net hunting

Nelson (Eskimo Science) reports that Koyukon hunters were able to discover the den of a hibernating bear by

Noticing an absences of grass, and indications in the snow indicating footprints in the moss below

Families can be consanguine or conjugal. The conjugal family has many forms. One type of conjugal family is the _______, consisting of the husband, wife, and dependent children

Nuclear family

What is a primary labor activity of Bakhtiari women and girls

Spinning wool into yarn

Which of the following statements about the Bakhtiari khans is NOT correct

They give away all of their possessions to gain prominence

Decent groups are associated with all the following EXCEPT:

They make all laws for the state

Descent groups are associated with all of the following EXCEPT:

They make all the laws for the state

The Bakhtiari are a

Pastoral group who raise goats and sheep

Mass food production is a characteristic of which type of food production

Industrial

Nelson (Eskimo Science) spent years conducting fielswork among the

Inupiaq and Koyukon

Balanced reciprocity

Involves the expectation of a specific and immediate exchange

All of the following statements regarding a lineage are correct EXCEPT:

It always involves a totem

According to Goldstein in "Polyandry: When Brothers Take a Wife," it is difficult for a male Tibetan to start his own farm because

It is difficult to terrace new land and keep animals simultaneously without help

Jane Leek, born and raised in the U.S., decides to hold a family reunion. She invites her siblings, parents, both sets of grandparents, her great-aunts and great-uncles, their children, her aunts, uncles, and their children. This group brought together for a temporary time, with such vague boundaries, is called a(n)

Kindred

A network of relatives within which individuals possess certain mutual rights and obligations is called

Kinship

Among the Hopi, which of the following functions as a landholding corporations, allocating land for the support of member households

Lineages

Tools tend to be fewer and simpler among

Mobile food foragers and pastoralists

"Buyer beware!" is the philosophy many North American business people use. What type of reciprocal exchange does this philosophy imply

Negative

In industrial and postindustrial societies, such as the United States, the most common form of residence after marriage is

Neolocal

Families can be consanguine or conjugal. The conjugal family has many forms. One type of conjugal family is the ____, consisting of the husband, wife, and dependent children.

Nuclear family

The development of similar cultural adaptations to similar environmental conditions by people whose ancestral cultures were already rather alike is called

Parallel evolution

Food producers who specialize in animal husbandry, and who consider their way of life to be ideal and central to defining their identities, are called

Pastoralists

One of the most significant characteristics of the food-producing way of life was the development of

Permanent settlements

According to Goldstein's "Polyandry: When Brother's Take a Wife," Tibetan polyandry functions above all to

Permit richer farmers to maintain their standard of living

According to Nelson (Eskimo Science), if one is attacked by a polar bear at close quarters it is best to jump away from its left paw because

Polar bears are left handed (pawed)

According to McCurdy in "Family and Kinship in Village India," In India work in the market economy can weaken kinship systems by

Reducing the time people have to devote to family and kin

In "Reciprocity and the Power or Giving," Cronk notes that the three of the following are good examples of reciprocal gift giving. Which one is NOT

Shoes bought at a local mall

All of the following are associated with polygyny EXCEPT:

Shows the lower status of men than women in these societies

Eating Christmas: The cross-cultural misunderstanding experienced between Lee and the !Kung occurred over

The cultural meaning of the gift of an ox

When a man works hard in his garden in the Trobriand Islands to produce yams, he does this to satisfy which of the following demands

To gain prestige by giving yams away to his sister's husbands

Clans, because they may have members living in many different villages, depend on_____ to provide symbolic identification and promote solidarity

Totems

T or F: According to Cronk in his article, "Reciprocity and the power of Giving," gift giving can be used to intimidate people

True

T or F: According to Goldstein's "Polyandry: When Brother's Take a Wife," it is richer Tibetans living in Nepal who prefer polyandry

True

T or F: According to McCurdy in "Family and Kinship in Village India," the team feminal kin refers to the relatives of the men who have married women of one's own line,or the relatives of the women who have married men of one's own line.

True

T or F: According to Reed (Forest Development the Indian Way), the Guarani, and in the past, millions of other Indians exploited the Amazonian tropical forests without causing permanent harm to the ecosystem

True

T or F: In "Polyandry: When Brothers Take a Wife," Goldstein argues that Tibetan polyandry functions to reduce birth rate.

True

T or F: In "Polyandry: When Brothers Take a Wife," Goldstein argues that Tibetan polyandry functions to reduce the birth rate.

True

T or F: In "Polyandry: When Brothers Take a Wife," Goldstein argues that the Tibetan practice of polyandry is analogous to the practice of primogeniture in nineteenth-century England

True

T or F: In "Reciprocity and the Power or Giving," Cronk cites Hagstrom's argument that citations of other people's work in academic articles as well as the articles themselves, are a form of gift

True

T or F: In this article "Family and Kinship in Village India," McCurdy argues that family and kinship relations have been extended to provide support in the market economy

True

T or F: Nelson (Eskimo Science) argues that the Eskimo's knowledge of the animals in their cold environment rivals that of Western trained scientists

True

T or F: Nelson (Eskimo Science) reported that Alaska's Koyukon hunters are able to discover the dens of bears by looking for the slight depressions in the snow that indicate footprints in the underlying moss

True

T or F: Sterk found that AIDS affects the lives of prostitutes but that customers often refuse to use condoms

True

T or F: The !Kung regularly understate their own hunting achievements to avoid looking arrogant

True

T or F: The !Kung ridiculed the ox given them by Lee for their Christmas feast because this is the usual way they "cool" the arrogance of people who provide important things for other's

True

When Kinship membership is traced either through males or through females but not both, it is called

Unilineal

Matrilineal descent groups are associated with farming societies in which ______ performs most of the labor in the house and gardens

Women

If you are a member of a patrilineal descent group,

Your sisters belong to the same patrilineal descent group that you do

The custom of polyandry may end among Tibeatans ("Polyandry: When Brothers Take a Wife") living in Nepal because

of government opposition and new economic opportunities

For redistribution to be possible, a society must have

/ A cultural emphasis on generosity

Bilateral descent is commonly found among all of the following EXCEPT:

/ Agricultural Societies / Postindustril Societies

A residence pattern in which a married couple may choose to live in the husband's father's or wife's mother's place of residence is

/ Avunculocal

The Kula ring functions to do all of the following EXCEPT:

/ Distribute scarce resources over a broad ecological zone

North Americans assume that they are related equally to the relatives on both the mother's and father's side. The group composed of such people to whom these individuals feel that they belong is called what kind of descent group

/ Double ? Ambilineal

In this article "Forest Development the Indian Way," Reed argues

/ For the laws that require commercial lumber companies and ranchers to replant forest and introduce a 40-year cutting and clearing cycle

A boy is born into a society that practices matrillineal descent. The person who exercises authority over him is

/ His mother

Regarding cousin marriage, which of the following statements is INCORRECT

/ In the U.S., 19 states permit first-cousin marriage / Laws against first-cousin marriage in the U.S. were enacted the popularity of evolutionary theories / The U.S. is the only Western country that has laws against first-cousin marriage

Polygyny

/ Is the most common form of marriage

Sterk (Prostitution in the Era of AIDS) makes several observations about gatekeepers. Which one of the following is NOT one of her observations? Gatekeepers

/ Make the best key informants

According to Nelson (Eskimo Science) the approach to hunting by Inupiaq and Koryukon hunters is

/ Moore sensitive to animal behavior than the findings achieved by systematic "scientific" animal behavior studies

Forest Development the Indian Way: Which one of the following was NOT a consequence of outside development in the Guarani tropical forests, according to Reed

/ The Indians could no longer successfully hunt and fish /Disease and Malnutrition increased

To say that food-foraging societies are egalitarian means that

/ There are no status differences

All of the statements about peasants are true EXCEPT:

/ They are associated with urban areas

Which of the following statements about the Nayar is CORRECT

A man must give a Nayar girl gifts three times a year to formalize the sexual relationship

When a tool is complex and difficult to make, it is usually considered to be owned by

A single individual

The people whom you are related by marriage are considered what type of kinship

Affinal

When the economy is based on ______ and when the man does most of the productive work, the bride's people may give a dowry that protects the woman against desertion. Dowry is also a statement of her economic status

Agriculture

A young man of Jewish affiliation moves to New York City to find a job. Seeing no reason to "go it alone," he calls everyone he knows from both hi smother's and father's side of the family, and attends various meetings to which he is invited. He is invited to multiple events and gatherings by virtue of his being related to various ancestors on both parents' side. These groups support him when he runs out of money and help him find an apartment and a job. We can stay that he is a member of either a bilateral descent group or which of the following

Ambilineal

Which of the following items are exchanged in the Trobriands during death rituals

Banana leaf bundles

Three years after planting their gardens, their Mekranoti are left with only

Bananas

In what country do we find the Mekranoti

Brazil

The period of time that a groom spends in service to the bride's family as a form of economic exchange for marriage is called

Bride service

The number of people that can be supported by the available resources at a given level of technology is called the

Carrying capacity

According to McCurdy in "Family and Kinship in Village India," the term patrilineage refers to

Closely related men who are all descended from a known ancestor

The display of wealth for social prestige is called

Conspicuous consumption

The Comanche and the Cheyenne were quite different culturally until they moved out onto the Great Plains and made use of the horse to hunt the buffalo and raid settled peoples. They then became more similar in cultural adaptations, a process called

Convergent evolution

A system composed of both the natural environment and all living organisms within it is called a(n)

Ecosystem

Among the Ju/'hoansi,

Elderly people are a valuable source of knowledge and wisdom about hunting and gathering and are consulted regularly

Which of the following is NOT true about Tibetan polyandry ("Polyandry: When Brothers Take a Wife")? Polyandry

Eliminates sexual competition among brothers

Which one of the following is NOT true about Tibetan polyandry ("Polyandry: When Brother's Take a Wife")? Polyandry

Eliminates sexual competition among brothers

The woman-woman marriage custom found in sub-Saharan Africa is associated with all of the following EXCEPT:

Enables the woman to engage in sexual activity with each other

Marriage within a particular group of individuals is called

Endogamy

When a society proscribes sexual relations among those it considers too closely related, these are rules of

Endogamy

Through what practice do lineages develop new alliances within larger social system

Exogamy

What type of family is typically found among traditional horticulture, agriculture, and pastoral societies around the world

Extended

T or F: !Kung regularly express admiration for one another's hunting achievements

False

T or F: According to Goldstein's "Polyandry: When Brothers Take a Wife," Tibetan polyandry is a response to a shortage of arable land

False

T or F: According to McCurdy in "Family and Kinship in Village India," until recently Bhil tribes were only permitted to marry people from their own village, thus limiting the scope of their economic and social worlds.

False

T or F: Forest Development the Indian Way: By sustainable development, Reed means that commercial lumber companies and ranches should replant the tropical forest after they have cut down and permit exploited areas to regenerate for approximately 40 years

False

T or F: Goldstein believes that Tibetan polyandry is a response to high rates of female infanticide

False

T or F: In "Family and Kinship in Village India," McCurdy notes that clans are localized organizations of relatives, made up of a person's close male relatives who are all descended from a known common ancestor

False

T or F: Lee's gift of a Christmas ox was ridiculed by the !Kung because he misunderstood their criteria for a desirable animal

False

T or F: Nelson (Eskimo Science) notes that the environmental knowledge of Koyukon Indians and the Inupiaq cannot rival information gained by more systematic, Western scientific observation and testing

False

T or F: Sterk (Prostitution in the Era of AIDS) found that it is essential to become an expert on the lives of informants before interviewing them and to use such information to design interview questions

False

Two or more people related by blood, marriage, or adoption are called a(n)

Family

According to McCurdy in "Family and Kinship in Village India," when Bhils visit other villages, they usually stay with

Feminal kin

According to Cronk in his article, "Reciprocity and the power of Giving," the Kwakiuti potlatch is a good example of a way to

Fight or flatten social rivals

The splitting of a descent group into two or more entities is called

Fission

The mode of distribution called reciprocity refers to the exchange of goods and services

For the purpose of maintaining social relationships and gaining prestige

When an Australian hunter gives away most of his meat to relatives without specifying what is expected in return, he is exemplifying

Generalized reciprocity

The author uses the Nayar of southwest India to illustrate that rules about sexual access can be highly variable. Nayar women

Go through stages of sexual access

The cultivation of crops using hand tools such as digging sticks or hoes is a type of farming called

Horticulture

In most societies, the basic unit of the cooperation is the

Household

The French anthropologist Claude Levi-Strauss says that the incest taboo is universal because

Humans are instinctively opposed to inbreeding through biological programming

Anthropology has sought directly to do each of the following EXCEPT:

Impose a Western and modern approach to life