Antrho Test 2

berdache

"two-spirit" biologically sexed males or females who reject or transcend traditional male or female roles

the domestication of plants and animals happened about:

10,000 to 12,000 years ago

What percent of people living today had ancestors who lived in societies with band level political systems?

100%

When did the transition from acephalous bands and tribes to chiefdoms begin?

8,000 to 10,000 years ago

According to this tutorial, what was the main reason that our ancestors first developed domesticated food plants and began farming.

A combination of a changing climate and human over population made it necessary.

atlatl

A special wooden stick used by hunters to throw a spear. It made the spear go farther and faster.

Margaret Mead profiled the temperament of men and women among the

Arapesh, Mundugumor, and the Tchambuli

Which of the following statements about law is true?

Both It is not uncommon for some laws to be confusing for the members of the society in which they exist; laws are often open to interpretation depending on the situation of a crime

Which of the following is generally true of pastoralist societies in East Africa?

Cattle functioned as their special money in the past

What was the main argument of the coercive theory of early state formation? This theory was developed in the 1970's by Robert Carneiro.

Centralized state governments developed to mobilize and direct armies which would continue to exist as tools for controlling conquered peoples, collecting tribute, and allocating resources

The most common kinship naming system in North America and Europe today is:

Eskimo

Which of the following statements is true of commerce between small-scale societies in the past?

It involved more institutionalized balanced reciprocity than is found generally in the international trade system today

Which of the following statements is true concerning the introduction of general purpose money into societies that have non-market economies?

It makes it easier to carry out trade and gives individuals the ability to accumulate wealthxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

bride service

Kung man must hunt for his wife's family

Modern nation states differ from the states of the ancient civilizations in that modern states commonly have _______________________

Larger cities

Which of the following are characteristic of non-market economies?

NONE OF THE ABOVE

Where did indigenous tribal level societies have leaders called "big men"?

New Guinea

Which of the following statements is true?

Over the 21st century, much of the world very likely will face severe shortages, including those of food, drinking water, arable land, and petroleum based fuels.

Which of the following statements is true of reciprocal gift exchanges in all societies?

Participants in a gift exchange agree to receive a gift and repay it with another.

_____________ is defined as planned surprise predatory attacks directed against other communities or societies with the primary objective of plundering and then escaping unharmed with the stolen goods

Raiding

Gift giving is a common form of non-market exchange within small-scale societies. Which of the following statements is true concerning this sort of exchange?

The primary motivation for this form of economic exchange in small-scale societies is not economic but social.

Which of the following things resulted from international commerce during the last two centuries?

There has been an enormous redistribution of wealth to the industrialized nations located mostly in the Northern Hemisphere

Which of the following statements is true concerning non-market economies?

They are typically found in small-scale, isolated societies

Which of the following statements is true of non-market economies?

They can only survive in isolation from the market economies of large-scale societies.

Which of the following statements is true of band leaders?

They usually only have temporary political power

Which of the following are important parts of social control in some small non-western societies?

Threat of witchcraft

Which of the following statements is true of bands?

Typically, there is no leadership position in bands that has the authority to conclusively settle disputes, punish criminals, or prevent families from leaving.

What kinds of legal concerns are common in societies that have pedestrian foraging or simple horticultural subsistence bases?

a and c failure to share food fights resulting from competition for the same mate

Among the Kiowa, the most important relationship exists between:

a brother and a sister

A "vendetta" is a term meaning _____

a long lasting blood feud

bilocal residence

a pattern of residence in which a married couple lives with or near either the husband's parents or the wife's parents

Juries around the world commonly are expected to reflect the judgment of _______

a reasonable man

The term "positive sanction" refers to _________

a reward for appropriate or admirable behavior that conforms with the social norms

Which of the following things occurred at traditional Kwakiutl potlatches?

a) high ranking, influential guests were seated according to their relative status b) the host made speeches and dramatically gave gifts to the guests c) the host destroyed things of value

Which of the following are examples of economic redistributive systems?

a) rich people giving substantial amounts of money to charities b) rich people paying a higher income tax rate than poor people c) potlatch ceremonies of the Kawakiutl and some of their Indian neighbors

Which of the following things are usually considered to be important gifts in small-scale societies with non-market economies?

a) songs, dances, and speeches b) women and childrek

A general term for relatively simple political systems in which power is diffused throughout the society

acephalous

Which of the following are the most important criteria used for classifying people in the majority of the societies of the world?

age, gender, and kinship

The economy of state societies is generally based on:

agriculture

Which of the following were common traits found in early states that were beginning to wage wars against neighboring states?

all of the above: a) considerable population pressure b) growing scarcity of land, water, or other essential resources c) desire for revenge against what was perceived to be a prior wron

Formal market places are rare in isolated, small-scale societies because

all of these the advantages of trading in them are slight since every household usually provides for its daily needs from its own production, surpluses cannot be easily sent to areas of scarcity due to limited transportation capabilities, and effective food preservation technology is usually not available so perishable items do not last long

Among the Mohave of the Greater Southwest, women who were pregnant might dream that their children might become:

alyha or hwame, the gender variants for males and females

capitalism

an economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state

Which of the following kinds of people would most likely be considered to be criminal for acting oddly in public and subsequently be arrested by the police in North America?

an unemployed man of African origin who is living on the street

An informal negative sanction is ______

an unofficial, non-governmental punishment for violations of social norms

The people of the Ryukyu islands near Japan agree that females:

are less likely to attend spiritual matters than men

Bureaucracies with the clearest chains of command are most often:

armies and other military organizations

Gender refers to the

assigned role of an individual within society

acculturation

assimilation to a different culture, typically the dominant one

The simplest kind of political system for a society is a:

band

What level of political integration would be expected to exist in a society in which the total number of people does not exceed a few dozen and there is no economic class differentiation.

band

What did David Riesman think is the most effective form of social control for a society?

being inner directed or conscience controlled

In North America, the most common descent principle in use is:

bilateral

Which of the following things are usually considered to be important gifts in small-scale societies with non-market economies?

both a and b songs, dances, and speeches; women and children

a political symbol is

both a and c a tool used by politicians; an idea or physical thing that is used as a tool for focusing the attention and emotions of people

When a political system has a number of positions with different levels of responsibility, power, and authority it is referred to as a:

bureaucracy

As some horticultural societies of the past developed more intensive agricultural subsistence patterns when their populations grew into the thousands, they were forced to create new levels of political integration in order to maintain unity and order. Which of the following did they develop first?

chiefdom

Cahokia, a city of mounds that existed where East St. Louis rests today, emerged around A.D. 1050 and consisted of thousands of people Cahokia is an example of a:

chiefdom

How does someone in a pedestrian foraging band usually become a political leader for the community?

community consensus arrived at through casual discussion

an important function of reciprocity in society, is to

create and cement social alliances

some anthropologists have called the movement from foraging to domestication:

cultural evolution

In what kind of society are norms likely to change very slowly?

culturally homogenous traditional Arab nations

Billy Evans Horse

defined success as raising his children so they would stay in the house, take care of their parents, and raise the next generation of Horses in the same house

Among the hijras of India, men who want to take up worship of the mother goddess Bahuchara Mata:

denounce their "maleness" and take female names and adopt feminine dress and behavior

Consanguineal relatives are related by

descent

unlike foragers, large families in time and space could (and in many cases, still do) have power above and beyond any individual. These families are called:

descent groups or lineages

Women in the village of Nazare in Portugal:

dominate public spaces

Standard economic analysis is inadequate in explaining how and why non-market economies function within societies that have them because ____________________________________________ ?

economic profit is not the major motive for exchanging and distributing goods and services in these societies

reciprocity

exchange of goods and services between two or more people without the use of money

The defining characteristic of horticulture is that:

fields are not used permanently but remain fallow for some time after being cultivated

In small-scale pedestrian foraging societies, succession to political offices usually occurs through:

general recognition of personal achievement

Marshall Sahlins observed that there are three distinct types of reciprocity that occur in human societies around the world. Which of the following statements is a description of what he described as generalized reciprocity?

gift giving without the expectation of an immediate return

pastoralism

herding

What is the name of the theory of state formation developed during the 1950's by Karl Wittfogel and Julian Steward? This was an ecological explanation that proposed that states arose out of the need to construct and manage large-scale irrigation systems necessary for intensive agriculture within arid river valleys.

hydraulic theory

Feminist anthropology has challenged many of the universal assumptions regarding male domination and female subordination, arguing that if gender-based inequality is learned:

it can be changed

What is the primary binding mechanism of a band level society? In other words, what usually is most effective in keeping these societies from disintegrating?

kinship

bands of foragers typically living in small unsettled mobile groups, are almost always organized around:

kinship

In what kind of societies are laws usually written down formally?

large-scale societies

A term referring to different general types of political systems used to organize and manage societies.

levels of political integration

sororal polygny

man marries sisters

miati

man-woman form northern plains Indian tribe-Hidatsa

The principle bonds that hold kinship groups together are:

marriage and descent

exogamy

marriage outside a certain group

endogamy

marriage within a certain group

Crow naming system

matrilineal descent pattern

Tribes are different from bands in that they have a new kind of integrative mechanism consisting of organizations that cross-cut society by bringing together a limited number of people, typically at least one from each family. Anthropologists refer to these kinds of groups as _____________ .

pantribal associations

Omaha naming system

patrilineal descent pattern

In New Guinea, tribal leaders often worked for years to accumulate things of high value in order to give them away in large, very public formal ceremonies. What traditionally was the most important kind of thing that they gave away?

pigs

Men in indigenous societies of New Guinea wanting to increase their personal status and influence over others organized large ceremonies similar to the Kwakiutl potlatch. The most important things that were given away during these ceremonies in New Guinea were

pigs

"Competition for power over people and things" is a definition of

politics

gender

refers to the way culture grafts meaning onto sexed individuals throughout their lives

incest taboo

regulates sex and/or marriage between people considered kin

affinity

relationships by marriage

Which of the following would fit the definition of negative reciprocity in North America today?

selling flashlight batteries at triple the normal price during a prolonged blackout caused by a widespread electrical power failure

What normally functions as rudimentary credit institutions in non-market economies?

social ties including kinship

In his field studies of the ju/'hoansi, Richard Lee noted that as the number of people in a band level society increases, the potential for disruptive interpersonal conflicts inevitably rises. What did he call this phenomenon?

social velocity

Which of the following is likely to have pyramid shaped power relationships with a small hereditary elite class at the top headed by a king and royal family?

states

transhumance

the action or practice of moving livestock from one grazing ground to another in a seasonal cycle, typically to lowlands in winter and highlands in summer

enculturation

the gradual acquisition of the characteristics and norms of a culture or group by a person, another culture

What commonly functions as a rudimentary beginning of a taxation system in chiefdoms?

the redistribution of surplus goods by the chief

Which of the following statements is true of the civil rights acts of the U.S. Congress during the 1960's that mandated the legal enforcement of "racial" integration in schools and public places?

there was considerable resistance to them in a number of southern states

In what way are chiefdoms similar to bands and tribes?

they are mostly classless societies

unilinial descent

through father or mother's side

The concept of ownership in which land and other property rights are restricted by the overriding rights vested in the community as a whole is called

usufruct

levirate

when husband dies, widow can marry a brother or another man from the family

A political leadership role is one in which individuals:

(a) usually have authority related to broad areas of concern for the society; (b) usually are allowed to make decisions concerning the group as a whole; (c) are often expected to lead community discussions and act as spokesmen in dealing with outsiders;

Which of the following kinds of society are most likely to have formalized laws and special government institutions to enforce them

Advanced agricultural and industrial

Which of the following would be a positive sanction?

All of the above Receiving good grades in school; being promoted in the military; being allowed to go to your religion's "heaven"

Which of the following statements concerning slaves in the ancient civilizations in Egypt and Mesopotamia is true?

All of the above: a) They were often people defeated in war. b) They were often made servants in the households of the political elites. c) Their children could sometimes become free, wealthy, and politically powerful

Formal market places are rare in isolated, small-scale societies because

All of the above: a) the advantages of trading in them are slight since every household usually provides for its daily needs from its own production. b) surpluses cannot be easily sent to areas of scarcity due to limited transportation capabilities c) effective food preservation technology is usually not available so perishable items do not last long

Which of the following is true concerning armed conflict?

All of the above: a) It commonly occurs among humans both within the same society and between societies. b) The majority of other primate species are relatively peaceful compared to humans. c) Violent physical fighting is primarily a male activity among humans

Which of the following statements is true of tribes?

All of the above: a) They are essentially egalitarian in that no one family or residential group is politically or economically superior to others. b) They are advanced over bands in the way that they are integrated. c) They are essentially acephalous.

What kinds of societies have politics?

All of the above: a) small-scale societies b) large-scale societies c) Western societies such as those of North America and Europe

A political leadership role is one in which individuals:

All of the above: a) usually have authority related to broad areas of concern for the society b) usually are allowed to make decisions concerning the group as a whole c) are often expected to lead community discussions and act as spokesmen in dealing with outsiders

Which of the following kinship naming systems were used by North American Indians?

All of the above: Omaha, Crow, Iroquois

Which of the following statements is true?

All of these a) Unlike permanently settled farmers, pastoralists usually can move to a new area to avoid a continuing dispute with their neighbors. b) One method horticulturalists commonly use to deal with crime within their own community is to shift the blame to people in other communities or even other societies. c) The fear that witchcraft might be used against you is often enough to prevent deviation from the social norms in settled fishing and farming communities

In what kind of social environment are informal negative sanction most likely to be an effective mechanism of social control?

B and C small rural towns in which everyone knows everyone else; isolated bands of foragers

If, after several minutes of negotiation, you agree to trade three music CD's with a friend for his used copy of the textbook needed in your cultural anthropology class, it would be an example of

BARTER

Which of the following statements is true of the horse riding Indian tribes of the North American Plains, East African cattle herders, and the Yanomamö Indians of Venezuela?

Both a) They prized aggressive, violent behavior among men. b) They gave high status to those men who succeeded in raids

Political leaders often are allowed access to and control over society's important resources. However, this does not necessarily mean that they are richer than others. In what part of the world were traditional political leaders in the past expected to bankrupt themselves by giving away their wealth to others?

Both a and C New Guinea; Vancouver Island, Canada

Which of the following kinds of societies impose social control on their citizens?

Both small-scale and large-scale societies

In which of the following societies has raiding been common?

Both: a) horse riding buffalo hunting tribes of the North American Great Plains b) African cattle herding tribes

Which of the following is generally true of pastoralist societies in East Africa?

Cattle functioned as their special purpose money in the past

Which of the following cultures traditionally used "song duels" to settle quarrels between individuals within their community?

Inuit

Sex and Temperament in Three Primitive Societies

Margaret Mead book of New Guinea tribes exhibited personality traits highly different from what american's might expect

Around 4,500-5,500 years ago, kingdoms with state level political systems developed into ancient civilizations in which of the following areas?

Mesopotamia

How are difficult disputes between people living in a chiefdom usually settled if an informal agreement cannot be reached by the parties?

a chief usually function as an arbitrator and judge

The Kula Ring was

a closed trading system among the Trobriand Islanders in which only recognized senior male trading partners from each island could be expedition leaders

Which of the following would fit the definition of balanced reciprocity in North America today?

exchanging Christmas gifts with your best friend at an office part

The most common form of exchange in non-market economies between friendly small-scale societies is ________________________________

face to face barter

the most common form of exchange in non-market economies between friendly small-scale societies is

face to face barter

Which of the following is likely to be found in all kinds of societies?

feuding

Which of the following terms best describes the interaction between the Hatfield and McCoy families along the Kentucky and West Virginia border during the late 19th and early 20th centuries

feuding

_______ is prolonged hostility and occasional physical fighting between individuals and their supporters

feuding

About how many band level societies survive today with their traditional form of political organization intact?

few if any

According to this tutorial, the crucial difference between gifts and sales is that

gifts create and strengthen social relationships while sales usually do not

according to the tutorial, the crucial difference between gifts and sales is that

gifts create and strengthen social relationships while sales usually do not

Early states were:

hierarchical political systems characterized by centralized governments that arose primarily around large-scale agriculture

bridewealth

husband's kin gives gifts to the wife's kin at marriage

What is the subsistence base that is almost always found among societies with a state level of political integration?

large-scale intensive agriculture

Which of the following kinds of societies are likely to have bureaucracies of political officials?

large-scale societies

What are common laws?

laws that evolve slowly over time and are usually part of the existing cultural tradition rather than being enacted by legislatures or rulers

When does "internalization" of the moral codes of a society usually take place?

mostly in childhood

nuclear family

moving- often choose work over family

This tutorial concluded that the theory of early state formation that is mostly likely the best one is the _________________ .

multi-cause theory

matrilocal residence

new couple live with or near the bride's family for a time

Which society is able to rely solely upon internalization of its normative code in order to control behavior?

no society

Which of the following are characteristic of non-market economies?

non of these

The commonly held conceptions of appropriate and expected behavior in a society would be best describes as ______

norms

Special purpose money consists of

objects that serve as a medium of exchange in only limited contexts

Special purpose money consists of _______________________ .

objects that serve as a medium of exchange in only limited contexts

polygny

one man married to more than one woman

polyandry

one woman married to more than one man

Men in indigenous societies of Papua New Guinea wanting to increase their personal status and influence over others organized large ceremonies similar to the Kwakiutl potlatch. The most important things that were given away during these ceremonies in New Guinea were

pigs

In the ethnographic literature, in most societies past and present, the tasks and roles associated with the sexual division of labor generally:

place men's activities above the activities of women

What are the major components of any society's economy?

production, distribution, and exchange

Which of the following kind of legal concern is commonly found among pastoralist and rich settled fishing societies but usually not among pedestrian foraging ones?

property theft

Some economic exchanges are intended to distribute a society's wealth in a different way than exists at present. These are called

redistributive exchanges

The process by which we learn what it means to be male or female is called:

socialization

Which of the following would be expected to have the most centralization of power?

state

Which of the following would be most likely to have a well equipped professional army?

state

the most complex forms of political and economic organizations are called

states

Generally speaking, foraging:

supports fewer people per square mile than agriculture

horticulture

swidden agriculture

Proprietary deed has been strongly supported by

the U.S. and Canadian national cultures, which are European in origin

Which of the following statements is true of laws, courts, and police?

they are not the only mechanisms of social control available to a society

Which of the following statements is true concerning non-market economies?

they are typically found in small-scale isolated economies

How were disputes and crimes within the community usually settled traditionally by the Ju/'hoansi and other small-scale societies?

they openly gossiped about the deviant individuals and socially ostracized them

Which of the following statements is true concerning the anti-miscegenation laws in Alabama during the last 1/3 of the 20th century?

they were eliminated long after social norms about interracial marriage had changed

Which of the following were intended functions of the Kwakiutl potlatch ceremonies in the 19th century?

to celebrate major life events in a family

patrilineal descent

traced through father's side

matrilineal descent

traced through mother's side

What kind of political system is most likely to be found among horticultural and pastoralist societies that consist of a few hundred people with multiple communities and other kinds of social sub-divisions?

tribes

neolocal residence

two married people establish independent households

What is the name of the theory of state formation that the British archaeologist V. Gordon Childe developed in 1936? This theory assumed that people made rational economic decisions that led them inevitably to develop the first states.

voluntaristic theory

_______________ is large scale, sustained conflict in which there is organized combat between societies with clearly recognizable armies

warfare

What is the legal concept at work in the following case? A man is murdered by his neighbor as a consequence of a dispute over the ownership of a small field. The neighbor's family is ordered by a judge to pay the dead man's wife 12 goats in order to pay for the crime and to end the murder's guilt.

weregeld

sororate

when wife dies, the widower may marry a sister or another woman from his wife's family

dowry

wife's family is expected to give the woman's inheritance to the husband's family

fraternal polyandry

woman married to brothers

In the 1970's, the Greek village of Kypseli, while men were away from home,

women's activities dominated the smaller village courtyards