AP American History: Chapter 1 Outline and Notes

When does culture conflict occur

1. 2 or more groups with different cultures live close to each other. 2. The laws and beliefs of one group extend over another

What were the cultural changes after the encounter?

1. Columbian Exchange 2. Europeans gain wealth, land, resources 3. Native Americans and Africans were forced to convert to European religion. 4. Native Americans and Africans assimilated languages into European languages. 5. Marriage and interweaving of culture led to a loss of genetic purity or worlds. 6. Loss of land, loss of freedom

What was St? Augustine used as?

A defensive base to protect ships carrying gold.

How did the culture of America change after the encounter?

After losing lots of their people to disease and violence they had to find new ways to survive.

What events led to the encounter of these cultures?

Age of Discovery.

Where did the French settle?

Along the St. Lawrence River in Quebec, Canada.

Cortes

Aztecs & Pizarro

How did Africa view land?

Believed it could be own but had no value.

What was the purpose of the Spanish settlements?

Colonies in New Mexico and California were used to protect trade in the Pacific. Missions were established to convert Native Americans to Catholics

Identify the technological developments that spurred the Age of Discovery. ​

Compasses, gun powder, better ships and better maps

What did the Puritans want to do to the Native Americans?

Convert them.

What did the encounter between the Europeans, Africans, & Native Americans lead to?

Culture conflict & the assimilation of cultures that continue to impact us today.

Identify the influence that trade and global commerce had on the Age of Discovery.

Current land routes were dangerous and hard. New trading routes and lack of resources motivated exploration.

During the Age of Discovery, land routes were...

Dangerous

Describe the English relationship with the Native Americans including specific information on conflicts.

Disagreement on religion. English tried to convert them to Christianity and persecuted those who did not want to convert. Conflict on land, English forcefully took land from the Natives for their growing population.

What is culture conflict?

Disagreements that occur between 2 or more social groups

Why did Jamestown barely survive?

Disease, starvation, and Native American attacks. They had poor leadership, unrealistic expectations, cultural misunderstandings with the Natives.

What are the differences between Europe, Africa, and Americs?

Europeans have a monarchy, feudalistic society. Africa and America were hierarchical.

What are the similarities between Europe, America and Africa?

Extensive trade routes. Organized their societies on kinship. Similar religious practices.

What was the purpose of the English settlements?

Gain land, natural resources, Christianity.

The U.S. Colonies did not have what resources of South America and Mexico?

Gold

How did the Europeans view social structure?

Had a monarchy. The rich would elect kings and Queens

How did the Americas view trade?

Had extensive trading routes. Traded corn, beans, squash..

Identify specific explorers and their discoveries.

Henry Hudson claimed land around the Hudson River for the Netherlands. Samuel de Champlain established a settlement in Quebec for France. John Cabot explored the coast of New Foundland for English.

What are the similarities between Native Americans and Africans?

Human sacrifices. Trade of food. Have tribe leaders

Where was Europes first colony? It's purpose?

In Roanoke. A base to raid Spanish ships filled with gold.

Pizarro

Incas

What was Europes first permanent colony?

Jamestown

How did the Europeans view Land?

Land was extremely important to their economy. Owning land was a right and sacred.

Trade was the...

Life-blood of Europe

How were enslaved Africans able to preserve some of their cultural beliefs? Cite specific examples of this.

Maintained aspects of their African culture in music, religion, and folkways.

How did Africa view Trade?

Mali used shells as currency. Crops for trade. Extensive trading routes.

Where did Spanish settle?

Mexico, Arizona, California, Florida. Areas with lots of Native Americans

How did the Europeans view religion?

Monotheistic. Most were Catholic.

Describe the Spanish conflict with the Native Americans

Most resistance was disorganized. In 1680, the Pueblo people revolted which pushed the Spanish out of New Mexico. (The Most successful native American resistance)

Describe the French relationship with the Native Americans including specific information on conflicts.

Natives felt less threatened by them because the French were in smaller numbers. No major conflicts, shared land. Formed ties with them and traded.

Describe the Spanish relationship with the Native Americans including specific information on conflicts.

Natives formed the Pueblo revolt due to Christianity being forced on them. Spanish would intermarry with the Natives.

What made long voyages possible in Europe?

New technology

Did Roanoke survive?

No

How did Africans view religion?

North Africa was Muslim. South Africa was animism. Believed in lesser gods before a supreme God

Why did Europe want to Conquer the New World?

Obtain land, natural resources, spread Christianity.

How did Africa view social structure?

Organized around the family unit. Hierarchical.

Which English group settled in 1620?

Pilgrims in Plymouth, Massachusetts

How did the Americas view religion?

Polytheistic and animistic believed in a "Great Spirit"

Describe specific examples of conflicts that arose when Europeans attempted to change the culture of American Indians. ( religion, gender roles, attitudes toward the land and environment.)

Pueblo Revolt. (against Spain) King Philip War. (against English)

Describe examples of culture conflict between the Spanish and American Indians.

Pueblo revolt due to religious differences.

Which English group settled in 1630?

Puritans in the Massachusetts Bay Colony.

Where did the French settle?

Quebec

Identify examples of competition between European empires during the Age of Discovery and their impact.

Religion, spread/conversion of Christianity. Trade, introduced new crops, animals, diseases. Discovery, and was taken from Natives, gold and other resources found by Europe.

Describe the French settlements. How did they make money?

Settled along the St. Lawrence river in Quebec, profited by trading furs.

Where did the Europeans settle?

Settled in areas without large Native empires. East coast

Describe the English settlements. How did they make money?

Settlements such as Roanoke was made for the purpose of stealing Spanish gold. Roanoke had a joint-stock colony.

How did the culture of Africa change after the encounter

Some began to follow the spread of Christianity.

Which country funded the voyage of Columbus?

Spain

Who began to find expedition to explore water routes to Asia?

Spain and Portugal.

How did the different European nations colonize the New World?

Spanish had Conquistadors conquer land. French settled along the St. Lawrence river

What was the 1st Spanish settlement is the U.S?

St. Augustine

How did the Americas view social structure?

Status was based on honor rather than possessions.

Describe the Spanish settlements. How did they make money?

The Encomienda System with farming and mining the land.

Find evidence to support the view of white superiority that was used to justify the subjugation of Africans and American Indians

The Encomienda system was giving grants of Native Americans to Spaniards and the Asiento system made the Spanish pay a tax on each African slave. The Spanish used both Natives and Africans for farming and mining.

Describe the Columbian Exchange in terms of the transference of crops, animals, and disease and the effects of each on the populations of the 3 regions.

The Europeans received new crops such as corn and beans. 5 million Europeans died from syphilis. Natives received new crops such as sugarcane. 1/3 of Natives died from small pox and measles. The Europeans went after African slaves due to the loss of Natives. 12 million Africans died in the slave trade. Natives received animals such as horses and pigs.

What was the view of conquering Europeans towards the Native Indians.

The Europeans were destroying forests and threatening their way of life.

How did Jamestown survive?

The leadership of John Smith and sale of tobacco

What did the English want from the Native Americans in Jamestown, which causes conflict?

Their land for farming and their labor.

How did the Americas view land?

They believed land could not be owned by one person but can be claimed. Land belonged to all creatures

How did the culture of Europe change after the encounter?

They received many new foods and learned how to grow crops and hunt.

What was the purpose of the French settlements?

To establish a fur trade.

What sparked the Age of Discovery and exploration?

To find water routes to Asia.

Why did the Puritans flee to the New world?

To flee religious prosecution, but didn't believe in religious tolerance.

What were Spanish colonies in New Mexico and California used for

To protect trade in the Pacific. Spanish missions we're also established in these colonies

How did the French profit?

Trading fur.

What was King Philips War?

War between Pilgrims and Indians because the Europeans were destroying forests. 2000 English we're killed and 4000 natives were killed

How did the Europeans view trade?

Was the Life-blood of Europe, especially with Asia

What were the Europeans motivated by?

Wealth, power, and religion

Identify the impact that religion had on the Age of Discovery

a. Much religious conflict unified b. Catholic victory in Spain in the 8th century against muslims c. Protestant revolt in Northern Europe against the Catholics (this lead to the spread of both religions in Europe, Asia, and Africa)

Identify the influence that decline of feudalism and development of nation states had on the Age of Discovery.

a. new social structures in new lands b. larger empires b/c of small kingdoms combining c. larger kingdoms trying to conquer as much new territory as possible

Native Americans became both allies and enemies in?

conflicts with and among the Europeans.

Assimilation

is the process that occurs when the weaker culture adapts to or becomes like the dominant culture.

Diversity

many different cultures, races, or ethnic groups.

Encomienda System

other colonies used slaves & Native Americans to farm & mine the land.

Norms

principles of behavior that are understood by a social group.

Culture

the beliefs, traditions, laws, language, etc. of a particular social group.

Conquistadors

were the Spanish conquerors who conquered land for the Spanish empire.

When does culture conflict increase?

when the dominant group overpowers the least dominant.