Anthropology Exam II

calendrical rituals

A ritual that is performed on a regular basis as part of a religious calendar.

Hawaiian kinship system

Accounts for gender and generation. Does not account for lineal vs collateral or paternal vs maternal.

Iroquios kinship system

Accounts for gender, generation, and sex linking of relative. Does not account for lineal vs collateral or paternal vs maternal

Minangkabau

Agriculture W. Sumatra Malaysia Matrilineal

Samoans

Agriculture, fishing S. Hawaii Cognatic (Ambilocal)

Animism

Belief that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events, like thunderstorms and earthquakes, have a discrete spirit and conscious life.

grammatical competence

Competent in semantics (word meaning), syntax (word order/combination).

Yanomamo

Foraging, horticulture Brazil Patrilineal

Anthony Wallace (on religion)

Forms of religious practices

Azande

Horticulture, hunting Central Africa-Sudan Patrilineal

Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis Example

Kinship terms and how they differ based on the society's form of kinship

US Models of a Family

-2 kids -Parents -Pet

Japanese Models of Family

-2-3 Kids -Grandparents -Parents -Hierarchy

Native american third genders

-A third or fourth gender of "man-woman" or "woman man" or "not woman-not man" -Well documented among Native Americans -More than 150 NAtive American cultures had cross-gender -Cross gender work or activities -Transvestism (dressing like the other gender) -Associations with spiritual powers -Same-sex relationships and marriage -Same GENDER was not allowed

Example of miscommunication due to cultural differences

-Asking about GPA -Twins in Japan

three characteristics of religion

-Beliefs about nature and character of supernatural powers -Teachings or traditions which tell of these supernatural powers -Rituals intended to include or direct these powers for the benefit of the group

individualistic

-Emphasize direct personal interactions between people and the supernatural -You don't need a priest or anything to help you contact the supernatural -Ojibwa

ecclesiastical

-Highly organized religious practices which a full-time priesthood performs rituals believed to benefit believers or the whole society; occur in complex societies -Priest has to be trained -Hierarchy (pope, bishop, priest) -Strict rules -Officially become a member

communal

-Member of a particular group gather periodically for rituals that are believed to benefit the group as a whole -Ju/'honsai trance dances

Shamanistic religion

-Some individuals are believed to have contact with the supernatural that ordinary people lack -Shaman a part-time religious person

duolocal residence

Married couple lives in two separate households

Polyandry

a form of marriage in which women have more than one husband

patrilocal residence

a residence pattern in which a married couple lives in the husband's father's place of residence

matrilocal residence

a residence pattern in which a married couple lives in the wife's mother's place of residence

ambilocal residence

a residence pattern in which a married couple may choose either matrilocal or patrilocal residence

Crisis Ritual

a ritual performed irregularly, as needed, such as weddings, prayers for rain, and healing ceremonies

communicative competence

a speaker's internalized knowledge both of the grammatical rules of a language and of the rules for appropriate use in social contexts.

bilateral kinship

a system in which individuals trace their descent through both parents. (America, Ju'/Honsai)

Patrilineal

based on or tracing descent through the male line (Yanomamo, Basseri, Azande)

Why does the definition of marriage not work cross culutrally?

because some cultures don't marry for romance or live together and some consider that being marriage

polytheism

belief in more than one god

Monotheism

belief in only one god

Involvement Politeness

emphasizes solidarity through interaction (jokes, stories, small talk)

Ojibwa

foragers Canada Patrilineal

Ju/'honsai

foraging S. Africa- Kalahari Bilateral

Trobriand Islanders

horticulture Trobriand Islands Matrilineal

Eskimo kinship system

kinship reckoning in which the nuclear family is emphasized by specifically identifying the mother, father, brother, and sister, while lumping together all other relatives into broad categories such as uncle, aunt, and cousin; also known as a lineal system. Accounts for gender,generation, lineal, but not paternal vs maternal.

neolocal residence

living arrangement in which a married couple sets up residence separate from either spouse's family

polygny

man has more than one wife (Ojibwa- allowed but not common)

Endogamy

marriage between people of the same social category

Exogamy

marriage outside the tribe, caste, or social group

Dowry

property or money brought by a bride to her husband on their marriage

Independence politeness style

recognizes others negative face wants, emphasizes freedom and autonomy

Matrilineal

relating to a social system in which family descent and inheritance rights are traced through the mother. (Minangkabau, Trobrianders)

mana

religious power or energy that is concentrated in individuals or objects

avunculocal residence

system under which a married couple lives with the husband's mother's brother

Bridewealth

the gift of goods or money from the groom's family to the bride's family as part of the marriage process

Brideservice involves __________.

the groom working for the bride's family

Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

the idea that language structures thought and that ways of looking at the world are embedded in language

Cognatic

tracing through either the male or female line. (Somoans)

Basseri

Pastoralist S. Iran Patrilineal

rites of passage

Social rituals that mark the transition between developmental stages, especially between childhood and adulthood.