Anthropology Midterm Exam

The Neolithic Revolution began some ________ years ago. Question options: 500 2,000 12,000 45,000

12,000

The key messages of the AAA race project are that race is a recent human invention. race is about culture, not biology. race and racism are embedded in institutions and everyday life. All of the above

All of the above

Which of the following are characteristics of primates? Primates have five-digited feet and hands that are suited for grasping. Primates' most important means of obtaining information is sight rather than smell. Primates have a larger brain size than most mammals. All of the above.

All of the above

Which of the following examples best illustrates the relationship between human biological needs and culture? Humans completely control their nature through culture; biology is no longer important. Biology requires that humans eat a certain amount each day, but culture teaches us what we want to eat, when we want it, and how to eat it Some humans in Spain have a biological need to eat at 10 p.m., but Midwesterners in the U.S. have a biological need to eat at 5 p.m. Human biological needs change, but cultural needs do not.

Biology requires that humans eat a certain amount each day, but culture teaches us what we want to eat, when we want it, and how to eat it

Which of the following scholars is generally credited with creating the first broadly used taxonomy (classification) of plants and animals? Carolus Linneaus Charles Darwin Alfred Wallace James Ussher

Carolus Linneaus

Which of the following statements about ethnicity is true? Americans maintain a clear distinction between ethnicity and race. Ethnicity is based on common biological features. Ethnicity is one's identification with a group that shares a common set of beliefs, values, customs, and norms. Ethnicity is the politically correct term for race.

Ethnicity is one's identification with a group that shares a common set of beliefs, values, customs, and norms.

T/F: Homo erectus is similar to modern humans because the average brain size is the same in both species.

False

T/F: Host countries that emphasize assimilation tend to encourage minority ethnic groups to retain their identities.

False

T/F: Neandertals were the first species to intentionally make fire.

False

T/F: Plants got smaller with domestication, while animals got larger.

False

T/F:Divergent Evolution describes the process by which similar traits can arise if species experience similar selective forces and adapt to them in similar ways.

False

Hunting was an important cultural behavior marking a significant step for a human ancestor. Which ancestral species does the fossil record indicate was the earliest habitual hunter? Homo erectus Homo habilis Neandertals Homo rudolfensis

Homo erectus

What is sedentism? Living in settled villages Living off of domesticated animals use of domesticated plants instead of wild plants none of the above

Living in settled villages

The ________ included stone toolmaking, emphasizing microliths with broad-spectrum economies. Mesolithic Neolithic Paleolithic Iron Age

Mesolithic

What is the name given to the cultural period in which the first signs of domestication were present? Microlithic Neolithic Mesolithic Upper Paleolithic

Neolithic

T/F: A society with a central government, administrative specialization, and social classes is a state.

True

T/F: An organism's evident traits (those you can see), or its anatomy and physiology, are called its phenotype.

True

T/F: As a result of glacial retreat, the quantity and variety of edible marine life increased and the practices of gathering, birding, and fishing grew in importance.

True

T/F: Bipedalism has been typically viewed as an adaptation to living in savanna country, or open grassland.

True

T/F: By 5500 B.P., Middle Easterners were living in vibrant cities with markets, streets, temples, and palaces.

True

T/F: Corn, beans, and squash were the major crops to be domesticated in Mexico.

True

T/F: Creole languages are commonly found in regions where different linguistic groups come into contact with one another.

True

T/F: Cultures are traditions and customs that form and guide the beliefs and behavior of the people exposed to them.

True

T/F: Host countries that emphasize assimilation tend to encourage minority ethnic groups to retain their identities.

True

T/F: Humanity (Homo sapiens) lacks races comparable to the breeds of dogs or roses because human populations have not been isolated enough from one another to develop into such discrete groups.

True

T/F: Infectious diseases became a major problem after food production began to spread around 10,000 years ago.

True

T/F: Neandertals and modern humans were living, and probably interbreeding, in the Middle East around 55,000 B.P.

True

T/F: Phenotype refers to the expressed physical characteristics of an organism.

True

T/F: Phonology is the study of speech sounds.

True

T/F: Recent genetic research suggests that a speech-friendly mutation took hold in humans around 150,000 years ago.

True

T/F: Reduction in absolute poverty, with a more even distribution of wealth, is known as increased equity.

True

T/F: Rice was domesticated in southern China.

True

T/F: Sexual Dimorphism is the term for differences between male and female anatomy and temperament.

True

T/F: Some 19th-century creationists thought that fires, floods, and volcanic activity periodically wiped out life in parts of the world. After the dust settled, God would create new species to fill up the empty spaces. This is called Catastrophism.

True

T/F: The world's linguistic diversity has been cut in half, as measured by the number of distinct languages extant, in the past 500 years; and half the remaining languages are predicted to disappear during this century.

True

T/F: Unlike the centers of domestication in the Old World, very few animals were ever domesticated in the New World.

True

T/F: Very often, American culture doesn't draw a line between race and ethnicity.

True

T/F:Whether bilingual or not, we all vary our speech depending on context.

True

What is pidgin? a partial language that results from primitive tribes' attempts to learn the language of a modern industrialized state a mixed language that develops to ease communication between members of different cultures in contact, usually in situations of trade or colonial domination a set of languages believed to be most like the original human language, spoken by a small population of Indian Ocean islanders none of the above

a partial language that results from primitive tribes' attempts to learn the language of a modern industrialized state

In human evolution, the shape of the pelvis began to change, especially in females. Which answer best explains the changes? a- Humanlike birth canals had to accommodate larger skulls due to increase in brain size, but the demands of bipedalism restricted the size that the pelvic opening could be b- The pelvis became smaller as a requirement for successful births. c-Humanlike pelvises had to be longer and narrower compared to apelike pelvises to allow balanced upright walking d- Early hominins started having litters, producing smaller offspring that could pass more easily through the birth canal.

a- Humanlike birth canals had to accommodate larger skulls due to increase in brain size, but the demands of bipedalism restricted the size that the pelvic opening could be

Which is true about Homo Naledi? they had a mix of primitive and modern traits they had shoulders adapted to climbing they were most likely bipedal due to pelvic structure all of the above

all of the above

Which of the following are human biological capacities upon which culture depends? the ability to use language the ability to think symbolically the ability to learn all of the above

all of the above

Which of the following are ways in which culture is transmitted and learned? it is absorbed unconsciously it is transmitted through observation it is taught directly all of the above

all of the above

In order to reconstruct ancient human biological and cultural features, anthropologists study ceramics, casts, metals, tools, and other manufactured items known as archaeological digs refuse artifacts palynological remains

artifacts

Which of the following is true regarding health care systems? a- Illnesses, symptoms, and causes are globally defined and accepted, but health care systems differ from culture to culture. b- Different cultures recognize different illnesses, symptoms, and causes and have developed different health care systems. c- Medical anthropologists promote a unified and global health care system. d- Most rural healthcare systems lack curers.

b- Different cultures recognize different illnesses, symptoms, and causes and have developed different health care systems.

Becoming fully human, associated with evidence of symbolic thought and artistic creativity, may have occurred as much as 165,000 years ago or only 45,000 years ago. What is the term used by anthropologists for these abilities? Anatomically Modern Human language behavioral modernity Cro Magnon

behavioral modernity

The subfield of anthropology that describes, analyzes, interprets, and explains social and cultural similarities and differences is ______. physical biological linguistics cultural

cultural

Humans have the ability to adapt to environmental stresses using learned and shared behaviors. Some examples of these behaviors might include making bows and arrows, community farming activities, or the building of houses. Which of the following terms best describes these activities? biological anthropology natural selection uniformitarianism cultural adaptation

cultural adaptation

Evolution is both a theory and a fact because of which of the following? a- Biological evolutions can be demonstrated by observable facts. b- Evolutionary theory is a set of logically connected ideas formulated to explain biological diversity and the origin of species. c- No one has proposed any idea other than natural selection to explain the distribution of diversity in nature. d- A and B

d - a and b

Which statement best describes the "Mitochondrial Eve" hypothesis? Question options: a- Based on analysis of mtDNA in Neandertal bones, researchers have identified the first female Neandertal in Germany. b- Based on genetic analysis of the Y chromosome, researchers have concluded that a woman named Eve was the ancestor of all humans alive today. c- Analysis of DNA from fossilized human ancestors indicates one original female ancestor who lived in the Middle East about 6,000 years ago. d- Analysis of modern mtDNA samples suggests that everyone alive today has mtDNA inherited from a woman who lived 200,000 years ago in sub-Saharan Africa.

d- Analysis of modern mtDNA samples suggests that everyone alive today has mtDNA inherited from a woman who lived 200,000 years ago in sub-Saharan Africa.

A scientifically identified health threat caused by a known pathogen is known as ______, whereas a condition of poor health perceived or felt by an individual is known as ______. illness; disease disease; illness virus; malaise none of the above

disease; illness

Research on the communication skills of nonhuman primates reveals their inability to refer to objects that are not immediately present in their environment, such as food and danger. The ability to describe things and events that are not present is called productivity displacement phonology cultural transmission

displacement

A child begins to learn cultural rules and habits, such as how to take turns speaking, how far apart to stand, and when to make eye contact, through a process known as enculturation integration adaptation diffusion

enculturation

The activity within cultural anthropology that gathers data to provide an account of a particular group, community, society, or culture is called psychology archaeology ethnography biology

ethnography

T/F: "Primitive" tribal groups in the Amazon do not have culture.

false

T/F: A human child is born with culture.

false

T/F: A revolutionary eighteenth-century innovation that has profoundly affected human life ever since is food production

false

T/F: Anthropology is a pseudoscience.

false

T/F: Fossils include the preserved remains of any object (building, container, tool, pottery, weapon, work of art) made, used, or modified in some way by human beings, which help us to understand how people lived in the past.

false

T/F: Some anthropologists become involved in electoral campaigns, political administrations, and testifying at government hearings. This is called anthropological lobbying

false

T/F: Sources of information for archaeologists studying sites primarily include interviews with key informants.

false

How were Oldowan stone tools likely used? for killing game animals and then butchering them for spear points to hunt game for breaking open bones for marrow, and for digging up roots and insects to eat for breaking open nuts and scraping the hides of antelopes

for killing game animals and then butchering them

The name for the place in the skull where the spinal cord joins the brain is the ______, and its placement in the species named "Toumai" or Sahelanthropus suggests that Toumai may have walked bipedally. vertebrae diastema sagittal crest foramen magnum

foramen magnum

The study of the whole of the human condition is known as comprehensivism completism holism entireism

holism

With a cranial capacity of 600 to 700 cubic centimeters (cm3), which of the following species was initially identified as the first tool maker and as the first member of the genus Homo? homo sapiens homo habilis homo neandertalensis homo erectus

homo habilis

Biological anthropology is the study of ______ in time and space. cultural norms and values fossil records ethnographic research human biological diversity

human biological diversity

Which of the following have exhibited cultural capabilities humans gorillas chimpanzees all of the above

humans

Which of the following have longer legs than arms? humans apes chimpanzees Old World monkeys

humans

A suggested but unverified explanation is known as a covariation hypothesis science variable

hypothesis

A key feature of language is that it tells us a lot about the present, although nothing about the past. it enables us to compare human and nonhuman primate linguistic grammars. it is transmitted through learning. it does not vary with time.

it is transmitted through learning.

Which of the following is a social universal? monogamy life in a nuclear family life in some kind of family none of the above

life in some kind of family

Teosinte is most closely related to ________ maize potatoes wheat beets

maize

Which of the following is the comparative, biocultural study of disease, health problems, and health care systems, and is both academic and applied? urban anthropology medical anthropology educational anthropology development anthropology

medical anthropology

Which term refers to the view that cultural diversity is valuable and worth maintaining? assimilation plural society colonialism multiculturalism

multiculturalism

In Blombos Cave, an excavated 100,000-year-old workshop was the site of the world's earliest known smelting communal fire paint mass tool production

paint

What kind of physical anthropologists specialize in the study of human evolution? primatologists prehistoric archaeologists paleoanthropologists forensic anthropologists

paleoanthropologists

An ascribed status is a status that has a position of dominance in society; for example, that of a king. you choose for yourself. people have little or no choice about occupying. you earn, as when a successful law student becomes a lawyer.

people have little or no choice about occupying.

Romance languages like French and Spanish are daughter languages of Latin, which is their common protolanguage call system syntax vocabulary

protolanguage

Assigning humans to discrete categories based on common ancestry is known as racial classification clines cultural differentiation linguistic orientation

racial classification

"Class-structured, with differences in wealth, prestige, and power" is another way of saying multicultured homogenized stratified assimilated

stratified

What's the term for primates who live primarily on the ground? arboreal terrestrial aquatic atmospheric

terrestrial

What is a call system? human language a form of sign language the modern form of language spoken in the United States

the communication systems of nonhuman primates

A set of logically connected ideas formulated to explain something is called a theory hypothesis opinion belief

theory

T/F: According to an idea known as cultural relativism, it is inappropriate to use your own cultural standards to judge behaviors in a different culture.

true

T/F: Science, invention and discovery are parts of culture and enable humans to control many natural limitations.

true

T/F: The ability to use symbols, language and tools had to develop in humans before culture could exist.

true

T/F: The origin of anthropology as a scientific pursuit can be traced to the 19th century.

true

T/F: The specialty in archaeology known as bioarchaeology is the study of human skeletons and associated artifacts, which are used to understand health, diet, and social status differences.

true

Which of the following traits appeared first in human evolution, setting human ancestors apart from ape ancestors? A larger skull and brain size upright walking (bipedalism) larger brain size and bipedalism appeared at the same time. language

upright walking (bipedalism)

Which of the following is NOT an example of an achieved status? carpenter minister college professor woman

woman