ANTR 350 Comprehensive Final Quiz Learning Objectives

describe the function of the hippocampus

- "seahorse", one on each side of the brain - patient with no hippocampus- no ability to establish memories. Thinking skills still intact, retell the same story over and over again - turns short term memories into long term memories - alzheimer's patients- basically no hippocampus

compare which parts of the skeleton develop from endochondral ossification and which parts of the skeleton develop from intramembranous ossification

- intramembranous ossification- skull (flat bones) - endochondral ossification- limbs, spine, rib cage, pelvis (most bones of the body)

list the 3 portions of the broad ligament and what organ that are each associated with

- large peritoneal fold - mesovarium +partially covers ovary - mesosalpinx +suspends uterine tubes -mesometrium +suspends uterus +largest portion of broad ligament

describe the location of the ovaries in relation to the uterus +list the three structures that support the ovaries +note which structure contains the ovarian artery and vein

- ovaries are posterior and lateral to the uterus supported by: - suspensory ligament of ovary +contains ovarian artery and vein -ovarian ligament +anchors ovary to uterus -mesovarium +part of peritoneal structure called broad ligament

specify the bone openings that transmit the vertebral artery

- transverse foramina in the transverse processes

define a reflex arch, listing the steps and CNS structures involved

Reflex Arc: 2 Components- Afferent limb: Sensory → CNS Efferent limb: Motor → Effector organ (skeletal muscle)

describe the function related to speech and language and location of a. broca's area b. wernicke's area

broca's area- speech- next to primary motor cortex, makes production of speech sound possible wernicke's area- language- make speech sounds to language, make them connect, without we can't parse language. post stroke video of patient who's language doesn't make sense

describe the actions of selected upper limb muscles

chart

list which parts of the penis are formed by the: +corpora cavernosa +corpus spongiosum

+corpora cavernosa - forms the R and L crura (legs) - contributes to the body/shaft +corpus spongiosum - forms bulb and glans - contributes to body/shaft

describe what the following names mesenteries attach to: +falciform ligament +greater omentum +lesser omentum +mesentery proper +transverse mesocolon +sigmoid mesocolon

+falciform ligament - attaches liver to anterior body wall +greater omentum - hangs off of greater curvature of stomach and drapes over small intestines +lesser omentum - runs between liver and lesser curvature of stomach and small part of duodenum +mesentery proper - attaches jejunum and ileum to posterior body wall +transverse mesocolon - attaches transverse colon to posterior wall of abdomen +sigmoid mesocolon - attaches sigmoid colon to posterior wall of abdomen

list the veins that drain the +foregut +midgut +hindgut

+foregut - splenic vein or hepatic portal vein +midgut - superior mesenteric vein +hindgut - inferior mesenteric vein

specify the nerves that carry parasympathetic innervation to the +foregut and midgut +hindgut

+foregut and midgut- vagus +hindgut- S2-S4 via pelvic splanchnic nerves

list the artery that primarily supplies the +foregut +midgut +hindgut +note which parts of the intestines receive blood from arterial anastomoses formed by the marginal artery and which parts of the intestines receive blood from only one artery

+foregut- stomach, proximal 1/2 of duodenum, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen - arterial supply- celiac trunk +midgut - distal 1/2 of duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, appendix, ascending colon, proximal 2/3 of transverse colon - arterial supply- superior mesenteric artery +hindgut- distal 1/2 of transverse colon, ascending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anal canal- arterial supply- inferior mesenteric artery

list the dermatome levels and abdominopelvic regions commonly associated with referred pain from the +foregut +midgut +hindgut

+foregut- T5-T9 dermatomes +midgut- T10-T12 dermatomes +hindgut- S2-S4 via pelvic splanchnic nerves

specify the locations of preganglionic and postganglionic sympathetic cell bodies that innervates the +foregut +midgut +hindgut

+foregut- preganglionic- T5-T9- postganglionic- celiac ganglion use splanchnic nerve pathway +midgut- preganglionic- T10-T12- postganglionic- superior mesenteric ganglion +hindgut- preganglionic - T12-L2/3 postganglionic- inferior mesenteric ganglia

list the organs classified as +intraperitoneal +retroperitoneal

+intraperitoneal - organs with mesenteries and visceral peritoneum -tend to be mobile - liver, gallbladder, stomach, spleen, jejunum, ileum, cecum, transverse colon, sigmoid colon +retroperitoneal - organs without mesenteries - posterior or inferior to parietal peritoneum of the posterior abdominal wall - tend to be immobile - fixed in position - kidneys, ureters, pancreas, duodenum, ascending colon, descending colon, rectum, anal canal, IVC, abdominal aorta

list the abdominopelvic region where referred pain is typically experienced for the following organs +liver and gallbladder +stomach +appendix +bladder

+liver and gallbladder - right hypochondriac region - T5-T9/10 - root of right neck/shoulder- phrenic nerve (C3-C5) +stomach-epigastric region- T5-T9/10 dermatomes +appendix- umbilical region- T10-T12 dermatomes +bladder- pubic region- S2-S4 dermatomes

list the bones and bony regions that articulate to form the glenohumeral joint a. list the 7 actions of the glenohumeral joint

- "ball" portion- humeral head - "socket" portion- glenoid fossa- shallow depression that loosely articulated with the humeral head - not stable actions- - flexion - extension - abduction - adduction - internal (medial) rotation - external (lateral) rotation - circumduction

specify which structures receive parasympathetic innervation from the +vagus nerve (CNX) +pelvic splanchnic nerves from s2-s4

- "rest, digest, and reproduce" +organs of the abdomen and pelvis supplied by: -vagus nerve(CNX) -pelvic splanchnic nerves from s2-s4 CNX- Vagus- carries parasympathetic innervation to: -foregut organs (stomach, liver, gallbladder) -midgut organs (small intestine, ascending colon) S2-S4 via pelvic splanchnic -hindgut organ (descending colon) -urinary system- ureters and bladder - reproductive organs in males and females

list the four cranial nerves that carry parasympathetic fibers

- CN III- oculomotor nerve - CN VII- facial nerve - CN IX- glossopharyngeal nerve - CN X- vagus nerve pelvic splanchnic nerves

describe the flow of cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) through the CNS

- CSF is produced by the choroid plexus in both lateral ventricles, then move to the third ventricle which is in between the right and left thalamus, then moved to fourth ventricle between pons and cerebellum and out of the brain - flows from the lateral ventricle into the third ventricle, a smaller midline cavity. via the interventricular foramen - cerebral aqueduct- narrow canal that lets CSF flow between the third and fourth ventricle - fourth ventricle- continuous with the spinal cord central canal, which extends almost the spinal cord's full length - central canal- closes off starting around the second decade of life - ventricles store CSF and provide a continuous flow of CSF between the brain and spinal cord - it's unknown how CSF circulates - arachnoid villi- small one-way valves that drain CSF from the subarachnoid space - hydrocephalus- CSF interrupted by blockage/physiological malfunction - "water on the brain"- expansion of the ventricular space can lead to brain compression - damage to the cerebral aqueduct would prevent flow of CSF from the spinal cord and brain

explain how the spinal nerves exit the vertebral column a. describe how the exit pattern changes after the C7 spinal nerve

- Spinal cord exits via the intervertebral foramen- Exit pattern - C1-C7 Exit superior to same number vertebrae - C7 exits inferior to C7- T1 -Co1 Exits inferior to same number vertebrae

list the three major ligaments that stabilize the ankle a. differentiate their anatomical location (medial ankle vs. lateral ankle) b. list the ligament that would be damaged by an inversion injury to the ankle

- The lateral ligament - is comprised of three thin ligaments (anterior talofibular, posterior talofibular, and calcaneofibular ligaments) - that travel from the lateral malleolus of the fibula to the talus and calcaneous. - The medial or deltoid ligament - of the ankle is much wider and stronger. - There are four parts to the deltoid ligament that travel from the medial malleolus of the tibia to the talus, calcaneous, and navicular. - The deltoid ligament is so strong that injury on the medial side of the ankle is likely to result in a fracture to the medial malleolus and possible avulsion of the medial malleolus from the tibia rather than sprain of the deltoid ligament. - distal tibiofibular ligaments- These ligaments can be sprained during an impact with ankle rotation. Spraining of the distal tibiofibular ligaments is often called a "high ankle sprain" and often involves a fracture to the ankle.

specify the locations where the spinal cord begins and ends

- The spinal cord begins just below the medulla oblongata of the brainstem and runs within the vertebral canal (spinal cavity) - before ending somewhere between T12 and L3 vertebrae. It tapers to a point as it ends to form the conus medullaris. - Begins at foramen magnum of the skull; extends down from the medulla oblongata. - Tapers off at level of L1 or L2 vertebra: the vertebral column of adults is longer than the spinal cord, because the vertebral column grows for a longer period of time

list the bones and bony regions that articulate to form the talocrural joint and subtalar joint a. list and describe the two actions at each joint

- The talocrural joint is located between the talus and the distal tibia. This articulation allows for plantarflexion and dorsiflexion of the foot - The subtalar joint is located inferior to the talus, between the talus and the calcaneous. This joint allows for inversion and eversion of the foot.

list which structures are part of the vulva

- aka pudendum - mons pubis - labia majora - clitoris - labia minora - urethral orifice - vagina orifice - vestibular bulbs - vestibular glands

describe the function of the cerebellum as it relates to movement

- allows for smooth and refines sequences of movement - "little brain"- grey and white matter, has its own cortex and lobes - located posteriorly and inferior to the occipital lobe and posterior to the pons, medulla oblongata, and 4th ventricle - communicates with the cerebellum and brainstem - responsible for coordination of skeletal muscle contractions to produce smooth movements - involved in control of equilibrium with inner ear - "ataxia" is a condition that causes the inability to coordinate voluntary motor control - goes "offline" while drinking

specify the two compartments of the arm/brachium a. describe the primary actions of each compartment b. list the muscles found in each compartment

- anterior and posterior - anterior 1. biceps brachii (superficial) 2. brachialis (distal, deep) 3. coracobrachialis (proximal, deep) primary action- - elbow flexion - posterior - triceps brachii - 3 heads primary action- elbow extension

specify the two compartments of the forearm/antebrachium a. describe the primary actions of each compartment b. identify the common proximal attachments for the muscles located in the posterior and anterior compartments of the forearm

- anterior and posterior - anterior- - wrist flexion, finger flexion, forearm pronation - proximal attachment- medial epicondyle - posterior- - wrist extension, finger extension, forearm supination - proximal attachment- lateral epicondyle

specify the three compartments of the leg a. describe the primary action of each compartment b. list the muscles found in each compartment

- anterior, posterior, and lateral anterior- primary action-ankle dorsiflexion muscles- 1. tibialis anterior (TA) 2. extensor digitorum longus (EDL) 3. extensor hallucis longus (EHL) posterior- primary action- ankle plantar flexion muscles- superficial 1. gastrocnemius + medial and lateral head 2. soleus deep 1. tibialis posterior (TP) 2. flexor digitorum longus (FDL) 3. flexor hallucis longus (FHL) lateral- primary action- foot eversion muscles- 1. fibularis longus 2. fibularis brevis

specify the three major compartments of the thigh a. describe the primary action of each compartment b. list the muscles found in each compartment

- anterior, posterior, and medial - anterior- muscles - iliacus - psoas major primary action- knee extension - medial muscles - adductor longus - adductor brevis - adductor magnus - gracilis primary action- hip adduction - posterior muscles - 2 medial "semis" 1. semitendinosus (ST) 2. semimembranosus (SM) - 2 lateral: beceps femoris: 3. long head (LH) 4. short head (SH) primary action- knee flexion

distinguish between the bones of the axial skeleton and the appendiacular skeleton

- axial skeleton - forms "trunk", head, and neck + skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum - appendicular skeleton - attaches to axial skeleton through "girdles" + pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle

list the layers of the meninges from superficial to deep

- between the bone of the skull and the brain, there are three layers of meninges - dura mater- - leathery swim cap - thick, strong connective tissue - adjacent to inner skull and vertebrae and composed of fibroelastic cells - arachnoid mater - more fragile, cobwebs - composed of fibrous. tissues and contains large blood vessels that form capillaries with pia mater pia mater- - very tightly adhered to brain/spinal cord - connective tissue arachnoid space- - space between dura mater and arachnoid mater - under normal conditions, there should be no space between the bone and dura mater - epithelial space- - over/outside dura mater space can form -there are some structures between the two thin layers of dura mater - dura venus sinuses- - venus channels (large vein) which receives blood from the brain and CSF so they can be drained away - in contrast, in the vertebral column, there is an actual space filled with fat, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels between the bones and dura mater called the epithelial space

list the bones and bony regions that articulate to for the radiocarpal joint

- between the distal radius and proximal row of carpal bones - doesn't include the ulna - flexion and extension are primary joint actions - abduction, adduction, and circumduction are secondary actions

Anatomical position

- body erect (standing upright) - eyes looking forward - upper limbs at the sides +elbows, wrist, and fingers extended (straight) + forearms supinated so that palms facing anterior + thumb is lateral to digits - lower limbs are straight with feet flat on the flat +toes pointed forward

describe how the uterus can be examined and explain the purpose of a pap test/smear

- can be palpated digitally through the vagina and rectum +evaluates the size and position of the uterus - a vaginal speculum is used to examine the cervix and take a sample for a pap test +a spatula is used to collect a sample of cervical cells to screen for cervical cancer and human HPV

list the number of spinal nerves found in each of the following regions: a. cervical b. thoracic c. lumbar d. sacral e. caccygeal

- cervical- 8 - thoracic- 12 - lumbar- 5 - sacral- 5 - coccygeal- 1

explain where the spinal cord and spinal nerves are located in relation to the vertebral column

- circular opening between the body and vertebral arch called the vertebral foramen - when all of the vertebrae are stacked together to form the vertebral column, the individual vertebral foramen help to form one long vertebral canal, which will contain the spinal cord and roots - the intervertebral foramen holds a nervous structure called the spinal nerve + intervertebral foramen is formed by the superior vertebral notch and inferior vertebral notch

explain where the peritoneal cavity is located and what would normally be found in this space

- complex shaped space between the parietal peritoneum and visceral peritoneum + no organs + contains only serous fluid in males + in females, contains serous fluid and the egg as it travels from the ovary to uterine tube

list the structures that compose the glottis a. explain the positioning of the glottis during phonation (voicing) and breathing

- composed of the rima glottidis and vocal cords - rima glottis- triangular opening between right and left vocal cords - closed during voicing - open during breathing

describe the nerve involved in carpal tunnel syndrome and the somatic impairments associated with carpal tunnel syndrome; both somatic sensory and motor impairments should be included

- compression of median nerve - somatic symptoms of impairment 1. weak hand grip 2. loss of thumb opposition 3. loss of sensation in lateral digits

list the bones and bony regions that articulate to form the two radioulnar joints (proximal and distal) a. identify the articulating bony structure on _____ b. list and describe the two actions at the radioulnar joint

- distal and radial RU joints are between the radius and ulna - key to rotation: - head of the radius spins in the radial notch at the proximal RU joints - distal radius rolls over the head of the ulna distal RU joint - near wrist - head of ulna - ulnar notch of radius proximal radioulnar (RU) joint- - near elbow - head of radius - radial notch of ulna - rotation with 2 specific actions 1. supination - facing the palms anteriorly - anatomical position - "supinated position" - radius and ulna are parallel, not crossed - distal radius is lateral, distal ulna is medial 2. pronation - facing the palms posteriorly - "pronated position" - radius and ulna are crosses - radius crossed ove rulna - distal radius is medial, distal ulna is lateral

describe how the peritoneal cavity is divided into the greater sac and lesser sac +list the opening between the greater sac and lesser sac

- divided into two main spaces by the lesser omentum and stomach - greater sac - majority of space in cavity +extends into pelvis where there are "pouches" +males- +rectovesical pouch between bladder and rectum +females- +rectouterine pouch between uterus and rectum +vesicouterine pouch between uterus and bladder lesser sac- small space located posterior to the lesser omentum and stomach -blood, serous fluid, or pus moves within the peritoneal cavity depending on gravity and body position +standing- fluid moves inferiorly +suplin(lying in bed)-fluid moves posterior and superior epiploic foramen -the opening between the greater sac and lesser sac - allows serous fluid, blood and pus to move between - located at the right margin of the lesser omentum between the duodenum and live

list and describe the six movements of the scapula at the scapulothoracic joint using anatomical terms

- elevation - moving scapula upwards - shrugging - depression - moving scapula downwards - sign - upward rotation - rotating the glenoid fossa up - jumping jack - downward rotation - rotating the glenoid fossa down - pull-up - protraction - moving scapula away from vertebrae, moving scapula forward or anterior on the rib cage - bad posture, hunching - retraction - moving scapula closer to the vertebrae, moving scapula posterior on the rib cage - squeeze shoulder blades together

specify the cranial nerve involved in bell's palsy

- facial nerve paralysis causes facial droop CNVII- facial nerve

compare the lengths of the male and female urethra +indicate what structures each portion of the male urethra travels through

- females- 3-5cm - males- 20cm (urine and semen): -prostatic urethra - runs from the bladder through the prostate -membranous urethra- runs from the prostate to the beginning of the penis; this portion of the urethra is surrounded by the external urethral sphincter - the longest portion of the male urethra - the spongy (penile) urethra- extends for the entire length of the penis

describe the location of the vagina in relation to the urethra, uterus, and rectum/anal canal

- fibromuscular tube -inferior to uterus - posterior to urethra - anterior to anal canal/rectum

describe the importance of the nasal cavity in respiration

- filters, warms, moistens air - olfaction- smell - voice resonance

list the arteries in the order blood would pass through as it flows from the left ventricle to the following structures a. fingers (ending with digital arteries) i. describe how this path is different if blood goes to the right fingers versus the left b. dorsum of the foot (ending with dorsalis pedis arteries)

- fingers (ending with digital arteries) 1. left ventricle 2. aortic arch 3. left side: subclavian artery right side: brachiocephalic artery 4. axillary artery 5. brachial artery 6. radial and ulnar arteries 7. palmar arches 8. digital arteries right hand Ascending aorta/aortic arch Brachiocephalic trunk Right subclavian artery Right axillary artery Right brachial artery Right ulnar or radial artery (could take two different roads that will both contribute to:) Right superficial palmar arch Right digital arteries - fingers back to right atrium 1. deep veins of medial or lateral side of hand 2. ulnar or radial vein 3. brachial vein 4. axillary vein 5. subclavian vein joins... 6. internal jugular vein to make... 7. brachiocephalic vein (left and right) 8. superior vena cava 9. right atrium - dorsum of foot back to right atrium 1. anterior tibial veins 2. posterior tibial vein 3. popliteal vein 4. femoral vein 5. external (and internal) iliac vein 6. R/L common iliac vein 7. inferior vena cava 8. right atrium Ascending aorta/aortic arch Descending aorta (thoracic, abdominal) Right common iliac artery Right external iliac artery Right femoral artery Right anterior tibial artery Right dorsalis pedis

define lymph

- fluid carried within the lymph system - lymph composed of + interstitial fluid + lymphocytes + picked up foreign material - lymph is created and moved through the body until it enters the venous system

describe the function of the amygdala

- found inside of the temporal lobe in front of the hippocampus - involved in attaching emotions to experiences and memories, particularly fear- damage/disease produces a loss of appropriate responses to stiimuli - helps w protection from harm- PTSD

list the cranial nerve that carries somatic efferent (motor) innervation to the tongue

- from CN XII to the skeletal muscle of the tongue

list the common proximal and distal attachment sites for the hamstrings, medial thigh muscles and quadriceps muscle

- hamstrings proximal attachment- ischial tuberosity distal attachment- tibia medial condyle - medial thigh muscles proximal attachment- pubis distal attachment- linea aspera - quadriceps muscle proximal attachment- rectus femoris (RF): AIIS - vastus medialis (VM), lateralis (VL), intermedius (VI, antr and post femur distal attachment- tibial tuberosity

describe the function of the basal ganglia as it relates to movement

- in the central hemisphere, coordinating/turning off sequence- NOT the actual on and off - involved in moving disorders (parkinsons, huntington disease, emotional symptoms may vary) - facilitate voluntary movements, inhibit involuntary movements - damage- insufficiency of movements you do want, involuntary movements you do not

explain the clinical relevance of trauma to the pterion region of the skull

- location where the temporal, sphenoid, parietal, and frontal bones come together - located at the lateral-anterior skull region (temple) - vulnerable to fracture - middle meningeal artery passes just deep - causes middle meningeal artery to rupture - bleeding between bone of skull and dura mater surrounding the brain - as the pool of blood becomes larger, it presses the brain down towards foramen magnum - patients becomes disoriented and will eventually lose consciousness and die if not treated - epidural hematoma

describe the location of McBurney's point and explain its relationship to the appendix

- marks the location where the base of the appendix attaches to cecum +draw a line from umbilicus to anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) +located 1.3 of the distance from the ASIS to the umbilicus

describe the function of the three regions of the brainstem a. midbrain b. pons c. medulla oblongata

- midbrain- - communicates between the brain and the rest of the body - connects diencephalon to the rest of the body - communicates with - cerebellum- - involved in eye movements/visual/auditory reflex - moves eyes to sound - pons- - connects midbrain to the rest of. the brainstem - communicates with cerebellum - involved in breathing and cranial nerve functions - houses fourth ventricle - medulla oblongata- - connects brainstem to spinal cord - communicates with the. cerebellum - breathing/ cranial nerve function - damaged in downward compression due to foramen magnum and cerebellum

identify the locations of the following: mitral (bicuspid, left atrioventricular) valve, tricuspid (right atrioventricular) valve, aortic semilunar valve, pulmonary semilunar valve a. describe the difference between the semilunar and atrioventricular valves b. describe the position of the atrioventricular valves and semilunar valves as being either open or closed during ventricular systole and during ventricular diastole

- mitral (bicuspid, left atrioventricular) valve - moved blood from left atrium to left ventricle - tricuspid (right atrioventricular) valve, aortic semilunar valve - moves blood from right atrium to right ventricle - pulmonary semilunar valve - moves blood from right ventricle to pulmonary trunk a. semilunar valves prevent blood from flowing back into ventricles when closed b. ventricular systole- contraction- AV valves closed- semilunar valves open ventricular diastole- relaxation- AV valves open- semilunar valves closed

list the five specialized cells of the cardiac conduction condition system in the order the impulse/signal flows a. describe the role of each of the five cells of the cardiac conduction system plays in heart contraction

- myogenic- has its own impulse - sinoatrial node (SA) - located at the junction between the SVC and right atrium - pacemaker of the heart- impulse to start each heartbeat - causes atria to begin to contract - SA node then send signal: - AV node - located near opening for coronary sinus in the interatrial septum - delays signal so the atria has enough time to contract - atrioventricular bundle - AV bundle, bundle of HIS - located in upper part of interventricular septum - moves signals to ventricles - purkinje fibers - terminal branches of conduction system - travel within cardiac muscles of ventricles - cause contraction of ventricle Order: - SA node - signal - AV node - delays signal - AV bundle - carries signal from atria to ventricles - right and left bundle branches - carries signal to ventricles - purkinje fibers - terminal branches

define ectopic pregnancy and specify the most common location of ectopic pregnancies

- occurs when fertilized eggs begin to develop anywhere outside of the uterus +most common location is the ampulla of the uterine tube +can potentially develop in peritoneal cavity

explain the condition of patent foramen ovale

- open during fetal development, covered by thin tissue + functions like a valve - shunts blood from right atrium to left atrium + allows some blood to bypass lungs + oxygen comes from placenta - the septum closes, leaving a depression (fossa ovalis) + soon (minutes) after birth - atrial septal defect- foramen ovale does not close after birth - blood can move between L and R atrium - high risk of stroke due to possible blood clots bypassing the pulmonary circuit and heading to brain

explain how the pelvic pain line affects how referred pain travels from female reproductive organs +specify which organs refer pain back on sympathetic pathways and which organs refer pain on parasympathetic pathways

- organs superior to the pelvic pain line + sensory fibers travels backwards on sympathetic pathways to T12-L2 levels of spinal cord + refer pain to the T12-L2 dermatomes includes: ovaries, uterine tubes, superior portion of uterus (fonduc, body) - organs inferior to pelvic pain line + sensory fibers travel backwards on the parasympathetic pathways to S2-S4 levels of the spinal cord - refer pain to the S2-S4 dermatomes +inferior portion of uterus - cervix-cervical canal +upper 3/4 of vagina

specify the bone cells responsible for absorbing bone, depositing bone, and monitoring bone and explain how they remodel bone over the course of a lifetime

- osteoblasts- build/deposit new bone by secreting osteoid + osteoid is "liquid" bone before it hardens - osteocytes- osteoblasts that become trapped in the osteoid + reside in small spaces called lacunae, act as a control center to maintain bone quality - osteoblasts- break down and absorb old bone + these 3 types of cells work together to build and maintain healthy bone

describe the location of the uterine (fallopian) tubes +list the 4 segments of the uterine tubes

- paired tubes that extend from uterus towards ovary segments: - infundibulum - ampulla - isthmus - intramural (uterine) segment

b. parietal lobe i. primary somatic sensory cortex

- parietal- sensory (body wall), understanding speech/ expressing thoughts and emotionsThe primary somatosensory cortex is responsible for processing somatic sensations. These sensations arise from receptors positioned throughout the body that are responsible for detecting touch, proprioception (i.e. the position of the body in space), nociception (i.e. pain), and temperature.

list the bones and bony regions that articulate to form the two joints of the knee (patellofemoral and tibiofemoral)

- patellofemoral - posterior patella articulates with patellar surface of femur - tibiofemoral - round femoral condyles - flat tibial condyles - this is not a good match

specify the nerve that carries somatic afferent (sensory) from the lower 1/4 of the vagina and perineum

- pudendal nerve (S2-S4 anterior primary rami) - sense, touch, hot/cold, pressure from: - lover 1.4 vagina - external genitalia/perineum

specify the nerves that carry somatic afferent (sonsory) from the penis and peritoneum

- pudendal nerve (from S2-S4 anterior primary rami) -innervation- +afferent- skin on most of penis +efferent- skeletal muscles of the perineum (bulbospongiosus, ischiocavernosus)

list the muscles used in quiet inspiration and expiration a. explain why this does not require muscle contraction

- quiet (passive) inhalation - diaphragm and external intercostal muscles - quiet exhalation - does not require muscle contraction - diaphragm is relaxed - works by elastic recoil of lung tissue

explain where patients typically first experience pain during appendicitis and how that pain changes in later steps of appendicitis

- referred visceral pain in the T10-12 dermatomes/umbilical region- second inflamed appendix will touch/irritate the parietal peritoneum of the body wall +patient will experience localized somatic pain from the parietal peritoneum near the appendix, often in the right lower quadrant

list the major functions of the lymphatic system

- removal of excess fluids (interstitial fluid) from tissues and return to blood - absorbs and moves lymph and chyle (mix of fat and lymph) from the digestive system - produced and transports immune cells and white blood cells, lymphocytes, etc) and defends body against pathogens - similar to the blood vasculature + lymph similar to blood + lymphatic vasculature similar to blood vasculature

describe the location of the following parts of the penis - root- shaft/body - glans/head

- root- +internal portion of the penis, includes the bulb and crura +bulb- formed by corpus spongiosum +left and right crura- formed by corpora cavernosa, attached to ischiopubic ramus - shaft/body - external free portion of penis hangs from pubic symphysis +covered by skin +contains the 3 cylinders of erectile tissue - glans/head - distal end of penis +formed by corpus spongiosum +contains external urethral orifice +covered by prepuce (foreskin) in uncircumcised males

list the structures that support the uterus +note which structure contains the uterine artery

- round ligament of uterus - uterosacral ligament - transverse cervical (cardinal) ligament **contains uterine artery - pelvic diaphragm-pelvic floor muscles

define the function of the endocrine system

- secrete hormones into the blood stream to cause a physiological response ex. growth, metabolism, reproduction - will have an excitatory or inhibitory effect

explain how an injury to the intervertebral disc can occur and what happens to the nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disc when it is injured (herniated)

- severe or unexpected compression of intervertebral disc + nucleus pulpous bulges out of the annulus fibrosis + most commonly occurs posterio-laterally due to strong posterior longitudinal ligament + leads to compression of the adjacent spinal nerve, resulting in severe back and or leg pain + sciatica

explain how some somatic pain and visceral pain are different a. define referred pain

- somatic pain- - somatic afferents from skeletal muscle, joints, and skin - easy to locate where pain is - visceral pain- - visceral afferents from smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands - cannot localize pain - dull or achy pain that is hard to locate or nausea - often refers pain - referred pain - pain from a structure that is felt in a different location - the body mistakes pain coming from one area for pain coming from another area - most visceral afferent pain misinterpreted to be somatic afferent pain - somatic and visceral afferent pathways back to the CNS are very similar

describe which part of the penis is surgically removed during circumcision

- surgical removal of the prepuce (foreskin) exposing the glans penis

define the following terms a. systemic circulation (circut) b. pulmonary circulation (circut)

- systemic circulation (circut) - left side (atrium, ventricle) - high oxygen blood from heart to body + ascending aorta and all other arteries - low oxygen blood from body to heart + superior and inferior vena cava, and other veins - pulmonary circulation (circut) - right side of the heart (atrium, ventricle) - low oxygen blood moving to lungs from heart + pulmonary trunk, pulmonary arteries - high oxygen blood moving to heart from lungs + pulmonary veins

list the heart chambers and major vessels in the order a drop of blood would pass through them beginning in the superior vena cava and ending in the ascending aorta

- systemic veins return low oxygen blood to the right atrium - superior vena cava (SVC) + drains above diaphragm - inferior vena cava (IVC) + drains below diaphragm - coronary sinus + drains heart right ventricle- low oxygen blood moves through: - tricuspid (right atrioventricular) valve + moves blood from right atrium to right ventricle - pulmonary semilunar valve + moves blood from right ventricle to pulmonary trunk - pulmonary trunk + branches into right and left pulmonary arteries + brings low oxygen blood to lungs left atrium- high oxygen blood return to the left atrium from the lungs through pulmonary veins + 2 left pulmonary veins + 2 right pulmonary veins left ventricle- high oxygen blood moves through - bicuspid (mitral, left atrioventricular) valve + moved blood from left atrium to left ventricle - aortic semilunar valve + moves blood from left ventricle to ascending aorta, then aortic arch to rest of body

list the arteries and veins that supply the - testes - penis

- testes +testicular (gonadal) artery +testicular vein collects blood from pampiniform plexus - penis +internal pudendal artery - branch of the internal iliac artery- has 2 major branches + dorsal arteries of the penis- paired, supply penile skin and glands penis (run on each side of the deep dorsal vein) +deep arteries of the penis (aka central arteries)- paired, supply corpora cavernosa (vascular erectile tissue) +deep dorsal vein- of penis (unpaired) drains the vascular erectile tissues +drains into internal pudendal vein which drains into the internal iliac vein

list the pathway that sperm exits the body beginning at the testes and ending at the external urethral orifice

- testes- epididymis- ductus deferens- ejaculatory duct- prostatic urethra- membranous urethra- spongy urethra- external urethral orifice

specify the planes used to make the four abdominal quadrants

- the 4 abdominopelvic quadrants + formed by the: - midsagittal (median) plane - transumbilical plane - used to describe the location of organs + examples: - right upper quadrants contains right kidney, gallbladder, most of the liver, part of the stomach - left upper quadrant contains left kidney, spleen, most of stomach

specify the planes used to make the nine abdominal regions

- the 9 abdominopelvic regions + formed by: - left and right midclavicular planes - subcostal plane - supracristal plane + smaller than quadrants + used mostly to describe pain patterns from organs

explain the relationship between mobility and stability as it applies to the glenohumeral joint a. explain the consequences of the mismatch in size of the head of the humerus (large) and the glenoid fossa of the scapula (small) b. differentiate the roles of the labrum, rotator cuff muscles, ligaments and bursa

- the great range of motion compromises the stability of the joint - highly mobile, unstable a. humeral head's articular surface is roughly three times larger than the glenoid fossa. Thus, this articulation lacks the greater stability b. labrum- glenoid labrum, a fibrocartilaginous structure that lines the edge of the glenoid fossa, serves to deepen the "socket" rotator cuff muscles- surround and strengthen the shoulder joint - muscles and their tendons - surround the joint superior, posterior, anterior - the strongest support structure for the shoulder joint ligaments- 1. coracoacromial ligament 2. coracohumeral ligament 3. glenohumeral ligament - reinforce the glenohumeral joint and help prevent anterior dislocation - located on the internal surface of the anterior joint capsule, made of three ligament bursa- a synovial, fluid-filled sac, usually located between muscle tendons to reduce friction during motion - subacromial - subdeltoid - subscapular bursae - named by structures they appear below

list which organs (or segments of organs) originate from the: +foregut +midgut +hindgut

-foregut +stomach, liver, gallbladder, bile ducts, pancreas, first (proximal) 1/2 of duodenum -midgut +second (distal) 1/2 of duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, appendix, ascending colon, proximal 2/3 of transverse colon -hindgut +distal 1/2 of transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, proximal part of anal canal

list the names of the twelve cranial nerves and be able to match their name to their roman numeral

1. CN I Olfactory- smell 2. CN II Optic- sight 3. CN III Oculomotor- motor to 5 of 7 extrinsic eye 4. CN IV Trochlear- motor to superior oblique eye muscle 5. CN V Trigeminal- 1. ophthalmic- v1- sensory to skin of the upper eyelid, upper nose, forehead, and anterior scalp 2. maxillary- v2- sensory to region of upper jaw 3. mandibular- v3- motor to muscles of the masticulation, sensory to anterior 2/3 of tongue, lower teeth, and area of the mandible and chin (sensory region similar to a man's beard) 6. CN VI Abducens- motor to lateral rectus eye m. 7. CN VII Facial- motor to muscles of facial expression, sensory to external auditory meatus, taste to anterior 2/3 of tongue 8. CN VIII Vestibulocochlear- hearing and balance 9. CN IX Glossopharyngeal- motor to stylopharangeus muscle, sensory to carotid sinus, tympanic membrane, pharynx, and posterior 1/3 of tongue, taste. posterior 1/3 of. tongue 10. CN X Vagus- sensory to part of the external acoustic meatus and tympanic membrane and to skin behind the ear, motor to the muscles of the pharynx and most of. the muscles of the soft palate, sensory and motor to larynx 11. CN XI Accessory (sometimes called Spinal Accessory)- motor to sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles 12. CN XII Hypoglossal- motor to most of. the extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the tongue

list three major arteries that supply the cerebrum with blood a. explain which areas of the cerebrum each artery supplies b. describe what symptoms would be associated with damage to each of the arteries

1. anterior cerebral artery- midline frontal and parietal lobes, and medial side of brain in frontal and parietal lobes - numbness and paralysis of lower limbs and pelvis no the opposite side of the body 2. middle cerebral artery- lateral parts of frontal and parietal lobes, as well as anterior temporal lobe - numbness and paralysis of face and arm on the opposite side of the body, language problems in broca's and wernicke's area 3. posterior cerebral artery- occipital lobe - visual defects

list the five regions of the vertebral column and explain how vertebrae are numbered

1. cervical + neck + C1-C7 2. thoracic + upper back/rib cage + T1-T12 3. lumbar + lower back + L1-L5 4. sacral + posterior part of pelvis + S1-S5 5. coccygeal + tailbone +Co1-Co4

list features unique to the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebra

1. cervical- + paired transverse foramina in their transverse processes to allow for the passage of the vertebral artery + small bodies + bifid (forked spinous processes) 2. thoracic- + articulate with the ribs + costal facets present on bodies and transverse processes (paired) + long spinous processes point inferiorly + long transverse processes 3. lumbar- - kidney bean bodies - broad,blunt spinous process point posteriorly - short transverse processes - superior and inferior articulating processes curve medially - sacrum- - connects the axial skeleton to the lower appendicular skeleton

list and describe the three spinal curvature abnormalities

1. excessive anterior curvature + kyphosis + usually thoracic region + "hunchback" "dowager's hump" 2. excessive posterior curvature + lordosis + "swayback" + usually lumbar region 3. excessive lateral curvature (typically accompanied with some rotation) + scoliosis + more frequently occurring in females

list the 6 major steps of endochondral ossification and explain which parts of the skeleton develop from endochondral ossification a. explain where the primary ossification center and secondary ossification centers are located in a long bone during endochondral ossification

1. fetal hyaline cartilage model forms 2. cartilage calcifies and bone collar forms around diaphysis 3. primary ossification center forms inside dialysis 4. secondary ossification centers form inside epiphyses 5. bone replaces cartilage as diaphysis grows in length-epiphyseal plate are open 6. epiphyseal plates close- growth is complete. - most bones of the body are formed by this process including long bones, pelvis, and vertebral column - primary ossification center- forms in the diaphysis - secondary ossification center- epiphyses

specify the bony openings of the skull the cranial nerves pass through

1. fibers pass through the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone to olfactory bulb 2. passes through the optic canal of the sphenoid bone 3. passes through the superior orbital fissure in sphenoid bone to orbit 4. superior orbital fissure 5. v1- superior orbital fissure v2- exits through foramen rotundum v3- passes through foramen ovale 6. exits the cranial vault via the superior orbital fissure in the sphenoid bone to the eye orbit 7. enters the petrous portion of the temporal bone bia the internal auditory meatus (with CNVIII) + motor root exits stylomastoid foramen + sensory root exits within the temporal bone to enter infratemporal fossa 8. travel to the inner ear via the internal auditory meatus (with CNVII) 9. exit the cranium through the jugular foramen 10. exits the cranium via the jugular foramen 11. passeses superiorly through foramen magnum - exits the skull via the jugular foramen 12. exit the cranium via the hypoglossal canal in the occipital bone - hooks around occipital artery

list the five categories of bones and give an example of each

1. flat bones + skull bones, ribs, sternum 2. irregular bones + vertebrae, facial bones 3. sesamoid bones + patella, base of thumb, base of toe 4. short bones + wrist bones (carpals), foot/ankle bones ( tarsals) 5. long bones + all limb bones

list which organs are classified are included in the +gastrointestinal tracts +accessory organs

1. gastrointestinal tract (GI tract) +continuous tube from mouth to anus +transports and processes food/chyme -includes oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, anus 2. accessory organs +organs that secrete fluids into different parts of the GI tract - salivary glands - liver and biliary system - pancreas

list the bones and bony regions that articulate to form the joints of the mid- and forefoot

1. intertarsal joints 2. tarsometatarsal joints 3. metatarsophalangeal joints 4. interphalangeal joints - PIP - DIP - IP

list the order food/chyme passes through the GI tract

1. oral cavity 2. pharynx 3. esophagus 4. stomach 5. duodenum 6. jejunum 7. ileum 8. cecum 9. ascending colon 10. transverse colon 11. descending colon 12. sigmoid colon

List the four muscles that make up the rotator cuff a. list and identify the proximal and distal attachments of the three main rotator cuff muscles (supraspinatus, subscapularis, infraspinatus) b. describe the action of each of the three main rotator cuff muscles

1. supraspinatous - attachments proximal- supraspinous fossa distal- greater tubercle - primary action- - arm abduction - supraspinatus action 2. infraspinatous - attachments- proximal- infraspinous fossa distal attach- greater tubercle - primary action- - arm lateral rotation 3. teres minor 4. subscapularis - attachments proximal- subscapular fossa distal- lesser tubercle primary action- arm medial rotation

list the order of structures in the female reproductive tract that an oocyte would travel through beginning at the ovary and ending at the vaginal orifice

1. through peritoneal cavity to enter uterine tube 2. fimbrae of the uterine tube grab oocyte and pull it into the uterine tube where it passes through the 1. infundibulum 2. ampulla 3. isthmus 4. intramural segment 3. uterus 4. cervical canal 1. internal os 2. external os 5. vagina 6. vaginal orifice

specify the nerves that innervate the extrinsic eye muscles and list which muscles are innervated by each nerve

3. CN III Oculomotor- motor to 5 of 7 extrinsic eye ( all eye muscles besides superior oblique and lateral rectus) 4. CN IV Trochlear- motor to superior oblique eye muscle 6. CN VI- motor to lateral rectus (abducts eye)

describe the unique features of the atypical vertebrae C1, C2, and C7

C1- - "the atlas"- supports the head - has a large teardrop or triangular shaped vertebral foramen - it lacks a recognizable vertebral body and spinous process - formed by two anterior arches that meet at an anterior tubercle and two posterior arches that meet a posterior tubercle - at the junctions of the anterior and posterior arches are the lateral masses, which contain the superior and inferior articular facets. - there is an articular facet for the dens of C2 on the anterior arch of C1 C2- - "the axis" - superior projection from the body called the dens or odontoid process - dens goes up into the vertebral foramen of the atlas (C1) and is held tightly by the transverse ligament - dens and atlas form the median atlantoaxial joint, which allows rotation of neck (indicate no) C7- - called vertebra prominens because of long spinous process that usually causes a visually distinct elevation in the lower posterior neck region when the neck is flexed

describe the effects of parasympathetic innervation to the eye, salivary glands, heart, lungs, abdominal organs, and pelvic organs a. identify which nerves provide parasympathetic innervation to those structures

CN III- eye for accommodation, constriction of pupil CN VII- secretion of lacrimal, submandibular, sublingual glands CN IX- secretion of parotid gland CN X- thorax, abdominal organs (foregut, midgut) pelvic splanchnic nerves- abdominal organs (hindgut), pelvic organs

list the structures that compose the a. cns b. pns

CNS- consists of the brain and spinal cord PNS- consists of the nerves and ganglia

specify the space CSF is sampled from in a lumbar spinal puncture

Insert needle between L3 and L4 (or L4 & L5)- Spinal cord tapers off and allows thi

describe the role of the spinal cord in communicating between the brain/brainstem and the PNS

The spinal cord connects the brain and the body's main receptors, and serves as a conduit for sensory input and motor output.

describe the function of the corpus callosum

a tract that connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres can also be viewed from a midsagittal view.

list and describe the locations of the palpable upper limb bony features using anatomical terms a. acromion process b. coracoid process c. medial and lateral boarders of the scapula d. spine of the scapula e. greater tubercle f. medial and lateral epicondyle g. olecranon h. styloid process of radius and ulna

a. acromion process - scapula - lateral end of the spine, superior b. coracoid process - scapula - anterior fossa of the scapula c. medial and lateral boarders of the scapula - medial- towards the middle of the body on the inside of the scapula - lateral- towards the outside of the body on the outside of the scapula d. spine of the scapula - long, posterior blade e. greater tubercle - proximal humerus - lateral, large f. medial and lateral epicondyle - distal humerus - medial- larger, both palpable g. olecranon - medial ulna - seen only posteriorly, large point of elbow, palpable h. styloid process of radius and ulna ulna- medial, palpable, pointy radius-

define the following terms a. afferent b. efferent c. somatic d. visceral e. synapse

a. afferent - aka sensory nervous system - responsible for receiving sensory information called stimuli (pain, temperature) from receptors - then transmits that information to the central nervous system - carries somatic and visceral sensory information b. efferent - information traveling from the CNS (brain or spinal cord) to muscle tissue in the body - example- signal to make muscle tissue contract - impulses carried by nerves in the peripheral nervous system to the targeted muscle tissue c. somatic - structures you are consciously aware of and can voluntarily move - skin, skeletal muscle tissue, bones, joints, and other types of connective tissue - touch, pain, pressure, vibration, temperature and proprioception (vision, hearing, balance, taste, and smell) d. visceral - structures that are involuntary and have no conscious awareness of unless they're not functioning normally - organs include stomach and heart, smooth muscle tissue, cardiac muscle tissue, and glands - sensations include stretch and distention of hallow organs such as stomach or bladder and monitoring bodily functions such as blood pressure and blood gases - visceral sensory information is conveyed to the brain and spinal cord to maintain homeostasis e. synapse - when a nerve impulse is transmitted through the junction between the end of an axon to another cell - when two neurons synapse with each other, the first neuron is called the presynaptic neuron, and the second neuron is the postsynaptic neuron

describe the function of each type

a. afferent (sensory) - information from the body traveling to the CNS - pain, touch, temperature b. efferent (motor) - information traveling from the CNS to muscle tissue in the body - causes the muscle tissue to contract c. somatic - structures that you have voluntary/conscious control over - structures that you can localize sensations from - skeletal muscle - skin - joints - bones - fascia - parietal layer of serous membranes (pericardium, pleura, peritoneum) d. visceral - structures that you do not have conscious control over (involuntary movements) - structures that you cannot localize sensations from - smooth muscle - cardiac muscle - glands - organs - visceral layer of serous membrane (pericardium, pleura, peritoneum)

list the four basic types of nervous system information

a. afferent (sensory) b. efferent (motor) c. somatic d. visceral

Define the following terms used for spatial orientation/directions and be able to give an example of each term in a sentence a. anterior (ventral) b. posterior (dorsal) c. superior d. inferior e. medial f. lateral g. proximal h. distal i. superficial j. deep

a. anterior (ventral) - located on or closer to the front of the body + heart is anterior to the spine + breast is located on the anterior surface of the thorax b. posterior (dorsal) - located on or closer to the back of the body + spine is posterior to the heart + heel is posterior to the toes c. superior (cranial, cephalic) - moving towards or located closer to the head + the nose is superior to the mouth + the thorax is superior to the abdomen d. inferior (caudal) - moving towards or located closer to the feet + the mouth is inferior to the nose + the abdomen is inferior to the thorax e. medial - moving to the midline of the body + the big toe is medial to the little toe + the ulna is medial to the radius f. lateral - moving away from the midline of the body + the thumb is lateral to the fingers + the ears are lateral to the eyes g. proximal - closer to the trunk + the elbow is proximal to the wrist + the knee is proximal to the foot h. distal - further away from the trunk + the fingers are distal to the elbow + the ankle is distal to the hip i. superficial (external) - closer to the surface of the skin + the skin is superficial to the muscles j. deep (internal) - further away from the surface of the skin + the humerus (arm bone) is deep to the muscles of the arm

describe the first function listed for, and the location (CNS or PNS) of the following glial cells a. astrocytes b. ependymal cells c. microglial cells d. oligodendrocytes e. schwann's cells

a. astrocytes - CNS - contribute to the blood-brain barrier b. ependymal cells - CNS - line the ventricles of the brain and assist in the production and circulation of cerebrospinal fluid c. microglial cells - CNS - act similar to macrophages in the immune system in order to defend neurons from pathogens d. oligodendrocytes -CNS - provide support and insulation to axons by creating myelin sheath that surrounds them e. schwann's cells - PNS - wrap around axons forming a myelin sheath around axons

explain the actions allowed by the: a. atlantooccipital joint b. atlantoaxial joint c. zygapophyseal joints d. intervertebral disc joints

a. atlantooccipital joint + allows for flexion/extension (nodding yes) b. atlantoaxial joint + action: allows for rotation of head "no" c. zygapophyseal joints - cervical- flexion/extension - thoracic- rotation - lumbar- flexion/extension d. intervertebral disc joints - allows for flexion/extension/lateral flexion (side bending) of VC

specify the bony features that form the following joints a. atlantooccipital joint b. atlantoaxial joint c. zygapophyseal (facet) d. intervertebral disc

a. atlantooccipital joint - paired joints between the + occipital condyles + superior articular facets of C1 b. atlantoaxial joint - located between C1 (atlas) C2 (axis) - 3 joints + median (between anterior arch of C1 and dens of C2) + lateral (left and right) c. zygapophyseal (facet) - located between + superior articulating processes + inferior articulating processes - paired joints - first pair between C2/3 and continue down to L5/S1 d. intervertebral disc - between adjacent vertebral bodies from C2/C3 to L5/S1 - intervertebral disc layers _ nucleus pulposus- inner layer- gelatinous - annulus fibrosus- outer layer- fibrocartilage

describe the somatic impairments that could result from damage to the following nerves; both somatic sensory and motor impairment should be included. Identify the somatic sensory innervation from the upper limb skin a. axillary nerve b. radial nerve c. musculocutaneous nerve d. median nerve e. ulnar nerve

a. axillary nerve - somatic sensory innervation- skin over shoulder b. radial nerve - somatic sensory innervation- skin over posterior arm, forearm, and posterior/dorsal hand c. musculocutaneous nerve - somatic sensory innervation- skin on lateral forearm d. median nerve - somatic sensory innervation- skin on the lateral palm (thumb/ulnar) and lateral digits e. ulnar nerve - somatic sensory innervation- skin on medial hand (palm) somatic sensory impairments- - pain - numbness/anesthesia - tingling somatic motor impairment- - muscle weakness paralysis

describe the difference between the anatomical use of the following terms and the laymen's (everyday usage) of the term a. arm b. leg

a. brachial- arm- region of the upper limb between shoulder and elbow laymen- arm- use includes the antebrachial region between the elbow and wrist (forearm) b. crus- leg- regions of the lower limb between the knee and ankle laymen- leg- use includes the thigh region as well

describe the role each of the following parts of a neuron is receiving, integrating, and sending nerve impulses a. cell body (soma) b. dendrite c. axon

a. cell body (soma) - The cell body receives, integrates, and sends nerve impulses b. dendrite - act as receivers and conduct nerve impulses to the cell body. Neurons can have multiple dendrites extending out to communicate with other neurons. c. axon - A single long projection called an axon extends from the cell body to carry nerve impulses to other neurons, muscle tissue, or gland cells

describe the location of the following bones in anatomical terms a. clavicle b. scapula c. humerus d. ulna e. radius f. carpals g. metacarpals h. phalanges

a. clavicle - makes up the pectoral girdle - shaped line an "s" - prone to fracture at the curve - much of the bone is palpable - "collar bone" - two ends: + a medial, strernal end articulating with the sternum + a lateral, acromial end, articulating with the scapula b. scapula - makes up the pectoral girdle - bony features include the: + medial border + lateral border + superior angle + inferior angle + lateral angle - bony processes include the: + spine: long, posterior, "blade" + acromion process: lateral end of the spine, superior + coracoid process: anterior fossae of the scapula: bony fossa include the: + subscapular fossa: anterior + supraspinous fossa: posterior + infraspinous fossa: posterior c. humerus - makes up arm (brachium) - primal features include (most proximal first) + head + anatomical neck + greater (lateral, large) and lesser tubercle (medial) + surgical neck - distal features include: + medial and lateral epicondyles- medial larger, both palpable + two articulating projections between epicondyles: + capitulum- lateral, sphere-shaped + trochlea- medial, spool-shaped - bony features from the posterior view: + radial groove- deep vertical groove in the mid-shaft d. ulna - makes up forearm (antebrachium) - radius: + lateral bone + thumb side + "RAD" - ulna: + medial + pinky side - interosseous membrane between the bones - major features proximal to distal + trochlear notch- butterfly shaped depression + olecranon- seen only posteriorly, large point of the elbow, palpable + ulnar tuberosity + styloid process- palpable, pointy + head e. radius - makes up forearm - lateral - major features proximal to distal: + head + radial tuberosity + styloid process; palpable, pointy f. carpals (8 bones) - makes up hand proximal to distal: + palm location (base) + 2 rows of 4 bones + proximal row- included scaphoid + distal row g. metacarpals (5 bones) - makes up hand + long bones (I-V); pollex (thumb) side + palpate on posterior hand h. phalanges (14 bones) - makes up hand + the finger bones + proximal, middle and distal

define the following structural joint types including and be able to give an example of each a. fibrous b. cartilaginous c. synovial

a. fibrous - bones are held together by fibrous connective tissue (CT) - most synarthrodial- no movement - examples + cranial sutures- between skull bones + syndesmoses- radius and ulna, tibia and fibula + gomphoses- hold teeth in their sockets b. cartilaginous - bones are held together by cartilage - 2 types of cartilaginous joints + primary cartilaginous (synchondrosis) - epiphyseal plates in growing bones - functionally classified as synarthrodial joints + do not move + very strong - united by hyaline cartilage - examples include + joint between epiphysis and diaphysis of a growing bone + joint between costal cartilage of rib #1 and sternum + secondary cartilaginous (symphysis) - pubic symphysis - intervertebral disc joints - united by fibrocartilage + acts as a shock absorber - functionally classified as amphiarthrodial joints + allows for small movement - examples include + pubic symphysis + intervertebral disc joints + manubrosternal joint c. synovial - functionally classified as diarthrodial joints - allow for free movement - most common type of joint in the body + examples- shoulder, elbow, hip, knee, ankle, facet joints - all synovial joints have the following features in common + joint capsule + synovial membrane + joint cavity + articulating cartilage different types of synovial joints- + ball and socket- shoulder and hip + hinge- elbow and knee + pivot- atlanto-axial + gliding- acromioclavicular, zygaphoyseal (facet), costovertebral

list the nerve that innervates each compartment a. obturator nerve b. femoral nerve c. tibial nerve d. common fibular nerve e. superficial fibular nerve f. deep fibular nerve

a. obturator nerve - medial compartment of thigh b. femoral nerve - anterior compartment of thigh c. tibial nerve - two heads of the gastrocnemius muscle, plantaris, soleus, popliteus, posterior tibialis, flexor digitorum longus, and flexor hallucis longus muscles, posterior compartment of the leg d. common fibular nerve - the short head of the biceps femoris muscle e. superficial fibular nerve - Innervates the muscles of the lateral compartment of the leg; fibularis longus and brevis. f. deep fibular nerve - the muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg; tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus and extensor hallucis longus.

describe the main sympathetic pathways listed below and specify where the synapse occurs in each a. pathway to the body wall b. pathway to the organs of the head i. describe the effect of sympathetic stimulation to the pupil c. pathway to the organs of thorax i. describe the effect of sympathetic stimulation of the heart d. pathway to organs of abdomen e. pathway to adrenal medulla

a. pathway to the body wall - pathway primarily to the blood vessels and sweat glands of the body wall - preganglionic axon enters the sympathetic chain using white ramus _ synapse in sympathetic chain (paravertebral) ganglion + can stay at same level and synapse + can ascend and synapse + can descend and synapse - postganglionic axon exits the chain using a gray ramus to spinal nerve then continues to effector tissue (blood vessels of skin, sweat glands) - sympathetic effect: + vasodilation (dilation of blood vessel) + secretion of sweat glands b. pathway to the organs of the head i. describe the effect of sympathetic stimulation to the pupil - preganglionic axon enters the sympathetic chain using white ramus + ascends to the cervical region of the sympathetic chain + synapse in a cervical sympathetic chain (paravertebral) ganglion - postganglionic axon exits the chain using a sympathetic nerve (not a gray ramus) then continues to effector tissues - sympathetic effect- head: + dilation of pupil + inhibited secretion of salivary/lacrimal glands c. pathway to the organs of thorax i. describe the effect of sympathetic stimulation of the heart - preganglionic axon enters the sympathetic chain using white ramus + ascends to the cervical region of the sympathetic chain + synapse in a cervical sympathetic chain (paravertebral) ganglion - postganglionic axon exits the chain using a sympathetic nerve (not a gray ramus) then continues to effector tissues - sympathetic effect-thorax + increased heart rate and force of contraction of heart + dilation of bronchioles and increased respiration d. pathway to organs of abdomen - preganglionic axon enters the sympathetic chain using white ramus - used a splanchnic nerve to exit the sympathetic chain (does not synapse in chain) + travels to prevertebral (preaortic) ganglion and synapses - postganglionic axon continues to the effector tissue - sympathetic effect: + decreased digestion (peristalsis) e. pathway to adrenal medulla - preganglionic axon enters the sympathetic chain using white ramus - used a splanchnic nerve to exit the sympathetic chain (does not synapse in chain) + travels to preaortic plexus (does not synapse) + travels to adrenal medulla and synapses - postganglionic axon continues short distance to effector tissue of adrenal medulla - sympathetic effect: +release adrenaline and noradrenaline into blood

define the three standard anatomical planes

a. sagittal - any plane that divides the body into left and right portions - always parallel to the long axis of the body i. define the difference between a midsagittal plane and a (para)sagittal plane + midsagittal (median)- divides the body into EQUAL left and right portions. runs through the midlines + parasagittal plane- any sagittal plane NOT at midline (unequal left and right portions) + specific parasagittal plane- midclavicular- through the midpoint of the clavicle b. frontal (coronal) - divide the body into anterior and posterior portions + run parallel to the long axis of the body + do not result in equal portions c. transverse (horizontal) - divide the body into superior and inferior portions - runs perpendicular to the long axis of the body - also referred to as "cross-sections" - specific transverse planes + subcostal- through 1-th rib +. transumbilical- through belly button + supracristal- across top of hip bones d. oblique - any non-standard plane - runs at an angle to the long-axis of the body

define the following functional joint types and be able to give an example of each a. synarthrosis b. amphiarthrosis c. diarthrosis

a. synarthrosis - no movement, very stable and strong - bones are held close to one another + space filled by cartilage or fibrous connective tissue (CT) -examples + cranial sutures- held together by fibrous CT + joint between epiphysis and diaphysis of a growing bone- held together by cartilage b. amphiarthrosis - small amount of movement - examples + pubic symphysis + intervertebral disc joints c. diarthrosis - allow for free movement - examples + all major joints- shoulder, elbow, wrist, hip, knee, and ankle - all synovial joints are diarthrodial joints

specify of the following structures carry preganglionic or postganglionic axons: a. white ramus communicans b. gray ramus communicans c. splanchnic nerves

a. white ramus communicans - preganglionic axons use to enter the chain (on ramps) b. gray ramus communicans - postganglionic axons use to exit the chain (off ramps) c. splanchnic nerves - preganglionic nerves that did not synapse in sympathetic chain ganglia - do not take grey ramus to exit the chain- instead take a splanchnic nerve to the prevertebral (preaortic) plexus and synapse there

Explain perspective used when applying the terms "left" and "right" to describe bilateral structures

always from the patient's perspective

list the cranial nerves that innervate the anterior 2/3 of the tongue with: +somatic sensory (pain, temperature, touch) +special sense of taste

anterior 2/3-body of tongue - innervated by mandibular division of -trigeminal and facial nerves +somatic sensory (touch,pain,temperature) carried by mandibular division of trigminal (CN V3) +special sense of taste carried by facial (CN VII

explain the significance of a muscle location; in particular the importance of an anterior location compared to posterior location

anterior location- forward movement posterior movement- backwards

explain how the anterior longitudinal ligament and posterior longitudinal ligament help to stabilize the spine

anterior longitudinal ligament- prevents hyperextension of the VC posterior longitudinal ligament- prevents hyperflexion of the VC

list the nerves that innervate the heart a. describe the effects of sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation of the heart

autonomic innervation (visceral motor) - sympathetic - sympathetic chain - stimulation causes increased heart rate and force of contraction - preganglionic fibers originate from T1-T4/5 spinal levels and travel to sympathetic chain - synapse in sympathetic chain ganglion - postganglionic fibers travel from the ganglia to the heart autonomic innervation (visceral motor)- parasympathetic - vagus nerve (CN X) - stimulation leads to decreased heart rate - preganglionic nerves travel from the brainstem to the cardiac plexus on the heart - postganglionic tissue travels small distance to heart tissue

compare and contrast axial and appendicular muscles

axial muscles- typically attach on the axial skeleton at both ends + a few on the girdles 1. move the head/neck and vertebral column/spine 2. produce facial expressions, eye movement, chewing, swallowing, talking 3. assist with breathing and support the pelvic and abdominal organs appendicular muscles- attachments are proximal and distal - proximal attachment- axial skeleton, girdle, or limbs - distal attachment- pectoral girdle or limbs - move the limbs and pectoral girdle

define compartment syndrome and explain why the anterior leg compartment is most commonly affected by describing the anterior structures that surround the anterior compartment

caused by - overuse/trauma: + excessive inflammation + mild case: shin splints + severe: anterior compartment syndrome outcome: - compressed blood vessels and nerves - can cause tissue death (nerve and muscle) anterior compartment boundaries: 1. bones: tibia, fibula 2. interosseous membrane 3. tight crural fascia AC is a tight compartment

list what organs receive postganglionic innervation from the following ganglia +celiac +superior mesenteric +inferior mesenteric +hypogastric

celiac ganglia - innervates foregut organs superior mesenteric ganglia - innervates midgut organs inferior mesenteric ganglia - innervates hindgut organs hypogastric ganglia - located in superior and inferior hypogastric plexuses - innervates urinary and reproductive organs

describe the actions of the selected lower limb muscles

chart

describe the primary actions of selected axial muscles

chart

explain how the function division of the respiratory system can be classified as either belonging to the conduction (convection) portion or the respiratory portion a. list the structures located in each portion

conduction portion- - most of respiratory tract - interconnected structures that conduct air to and from the lungs + nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and primary and secondary bronchi + NO gas exchange respiratory portion- - structures in which gas exchange occurs + respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli (air sacs)

describe the differences between cranial nerves and spinal nerves

cranial nerves - 12 pairs that emerge from the brain - innervate structures in the head and neck - can be motor or sensory or both - deficits can be more complicated spinal nerves - 31 pairs that emerge from the spinal cord - innervate structures in the limbs and body - contain motor and sensory fibers - damage causes weakness/paralysis, sensory anesthesia

list the bones that contribute to the face and the bones that contribute to the cranium (brain case) a. note which bones and bony features are paired (left and right) and which are unpaired

cranium composed of the: - frontal - parietals (L and R) - temporals (L and R) - occipital - sphenoid - ethmoid - calvarium (skull cap) face composed of the: - paired bones + maxilla + palatine + nasal + zygomatic + lacrimal + inferior nasal conchae - single bones + vomer + mandible

identify the primary muscle of respiration (inspiration) a. explain how contraction of this muscle causes inspiration b. identify the nerve that innervates this muscle

diaphragm - primary muscle of inspiration - contraction pulls diaphragm inferiorly during inspiration + increases capacity of thoracic cavity + draws air into lungs - somatic innervation by the phrenic nerve (C3-5 anterior primary rami) + c3, c4, c5 keep the diaphragm alive

explain which space each of the following hematomas would be located within and briefly describe the key symptoms associated with each a. epidural hematoma b. subdural hematoma c. subarachnoid hematoma

epidural hematoma- - the skull is damaged at pterion and the sharp edges of the bone damage the middle meningeal artery, which normally supplies the dura mater with blood. - When this artery is cut, it releases blood that begins pushing the dura mater away from the skull, pooling into a mass of blood that can compress the brain. - as blood begins to pool between the dura mater and the skull, they will begin to complain of dizziness, headache, nausea, possibly blurred vision, - if not treated, they will lose consciousness and could die. - pooled blood must be removed in order to free the brain from compression. subdural hematoma- - Bridging veins carry blood away from the brain and into the dural venous sinuses. - falling down or experiencing rapid movement can cause these veins to shear, resulting in their leaking venous blood. - most common site of this shearing is below the dura mater and above the arachnoid mater, causing blood to pool there in what is known as a subdural hematoma. - Because venous blood travels under less pressure than arterial blood, the onset of symptoms can take days to be noticed. Most people just experience a dull headache that won't go away. subarachnoid hematoma- -occurs when the arteries supplying blood to the brain burst or are otherwise damaged. - These arteries are found in the subarachnoid space, and one of the most common causes of arterial rupture in the brain is hypertension. When an artery in the subarachnoid space bursts, there is a huge spike in intracranial pressure,The most common site of this shearing is below the dura mater and above the arachnoid mater, causing blood to pool there in what is known as a subdural hematoma. Because venous blood travels under less pressure than arterial blood, the onset of symptoms can take days to be noticed. Most people just experience a dull headache that won't go away.

define each of the following terms used to describe joint movement and give an example of each a. abduction b. adduction c. flexion d. extension e. pronation f. supination g. rotation

example of each a. abduction - movement away from the midline - raise straight arm up and away from body b. adduction - movement toward the midline - raise straight arm down and towards the body c. flexion - Flexion typically decreases the joint angle between the moving segment and its proximal segment - bending the elbow - bending over to touch toes d. extension - extension typically increases the joint angle - straightening the joint (elbow) bring the hand back to anatomical position. - doing a backbend e. pronation - Turning the palm posteriorly involves crossing the radius and ulna, and is termed pronation. f. supination - The forearm is capable of a specialized rotation at the proximal and distal radioulnar joints. In anatomical position, the radius and ulna are uncrossed, with the palm facing anterior, in supination. g. rotation - around the longitudinal axis of the moving segment and includes rotation of the head on the neck, rotation of the intervertebral joints of the spine, and rotation at the ball-and-socket type synovial joints (shoulder and hip).

describe the function of the following structures a. frontal lobe i. prefrontal cortex ii. primary motor cortex

frontal- executive/ intellectual functions, personality/ motor control of skeletal muscle prefrontal cortex- essential for the planning and execution of complex new temporal structures of behavior, speech and logical reasoning. - Two cognitive functions of temporal integration mediate the organization of these activities: short-term memory and preparatory set. - suppress animal-like behaviors primary motor cortex- Primary motor cortex is a key brain structure involved in the acquisition and performance of skilled movement. - The intrinsic connectivity of motor cortex is highly adaptive, and synaptic plasticity can be induced in response to various stimulation protocols.

describe the joints and the bones and or bony regions involved in the joints of the hands and fingers

hand 1. intercarpal (IC) joints: - between the carpal bones 2. Carpometacarpal (CMC) joints: - distal row of carpal bones and medial carpal bases 3. metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints "knuckles" - metacarpal heads and proximal phalanges fingers: - interphalangeal (IP) joints "finger bends" 1. proximal interphalangeal joints (PIP) 2. distal interphalangeal joints (DIP) 3. interphalangeal only (IP) thumb - finger motions - flexion and extension

describe how an infection from a ruptured appendix could spread through the peritoneal cavity

infection with the appendix - causes stretch of organ - can cause peritonitis - may rupture greater sac and cause gangrene

specify the bone openings that transmit the internal carotid artery, internal jugular vein, and middle meningeal artery

internal carotid artery- carotid canal forms passage to enter the cranial cavity internal jugular vein- jugular foramen is a posterior opening that provides passage to both nerves and () middle meningeal artery- foramen spinosum allows for the passage of the () which enters the skull to supply the dura mater

compare the innervation of the internal anal sphincter and external anal sphincter

internal- +involuntary smooth muscle +sympathetic visceral motor prevents leakage of feces by contracting sphincter +parasympathetic visceral motor relaxes sphincter to allow for defecation +relaxative contraction with peristalsis of rectal ampulla external- +voluntary skeletal muscle +under voluntary control-somatic motor from pudendal nerve +can prevent defecation despite parasympathetic innervation of internal anal sphincter

compare and contrast the locations, attachment sites, and roles of the meniscus, cruciate ligaments and collateral ligaments a. compare and contrast the anterior and posterior cruciate knee ligaments b. differentiate which ligament prevents excessive anterior or posterior movement of the tibia

meniscus- attached to the tibial articular surfaces - each meniscus (one for each condyle) is c-shaped, and thicker on the convex side than on the concave side - lateral meniscus attached to the outer edge of the lateral condyle medial meniscus- attached to the edge of the medial condyle - improves fit of joint, cushion the joint, resist compression, distribute load cruciate ligaments- - located inside knee joint - intracapsular ligaments - anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) runs from the posterior femur to the anterior aspect of the tibia, and helps prevent the tibia from sliding anteriorly (forward) beneath the femur - posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)- runs from the anterior femur to the posterior aspect of the tibia, and prevents the posterior displacement of the tibia on the femur + together prevent dislocation of knee collateral ligaments- - located on the medial and lateral sides of each knee, and prevent side-to-side (lateral) dislocation - lateral fibular collateral ligament runs from the lateral femur to the fibula - medial (tibial) collateral ligament connects to the medial tibia to the femur - no attachment to the lateral meniscus

define the following terms a. nerve b. ganglion

nerve- a bundle of neuron axons located in the PNS ganglion- collection of neuron cell bodies located in the PNS

starting with the nasal cavity and ending in the alveoli, place in order the structures through which air travels to reach the lungs a. classify each structure as either part of the conducting or respiratory portion of the respiratory system i. identify in which structure gas exchange occurs

nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, larynx*, trachea, broncho (conducting portion- secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, bronchopulmonary segment, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles) (respiratory portion- respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli), lungs - gas exchange begins to occur in respiratory bronchioles - alveoli- main site of gas exchange

list the blood supply and venous drainage of the ovaries, uterus, and vagina

ovaries -ovarian artery and vein- - contained within suspensory ligament of ovary - supplies ovary - ovarian artery (gonadal artery) is a branch from abdominal aorta uterus- - uterine artery and vein- contained within cardinal (transverse cervical) ligament - supplies uterus and cervix - uterine artery is a branch from internal iliac artery vagina- - vaginal artery and vein - vaginal artery is a branch of uterine artery or internal iliac artery

list the cranial nerve that innervates the posterior 1/3 of the tongue for both somatic sensory and special sense of taste

posterior 1/3-root - innervated by glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) - somatic sensory (touch,pain,temperature) -special sense of taste

list the locations of sympathetic preganglionic and postganglionic cell bodies a. specify the location of the sympathetic chain (prevertebral) ganglia and the prevertebral (preaortic) ganglia

preganglionic cell bodies located in the thoracolumbar region + lateral horn of T1-L2 spinal cord postganglionic cell bodies located in a prevertebra l(preaortic) or sympathetic chain (prevertebral) ganglia (synapse)

list the locations of the parasympathetic preganglionic and postganglionic cell bodies

preganglionic cell bodies- located in the craniosacral region + brainstem + s2-s4 gray matter of spinal cord postganglionic cell bodies- located intramural and terminal ganglia located on or near effector tissue (synapse)

temporal lobe

primary auditory cortex, interpretation of olfactory sensations ( sounds information about soundscape)

occipital lobe

primary visual cortex (detect visual information)

describe the location and function of the prostate gland +explain the condition of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and explain how it affects urination +specify which portion of the prostate gland is most often affected by prostate cancer +explain why digital rectal exams can be used to screen for prostate cancer

prostate gland- +largest accessory sex gland - single, walnut sized - surrounds nucl of urinary bladder - urethra passes through it - prostatic urethra -enlargement of gland +compressed prostatic urethra +makes it difficult to urinate-symptoms +nocturia- wake up at night to urinate +polyuria- frequent urination +dysuria- painful urination -common as older - affects half of men 51-60yo - prostate cancer +usually starts in the posterior lobe of prostate gland +digital rectal exam - use finger to palpate the posterior part of prostate gland through the wall of the rectum

list the bones and bony regions that articulate to form the two joints of the elbow (radiohumeral and ulnohumeral) and the anatomical location of each joint (medial or lateral) a. identify the articulating bony structures on ______ b. list and describe the two actions at the elbow joint

radiohumeral: elbow - lateral joint - head of radius - capitulum of humerus ulnohumeral: elbow - medial joint - trochlear notch of ulna - trochlea of humerus b. hinge joint - motions: - elbow flexion + bending elbow - elbow extension + straightening elbow

list the bones and bony regions that articulate to form the sacroiliac joint, pubic symphysis, and hip joints

sacroiliac joint - between the auricular surface of the ilium and sacrum - attached the pelvic girdle to the axial skeleton - synovial joint - diarthrodial joint - gliding joint with minimal movement pubic symphysis - between right and left hip bones at the pubic region - mobility increases late pregnancy hip joint - ball and socket - between hip bone acetabulum and head of femur

list the bones and bony regions that articulate to form the sternoclavicular joint and acromioclavicular joint

sternoclavicular joint- - the sternal end of the clavicle articulates with the manubrium of the sternum via a gliding synovial joint, called the sternoclavicular joint - serves as the only bony articulation between the upper appendicular skeleton and the axial skeleton - allowing greater mobility of the scapula and the humerus acromioclavicular joint- - gliding synovial joint located between the acromion process of the scapula and the acromial end of the clavicle - acts as a strut and is thus important in allowing and increasing the range of movements of the arm and scapula

specify the bone features that make up the temporomandibular joint (TMJ)

structural classification- synovial joint - functional classification- diarthrodial joint - located between _ mandibular fossa of the temporal bone - mandibular condyle (head of mandible) - allows you to open and close your mouth

identify the nerve most likely to be damaged and describe the somatic impairments that could result from a fracture to each of the following areas of the humerus (a different nerve should be identified for each location; both somatic sensory and motor impairments should be included) a. surgical neck b. mid-shaft of the humerus/ radial groove c. medial epicondyle

surgical neck - damage axillary nerve (proximal fracture) somatic impairment - numbness over shoulder motor impairment - weak abduction of arm (deltoid muscle) Mid-shaft of the humerus/radial groove - damage radial nerve (travels in radial groove at mid-shaft humerus) somatic impairment- numbness of posterior forearm and hand motor impairment- - weak wrist extension (radial nerve innervates the posterior forearm) - wrist drop medial epicondyle - can damage ulnar nerve which travels behind medial epicondyle and hits funny bone somatic impairment - numbness of medial digits(pinky) motor impairment - numbness of medial digits

specify the effects of sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation on the female reproductive tract

sympathetic - contraction of smooth muscle during orgasm - parasympathetic innervation - vasodilation of erectile tissue +clitoris +vestibular bulbs -lubrication of vagina

specify the effects of sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation to the male reproductive tract

sympathetic- - causes peristalsis of smooth muscle of ductus deferens - more sperm from epididymis to ejaculatory ducts - causes ejaculation through external urethral opening parasympathetic- - triggered by sexual arousal - effect - increase blood flow to the erectile tissue of the penis causing an erection

list the bones and bony regions that articulate to form the talocrural joint and subtalar joint

talocrural joint- 3 bones: 1. tibia- medial malleolus 2. fibula- lateral malleolus 3. talus - leg bone forms a socket for the talus - in anatomical position, tight fitting joint - fit changes during plantarflexion subtalar joint - joint below talus - between the talus and calcaneous

describe the function of the following portions of the diencephalon: a. thalamus b. hypothalamus

thalamus - receives all sensory information coming into the body - processes and conveys information going to the cortex - "executive assistant" to the cortex - damage/ disease produces sensory/motor/behavioral abnormalities hypothalamus - communicates with cerebrum and brainstem, changes the body to maintain homeostasis - receives information about food and water intake, blood pressure, temperature, etc - controls visceral function

identify (list) the muscles that move the scapula at the scapulothoracic joint

trapezius, rhomboids (major/minor), serratus anterior, pectoralis minor,

explain how the structural divisions of the respiratory system can be classified as either belonging to the upper respiratory tract or lower respiratory tract a. list the structures located in each portion b. specify the structure that marks the transition from the upper to lower respiratory tract

upper tract - "head and throat" - nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, larynx (above vocal folds_ + clinical correlates- sinus infection, common cold, tonsillitis lower tract - "neck and chest" - larynx (below vocal folds), trachea, broncho, lungs - clinical correlates: pneumonia, brochitis, asthma

specify which structure is cut in a vasectomy

vas deferens

specify the type of cell bodies located in the following structures: a. ventral horn b. lateral horn c. dorsal root ganglion

ventral horn- somatic bodies lateral horn- visceral motor dorsal root ganglion- somatic and visceral sensory

specify the type of fibers (axons) traveling through the following structures a. ventral root b. dorsal root c. spinal nerve

ventral roots- motor axons dorsal roots- axons of somatic sensory and visceral sensory neurons spinal nerve- contains axons from somatic motor, visceral motor, somatic sensory and visceral sensory neurons.

place the following in order that blood would pass through in the general circulatory scheme a. arteries b. arterioles c. atria d. capillaries e. veins f. ventricles g. venules

ventricle arteries arterioles capillaries venuoles small veins large veins atria