anthropology exam 3
rapport building:
- the bonding process, known as what, is essential if an investigator is to obtain the maximum amount of information?
ethnogenesis:
- the creation of a new ethnic group
sociolinguistics:
- study of relationships between social and linguistic variation; study of language in its social context
syntax:
- the arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language.
If not homogenization than what?
- ???? cultural convergence, clash of civilizations, or cultural hybridization
speech community:
- a group of people who share a set of norms and expectations regarding the use of language
dialects
- a particular form of a language that is peculiar to a specific region or social group. they are regional or social variants of language. they are influenced by ancestral language, geological and geographic boundaries, social preferences and attitudes - may include variations in: pronunciation, vocabulary, timing/pauses, body language, gender/age rules, socio-economic status, etc.
mana:
- a raw and sacred impersonal force residing in people, animals, plants, places, and objects - makes a chief successful in Melanesian or Polynesian societies- in polynesia, mana pollution could sicken commoners. this differs Melanesian beliefs where mana can be equally obtained by chance and through hard work.
anomie:
- a sense of aimlessness or despair that arises when we can no longer reasonably expect life to be predictable; too little social regulation; normlessness
animism:
- an early theory used to explain the beliefs encountered in non-industrialized societies - refers to a belief in spiritual beings and/or forces
ethics in anthropology:
- anthropologists deal with private and sensitive matters, including information that individuals would prefer not to have generally known about them, and after the 1960's anthropologists began formulating a code of ethics to ensure that their research would not harm the groups being studied
easter egg choice 2
- bunnies attacks woman trynig to feed it - renee o conner
hamasta:
- cannibal spirit with the desire for human flesh
patterns of language change:
- convergence: social, borrowing/ adoption of words, phrases, sounds ex: americans from natives - cougar, moose, raccoon, caribou, parka, ex: cot, pajamas, jungle came from Hindi and reflect the British colonization of India - divergence: languages can diverge as populations emigrate from an area ex: identifying cognate words, or analyzing grammatical patterns in languages and by assuming - generation: languages can be used to generate new terminologies to incorporate new phenomena ex: laptop, wifi, unfriended,
cannibal dance:
- dancers portray cannibal birds with long beaks- traditionally a four day ritual, serves as the highlight of the kwakwaka'wakw winter ceremonial - a period of celebration and ritual in which all worldly activities cease- it centers on the taming of a cannibal spirit, the hamasta, who has an unquenchable desire for human flesh. this taming occurs in the big house with community support and actions
which subsistence strategies are best characterized as each? (foraging, pastoralism, horticulture, and agriculture at all scales)
- foraging: hunter-gatherer - pastoralism: herding - horticulture: dry farming, slash and burn - agriculture: technology use in intensive like in the US
what is fundamentalism and why has it been increasing since the 1960's ?
- fundamentalists advocate a return to fundamental or traditional principles that ought to be enacted on a larger scale - since the 1960's religious organizations became involved in the public sphere, and some conservative churches called themselves fundamentalists. fundamentalist preachers have been utilizing media resources like television in the 80's and have become very active in elections and politics
wade davis discussion on ethnosohere:
- he argued that when the identity of a community is lost, it is not due to differences in technology or an outright resistance to change of its members but that it is a result of asymmetrical power of relationships and from differential representation. - he uses the example of decline in languages spoken to demonstrate this idea. - most anthropologists don't think culture will disappear - most recognize that continued globalization m might cause so me of the social and economic
inequalities resulting from differences in globalization representation:
- if we are aware of inequalities and how they may lead to social stratifications within and between nations and recognize that they are produced by cultures, then these can be potentially re-made in less imbalanced ways - how: a starting point may be in attributing value to all peoples regardless of their nationality, ethnicity, religion, race, gender, and class - this is sometimes easier said than done, and some perceive some inequalities as potentially beneficial or motivating or as part of belief systems that support these social inequalities
concepts of gender are conflated with sexuality
- ignores the .......
phonemes:
- in language, the smallest distinctive sound unit
2. cultural convergence
- in the 1960's the idea emerges that the world was becoming a "global village" - this theory underlies concepts of "mcdonaldization" and "coca-colonization" which focuses on powerful culturally influential nations imposing culture on others
Which of the following is one of the four features of culture discussed in drill?
- learned - shared - symbolic - integrated
imitative magic:
- like produces like (voodoo doll, animal skull used to transfer a headache)- inuit hunting tools
multiple gender identities: native american populations:
- more than 150 native americans have multiple gender identities available, inclusive of a two spirit identity - most cultural groups see these variations as beneficial - they are valid and reversed members of society
biological sex and gender are not equivalent terms:
- not binary - gender expressions are culturally informed. meaning that cultural preferences shape these identities - cultures do not construct gender identities in the same ways - concepts of gender are sometimes fluid even within an individuals lifetime
how many genders are there on average in gender sex models?
- over 3
ethnic boundary markers:
- overt characteristics used to denote ethnic group membership
ethnic group
- people of the same race or nationality who share a distinctive culture
cultural hybridization
- persistent cultural mixing that has no predetermined direction or end- point - related ideas include: religious syncretism and language creolization. - cultural participation, including resistance e and non-passivity to these global trends by indigenous populations, changes the world by helping to shape these systems - ethnographic fieldwork focused on the localized com unities can reveal this resistance. - for example, in Malaysia, the mixing of sexes at work and male dominated management of female workers has increased the spirit possessions by angered local spirits who dislike these violations of moral and cultural taboos
contagious magic:
- power comes from contact - ex: spitting alcohol, blowing smoke, some concepts of mana
1. clash of civilizations
- proponents suggest that cultural differences have not disappeared and that we are become ng increasingly aware of these differences - this IS NOT supported by history nor by cultural data -
biological sex:
- refers to the reproductive forms and functions of the body - some assume sex to be binary bc they are focused on sexual reproduction. this is a problem bc it excludes some of the natural biological variation that exists. 1-2% of known births have both female and male characteristics - recognized biological sex: female, male and intersexed
gender:
- roles, relationships, values, and positions in society that are permitted to members of each gender category -
myths/ mythos
- sacred texts. they may be transmitted as written texts, communicated orally, or embedded into various socially recognized symbols and/or include performances - they include stories and narratives to:- explain how the world was created- explain how humans, plants , and animals were created and their roles- define or prescribe how to live morally - explain what happens to us when we die
ethnocide:
- the deliberate and systematic destruction of the culture of an ethnic group
sorcery:
- the performance of rites with the intention of altering reality
globalization:
- the process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence or start operating on an international scale.
morphemes:
- the smallest meaningful units of language
multiple gender identities:
- the social recognition of more than two gender possibilities within a culture - concepts of "third genders" are widespread. these include the two spirit, navajo, india, indonesia - these categories are not solely constructed based on sexual orientation or biology - these demonstrate that a binary construction of gender and its tethering to biology are not universal - some reject the permanent gender categories and structures, while others embrace multiple genders
descriptive linguistics:
- the systematic analysis and description of a language's sound system and grammar - sounds, symbols, etc
witchcraft:
- the use of psychic powers, or the result of bodily substances, which alter reality. they are often viewed as lacking control of their powers
globalization:
- the widening scale of cross cultural interactions caused by the rapid movement of money, people, ideas, goods, images, and ideas within nations and across national boundaries - this process is facilitated by development of transportation and media technologies enabling communication and movement - significant improvements to transportation and media technologies can result in hastening the rare of integration - areas that seem remote are indeed influenced by globalization - globalization does not automatically signal a death kn ell for the presence of cultural diversity and the myriad ways of being
kakora
- their bodies are depleted of nu - eligible to engage in activities available to those with low levels of nu. they can live in the kakor houses to obtain the secret kakora knowledge gained during the initiation ceremonies - males in their early teens through the prime years who have been initiated - post menopausal females with 3 or more children
figapa
- their bodies contain high quantities of substances symbolically considered feminine - children of all sexes bc they've been in recent contact w their mothers - females in their child bearing years - post menopausal females who've not had at least 3 children - elderly males- feminized nu has been transferred to them throughout their life
hijras
- this "third gender" category in India includes men who have undergone an emasculation rite involving voluntary castration
cultural convergence: problematic
- this model falls short because cultures may share boundary makers , however they may not see them in the same manner - cultures are dynamic social processes and are greatly variable - though
coding:
- transforming actions into a symbolic language
sexuality/ sexual orientation
- typically used to describe which biological sex(es) and/ or genders that individuals are attracted to, at times, perhaps, for the purpose of intercourse
hua concept of gender
- unique gender constructions baseds on the concept of nu - instead of male/female, genders are compromised as figapa, pakora
gender boundary markers:
- voice - physique - hairstyle - dress - behavior - body movements - spatial and touch preferences - language use - occupations -hobbies
gender boundary markers:
- voice, physique, hairstyle, dress, behavior, body movements, spatial and touch preferences, language use, occupations, hobbies
cultural anthropological fieldwork characteristics:
-involves an extended length of time living with the group of people that are the focus of your research; during this period, the anthro is immersed in the daily practices of their focal population; some goals include building rapport and gaining high-quality qualitative data through participant observation and interviews
participant observation:
a research method in which investigators systematically observe people while joining them in their routine activities
_________: Lineage system where a generation affiliates with either their mother's or father's descent group but not simultaneously with both.
ambilineal
_________ is the notion that natural objects, animate and inanimate, are imbued with spirits. This also describes an early theory used to explain the beliefs encountered in non-industrialized societies.
animism
The term consanguinity refers to being related by _________.
blood
_________ refers to an unstructured state in which all members of a community are equal allowing them to share a common experience, usually through a rite of passage.
communitas
The blurring and merging of identities through a failure to distinguish race from language, national origin, or cultural background when describing various populations could be said to be a process of ________.
conflation
As described in the reading "Hijra and Sadhin: Neither Man nor Woman in India and Bangladesh", this term refers to the paradoxical transformation of sexual impotence into procreative power through the renunciation of sex, forming the core of hijra identity and power.
creative asceticism
In a matrilineal kinship system, offspring of your mother's brothers are known as ______ cousins while offspring of your mother's sisters are considered _____ cousins.
cross, parallel
In the Sahlins and Service model, what happens to productivity yield relative to labor as societies progress from bands through the other phases to states?
decreases
This term refers to the process of learning the cultural rules and logic of a society.
enculturation
__________: a social group based on perception of shared ancestry, cultural tradition, and common history that culturally distinguish that group from other groups.
ethnic group
____________ is the idea that one's own beliefs and behaviors are superior, while those of other people are wrong or misguided.
ethnocentrism
Foragers can be said to utilize a _________ land-use strategy.
extensive
From the drill discussion on gender-sex models, in regard to biological sex, the binary is rigid, and only two sexes can be said to exist.
false
The natural development of racial categories is sometimes mistaken as a social reality.
false
While a dowry refers to a man and his relatives transferring wealth to relatives of the bride, bridewealth (brideprice) refers to the transfer of wealth from a woman's family to their daughter and her husband.
false (opposite)
Domum is the often taken for granted ways of acting acquired through individual and social experience.
habitus
_________ is the concept that different perspectives or cultural voices coexist and influence each other within various cultural contexts.
heteroglossia
____________: Mode of cultivation focused on small gardens or fields to support basic family needs.
horticulture
intensive vs extensive land use strategies: - what does it mean to be
intensive: - the land use strategy is dependent on bringing nutrients into a land parcel without moving to allow natural replenishment- agricultural extensive: - the land use strategy requires movement to allow resources to replenish - foraging/hunter-gatherer, horticulture, pastoralism
Which of the following does Wade Davis consider to be the best indicator of the degradation of the vitality of global cultural diversity?
language loss
The development of __________ refers to the building of relationships and reputation within communities.
rapport
__________: dramatic renderings or social portrayals of meanings shared by members of a group.
ritual
___________ is the degree to which cultural norms specify that individuals or groups should be helpful to, intimate with, or emotionally attached to one another.
social distance
cultural cohesion:
social solidarity and connectedness
gender as a social construct
the expectations of gender aren't real either, we have also made that up
biological sex:
the sex determined by a person's chromosomes
__________ clans refer to groups in which members are symbolically identified with certain supernatural powers associated with plants, animals and natural forces. These clans will often be named after this association.
totemic
Imitative magic operates off the principle that like produces like while contagious magic is based on the belief that power comes via contact.
true