AP 2 Ch. 15

The profoundly elevated blood pressures observed in people using cocaine is caused by

the enhanced sympathetic stimulation which leads to increased heart rate and strength of contraction, resulting in increased cardiac output and high blood pressure.

Cocaine causes the rupture of a person's aorta because

the increased pressure and turbulence of the blood resulting from the enhanced sympathetic effect can produce a small tear in the lining of the aorta, allowing the blood to dissect through the muscle layers.

The element of the nervous system which largely controls the 'flight-or-fight' response is

the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system

The motor division of the autonomic nervous system has ___________neuron(s) in each pathway.

two

Which organs receive postganglionic axons from the inferior mesenteric ganglion?

urinary bladder, reproductive organs, rectum

What are the characteristics of preganglionic and postganglionic neurons in the autonomic nervous system?

1. Preganglionic neurons have cell bodies that lie within the brainstem or spinal cord and extend either as a cranial nerve or spinal nerve. 2. Postganglionic neurons extend from the cell body to an effector (cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, or gland). 3. The neurotransmitter released from a ganglionic neuron, in response to a nerve signal, is either acetylcholine (ACh) or norepinephrine (NE).

the beta ________ receptors are found in adipose tissues where they stimulate lipolysis

3

Receptors that bind norepinephrine or epinephrine are called _________ receptors.

Adrenergic

Norepinephrine fits into which categories?

Biogenic amine Catecholamine Monoamine

Which neurotransmitters are considered catecholamines?

Dopamine, Norepinephrine, Epinephrine

what connects the spinal nerves to each sympathetic trunk

Rami communicantes

What visceral sensory stimulus triggers the autonomic reflex causing the reduction of blood pressure?

Stretching of large blood vessels

postganglionic sympathetic axons are carried from the sympathetic trunk to all spinal nerves through _______

gray rami communicantes

The sympathetic division is also called what?

Thoracolumbar division

True or false: the autonomic nervous system is also called the visceral nervous system

True

which type of neurotransmitter is released by all preganglionic axons in the autonomic nervous system

acetylcholine

in which structure will you find nicotinic receptors

adrenal medulla, postganglionic neurons

receptors that bind norepinephrine to epinephrine are called ____________ receptors

adrenergic

in which structures would you find muscarinic receptors

all parasympathetic receptors, sweat glands, blood vessels in skeletal muscle

Generally, the effects of parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation of the same organ are ____________, opposing each other to produce different results.

antagonistic

What levels of the CNS play a role in influencing the autonomic nervous system

cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, spinal cord, brainstem

Axons that release acetylcholine are called?

cholinergic

The autonomic and somatic nervous systems can be distinguished by whether or not we are ________ of the processes they control.

conscious

in blood vessels innervated by only sympathetic axons, increased sympathetic stimulation causes the vessels to ______________ while decreased sympathetic stimulation causes the vessels to dilate.

contract

Parasympathetic innervation from the vagus nerve causes the airways to ______________

decrease in diameter

sympathetic stimulation will cause the pupils of the eye to ________

dilate

visceral effectors innervated by postganglionic axons from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system have ______

dual innervation

Which are ligands for adrenergic receptors?

epinephrine and norepinephrine

parasympatheric innervation causes ________ of the female clitoris and male penis.

erection

Cranial nerves that carries sensation of taste

facial, glossopharyngeal, vagus

Cranial nerves that contain parasympathetic fibers

facial, glossopharyngeal, vagus, oculomotor

How many types of adrenergic receptors are there?

five

which are effectors of the autonomic nervous system

glands, smooth muscle cells, cardiac cells

The cell bodies of the preganglionic neurons in the sympathetic division are located

in the lateral horns of the T1-L2 spinal cord segments.

Parasympathetic innervation from the vagus nerve has the following effects on the digestive tract organs

increased smooth muscle motility, increased secretory activity

The preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic division originate in the ____________

internal gray matter, brainstem

Cocaine acts as a neural stimulant because

it inhibits the reuptake of neurotransmitters from the synaptic cleft, thereby increasing their concentration and the postsynaptic stimulation.

which organs receive postganglionic axons from the superior mesenteric ganglion

jejunum of small intestine, kidneys, proximal ureters

during an emergency or crisis situation, the sympathetic nervous system can trigger _______ ________ in which many effectors respond together.

mass activation

match the cholinergic receptor with the chemical it is named for. These chemicals can bind to and activate the receptor

muscarinic - mushroom poison nicotinic - chemical in tobacco plants

Cranial nerves that innervate extrinsic muscles of the eye

oculomotor, trochlear, abducens

Cranial nerves that are purely sensory in nature

optic, olfactory, vestibulocochlear

Which division of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for conserving energy and replenishing nutrient stores?

parasympathetic

Which division of the autonomic nervous system maintains homeostasis when we are at rest?

parasympathetic

The ________________ salivary gland receives parasympathetic innervation from the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)

parotid

What axons do Gray rami carry

postganglionic axons

What axons do White rami carry

preganglionic axons

Cocaine affects levels of the neurotransmitter(s)

serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine

In response to a specific stimulus, autonomic reflex arcs can trigger which responses?

smooth muscle contraction, cardiac muscle contraction, secretion by glands

Autonomic reflexes enable the ANS to control what kinds of visceral functions?

smooth muscle contractions, secretions by glands, cardiac muscle contractions

Which organs are innervated by postganglionic axons from the celiac ganglion

stomach, liver, spleen

The _________ division of the autonomic nervous system is anatomically known as the thoracolumbar division

sympathetic

the ___________ preganglionic axons tend to have many branches

sympathetic

the subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system are the ________ division and ___________ division

sympathetic , parasympathetic