Anthropology Final
Nonhuman vocal systems are often referred to as __________ systems, because they do not combine different calls to produce new meanings.
closed
Which of the following is a museum position typically filled by anthropologists?
collection manager
Which of the following is true of the archive known as the Human Relations Area Files?
Its collections have been indexed to make them easier to consult.
What feature of Mousterian tools suggests that they were hafted?
Many of them were thinned or shaped on one side.
What is the difference between microevolution and macroevolution?
Microevolution refers to change within species; macroevolution refers to the production of new species.
__________ results in more favorable genes becoming more frequent in a population over time.
Natural Selection
What is the major principle of the single-origin theory?
Neandertals became extinct.
What did the Field Museum bring to Chicago school students with its Maori meeting house display?
a space to discuss difficult issues in a context of mutual respect
Animal systems, such as sound or odor, represent __________ but not __________.
communication; language
Historical linguists are interested in __________.
comparing certain languages to determine if they were derived from a common ancestral language
Gloger's rule for skin color holds true __________.
for people, as well as for other mammals and birds
Which field of anthropology is devoted to solving crimes, helping to locate mass graves, and identifying victims of war and state-sponsored brutality?
forensic anthropology
All societies divide labor by what two factors?
gender and age
Mendel's units of heredity were what we now call __________.
genes
Height, in a population, is determined by what two major influences?
heredity and environment
The study of how languages change through time and how they may be related is called __________.
historical linguistics
Anthropology is literally the study of __________.
humans
In what activity do Yanomamö participate as part of their subsistence strategy?
hunting monkeys with bow and arrow
Which of the following is a major source of new culture?
individual variation
Many have suggested that the United States and other developed countries are now transitioning from __________ to __________.
industrialism; postindustrialism
Anthropologists, as well as other social scientists, feel that culture is __________.
learned and shared
Patrilineal societies, but not matrilineal societies, tend to be __________.
locally exogamous
From where do most traditional pastoralists get their animal protein?
the milk and blood of the animals they raise
To whom do anthropologists have the most important ethical obligation?
the people they study
The goal of interpretive anthropology is to __________.
understand what it means to be a person living in a particular culture
Only __________ fossils have been found in North and South America.
Homo sapiens
__________ involves physiological adjustments in individuals to environmental conditions.
Acclimatization
Cro-Magnon first appeared in Europe about __________ years ago.
35,000
It is estimated that __________ percent of the world's languages are endangered.
50 to 90
The earliest writing systems are about __________ years old.
6,000
Bride price occurs all over the world but is particularly common in __________.
Africa
The earliest known modern-looking humans found so far lived in __________.
Africa
Where would you expect to find the greatest genetic variation in the world?
Africa
How did the goals of archaeology change in the 1950s?
Anthropology was changing, shifting from historical particularism to a variety of new approaches.
Why did early archaeological artifacts usually end up in natural history museums?
At the time, non-Western artifacts were not considered art, nor were the cultures of non-Western peoples considered part of history.
Who classified plants and animals into a systema naturae, which led to the taxonomic system we use today?
Carolus Linnaeus
An advantage of light skin is greater absorption of vitamin __________.
D
Which of these statements is true regarding human chromosomes?
Egg and sperm cells have 23 chromosomes, while all other body cells contain 46.
Most paleoanthropologists agree that __________ evolved into H. sapiens.
H. erectus
What was one of the ways that Franz Boas brought about the end of the evolutionism period in early anthropology?
He was strongly opposed to "race" theory, and emphasized the importance of cultural context.
To what language family does English belong?
Indo-European
How has General Motors been impacted by its efforts to improve its organizational culture?
It has improved substantially over many objective measures since beginning its research.
How does anthropology differ from other disciplines concerned with humans?
It is broader in scope, both geographically and historically.
How common is the neolocal residence pattern practiced by most North Americans?
It is very rare, being seen in only about 5 percent of known societies.
What is the primary purpose of an ethnologist's fieldwork?
It provides the data needed to describe the typical behavior and thought of a group of people.
In what modern nation might you still find the practice of dowry?
Italy
Prosimians, monkeys, apes, and humans are all members of the order __________.
Primates
What is the major difference between relative dating and absolute dating methods?
Relative dating compares the age of an artifact with things around it, while absolute dating provides the actual age of the artifact.
What herding strategies do contemporary Saami use?
The Norwegian government now regulates reindeer herding.
How does the everyday usage of the term "culture" differ from its academic definition?
The common usage reflects a desirable quality that can be acquired.
What is the major cause of the disappearance of native languages?
The languages are no longer being taught to children.
What was the selective pressure driving the color change in moths during the industrial revolution?
The predators could not see the darker colored moths on the sooty trees.
Which base is present in RNA but not in DNA?
Uracil
Which pair of scientists is famous for discovering the structure of the DNA molecule?
Watson and Crick
Why is it so difficult to pinpoint the emergence of the earliest languages?
Written language only appeared about 5,000 years ago.
Which Native American community has initiated a program to train and employ tribal members in cultural resource management?
Zuni
Who are the Denisovans?
a population descended from H. neandertalensis
Children learn spoken language at __________.
about the same age in all cultures
Potassium-argon dating is an example of a(n) __________ dating technique.
absolute
Among pastoral nomads, wealth is usually measured in __________.
animals
Which of the following can encompass any of the four main subfields of anthropology?
applied anthropology
Sickle-cell anemia is an example of __________ selection.
balancing
How long did Neandertals and humans coexist in Europe and the Near East?
between 20,000 and 60,000 years
What are the two broad classifications of subject matter within anthropology?
biological and cultural
Which of the following is the most common economic marriage transaction cross-culturally?
bride price
Most of the remains that have been excavated from Upper Paleolithic sites have been found in __________.
caves and rock shelters
In addition to genetics, what may explain a population's susceptibility to disease?
cultural practices to deal with illness
Which important tenet of anthropology was first championed by Franz Boas to challenge the attitude that Western culture was inherently superior to others?
cultural relativism
Unlike ethnologists, ethnographers __________.
describe a given society based on their own fieldwork
What are the ultimate sources of all cultural change?
discovery and invention
What innovation from Upper Paleolithic culture had the most lasting importance for humans, both in the Old and New Worlds?
domestication of plants and animals
Societies with __________ descent have two rules of descent, each traced through links of one sex only, operating at the same time.
double
The tendency to judge other cultures without trying to grasp the reasons behind their customs is what anthropologists refer to as __________
ethnocentrism
From where do we derive most anthropological data?
ethnographic fieldwork
Which of the following is a basic pattern of diffusion?
intermediate contact
The most powerful transmitter of culture is probably __________.
language
CRM archaeologists use a(n) __________ to determine how to protect or salvage as much of the archaeological record as possible before a major building project.
mitigation plan
Compared to the historian, the archaeologist is __________.
more likely to study very ancient cultures
What is one of the major consequences of horticulture?
more sedentary way of life
The main process that increases the frequency of adaptive traits through time is called __________.
natural selection
Which type of culture was the traditional focus for anthropologists?
non-Western cultures
Ester Boserup argues that the intensification of agriculture is __________.
not likely to develop naturally out of horticulture
Same-sex marriages are __________.
not typical in any known society
What is a dominant trait?
one which is always expressed in the presence of another variant
Natural selection operates on an individual's __________.
phenotype
The observable appearance of a pea plant is called its __________.
phenotype
Of the following forms of marriage, the rarest is __________.
polyandry
Participant-observation refers to the __________.
practice of immersing oneself in the language and customs of a society
What do linguists mean when they refer to grammar?
prescriptive rules that people are supposed to follow when speaking
After working with shamans in Africa, E. Fuller Torrey concluded that they use the same mechanisms and techniques to cure patients as __________ and achieve about the same results.
psychiatrists
What is the central role of museum anthropologists, regardless of their positions?
public education
What form of horticulture involves working the land for a short time, then leaving it idle for a few years?
shifting cultivation
How are cases chosen for a random sample?
so that each case has an equal chance of being selected
A __________ is a group of people who occupy a particular territory and speak a common language.
society
Racism is the belief that __________.
some races are innately inferior to others
The fact that monkeys and apes can learn new behaviors from each other __________.
suggests that they have a culture
In which group were incestuous marriages permitted?
the ancient Egyptian royal families
According to the code of ethics adopted by the Society for Applied Anthropology in 1948, __________.
the target community should be included as much as possible in the formulation of policy
In a(n) __________ production system, most people produce their own food, but an aristocracy controls a portion of the production.
tributary
Societies that practice dowry tend to be those in which __________.
women contribute little to primary subsistence
