AP Art History Aegean/Greece

Proto-Geometric

Transition to

Siphian Treasury

ancient Greek archaic Delphi; caryatids

Kallikrates

architect of Temple of Nike

Kallikrates and Iktinos

architects of Parthenon

Aphrodite of Melos (Venus de Milo)

combination of Classical and Hellenistic but falls in Hellenistic period; not emotional, perfect, half-draped, S-curve

dipteral

combination of peristyle/peripteral: columns on inside and all around; least frequently seen

Canon of Polykleitos

Body proportions Facial attributes Same ideal sought by Socrates and Plato Canon= Greek rule or measure Basic unit may have been the width of the hand

red figure

Classical Geometry =

Epigonos, Dying Gaul

Commissioned by Attalus I of Pergamon to commemorate the victory over the Galatians ; trumpet; facial hair/hair = foreigner (barbarian); in the round; original bronze, this one marble

Dipylon Vase

Earliest is geometric pottery-narrative of funerary rituals for an important person; The figures are also very 2-d all the negative space is filled w/ and M shape known as asterisks. The figures are comprised of triangular frontal torsos, profile arms legs and heads have been attached. Mourners show their grief by tearing their hair. We begin to see the art of story telling reemerged. The resurrection of storytelling is a key turning point in the history of Greek art

action, emotion, drama, form, imperfections

Hellenistic Period: More concerned with depicting _______ and __________ High _______ in sculpture and architecture Better awareness of ______ Willing to show man's __________ Earlier periods = ideal and general, aloof serenity, heroism of gods and goddesses

Hagesandros, Polydoros, and Athanadoros of Rhodes, Laocoon and His Sons

Hellenistic because emotion, motion, and facial hair; fighting off snake from Greeks at Troy (people think it's a punishment from the gods)

Nike of Samothrace

Hellenistic because movement and draping; originally in niche on hillside over a pool to give the impression of a boat; thought to commemorate a naval victory; displayed in a similar fashion at the Louvre

perfect, everyday, draped

Hellenistic because: not ____________ _________ task _________ but still see outline

relief triangle

In Mycenaean architecture the triangular opening above lintel that serves to lighten the weight to be carried by lintel itself.

Phidas

oversaw sculptural decoration of Parthenon, but it was the product of MANY individuals

Agamemnon

King of Mycenaean; sacrificed daughter; wife's twin sister is Helen (most beautiful woman alive)

white figure phiale

Late Classical Geometry =

Pericles

Leader of Athens who uses money from Delian League

Poseidon, Athena, Athena, doric, Great Panathenaia

Parthenon Sculpture: West: Contest of _________ and ________ East: Birth of _______ _______ frieze on exterior: 92 metopes depicts legendary battles-god against giant, Greek against Trojan, Greek against Amazon, lapiths with Centaurs Short colonnades in front of each entrance support entablature with Ionic Frieze depicting the ________ ______________

Persian Wars

Persia invades Ionia

Harvesters Vase

Scenes of sowing and harvesting are also seen in Egyptian art, but their compositions are much more stiff, static and formulaic. This Minoan composition breaks static trend and bursts with energy and movement, and individualized figures. We see a riotous crowd singing and shouting as they return from the fields. Figures are led by an older man wearing a cloak patterned cloth carrying a staff. Youths who follow are depicting forward movement. Although we mainly see traditional profile and frontal views, one figure is singled out by shaking a rattle with his lungs so inflated with air that his ribs are showing. 1st instance where sculptor shows detail/interest in what skeletal structure of the human figure. This is a study of human anatomy. This is a remarkable composition esp. when considering the small size of the vase. Careful attention is also notes in the facial expression of the figures. All faces show tension and relaxation with in the facial muscles

Alexander the Great

father = Phillip of Macedonia; tutor = Aristotle, united Greek city states, used coin to spread image

horror vacui

fear of empty space

red figure

figures left unpainted and turned black in the firing opposite of black figure painter

Delian League

formed against Persia: Athens in charge of money, but spend it on city-state = Pelopenisian Wars

Repousse

formed in relief by beating a metal plate from the back, leaving the impression on the face

oracles

fortune tellers (most important = Delphi)

Heinrich Schliemann

found Hissarlik - with Troy; driven by literacy about Trojan War in the Iliad and the Odyssey

Alexander the Great Confronts Darius III at the Battle of Issos

fresco, original mosaic; Alexander the Great conquering while Darius retreats

Flotilla fresco

from port of Akrotiri on island of Thera in the Cycladic Islands; Akrotini was destroyed by a volcano and rediscovered in 1967

Praxiteles, Hermes and Infant Dionysos

interaction and S-curve/sway

Sparta

most warlike Greek city-state

Praxiteles, Aphrodite of Knidos

naked woman - challenged tradition; s-curve; island supported artist when patron wouldn't pay

sanctuaries

places where you are safe and can worship

Nike Adjusting Her Sandal

plaque on wall of Temple of Nike that encloses the temple

amphi-prostyle

porch on front and back

Laocoon

priest who tried to warn Troy to not take in Trojan horse-he and two kids killed by serpent (Trojans think serpent sent by angry gods - really sent by Greeks)

Warrior Vase

regular rhythm of marching men; only indication of woman's emotions is symbolic gesture of an arm raised to her head

Erechtheion

second largest structure on acropolis; contest between Poseidon and Athena supposedly happened there; mark of Poseidon's trident enclosed there (spring); houses memorial to Kekrops (founder of Athens); Porch of Maidens = caryatids

Altar of Zeus

shows Greeks victory over the giants: In the Altar a Gigantomachy is shown with 34 goddesses, 20 gods, 59 giants and 28 animals (serpents, dogs, horses, the flying steeds of Zeus, mules and lions). The names of the gods are chiseled at the cornice, while the giants' names are chiseled on the pedestal next to the names of the sculptors. Among the many gods there are in principle also two humans (or semi-gods), Dionysus and (Hercules). Byzantine conquerors tore it down and used the marble to build a wall, Karl Humann (German) discovered the altar and recently Bertolin restored the frieze

Toreador Fresco

shows bull-leaping; from palace at Knossos

Minos

son of Europa and Zeus and king of Crete; wife has minotaur born

cyclopian masonry

stone construction using huge, irregular blocks without mortar; characteristic of Bronze Aegean age

Parthenon

temple in Athens built to honor the goddess Athena

megaron

temples are designed on ___________ (great hall or central room)

cult statue

temples housed the ___________ of the gods

bronze

trademark of the Aegean society was the use of

Kritian Boy

transition from Archaic to Early Classical; looks more real/natural

temple in antis

2 columns in entryway

Exekias, Suicide of Ajax

2nd bravest fighter in Trojan war; distraught by Achilles honor, not his, preparing to take his life

Athena

In the Parthenon, this is a statue of

Mnesikles

architect of Erechtheion

Minoan

on Crete; legend of Minos and the Minotaur; lacked bronze; peak = 1600-1450 BCE; little known of daily life

prostyle

Roman - porch and set of stairs; columns engaged

Octopus Vase

Again we see compositions of sea life. Here the Octopus's tentacles reach out and around the vessel almost as if it is embracing the piece itself. This emphasizes its large elastic volume. Here the potter has mastered the challenge of the relationship between the painting and the shape of the pot. This pot is from Palaikastro and it differs from the Kamares vessels in choice of color, which is more muted, and this Late Minoan artist reverses the earlier scheme. *Here we see dark on light background.* This scheme will remain the norm in Greece until c. 530 BC. Then we will see light figures emerge on dark backgrounds.

Seleucus

Alexander the Great left Asia Minor, Mesopotamia and Persia; Pergamon also Hellenistic capitol to

Ptolemy

Alexander the Great left Egypt; capitol Alexandria=GREAT Hellenistic center to

Antigonus

Alexander the Great left Macedonia to

Rhyton Bull Cup

Ancient Greek ceremonial drinking vessel with a vase usually in the form of a head generally that of an animal, female, or mythological creature. Opening for the vessel is located behind the bull's horns decorative gold leaf radial design on forehead.

Andokides Painter

Anonymous Painter responsible for the birth of red figure. Copy of Exekias's vase of Achilles and Ajax, but without as much intensity. Amphora on the left know as bilingual vases. These were only produced for a short time.

black figure

Archaic Geometry =

democracy

Athens is the first

Cycladic, Minoan, Helladic

Before 3000BCE until 1100 BCE 3 main cultures of the Aegean world

Knossos

Crete's ancient capital; King Minos ruled from here

Thera, palace complexes, epiphanic, marble

Cycladic Islands: Remains left after the volcano of _______ erupted leaving only a ridge ________ ___________ functioned as political, religious and economic hubs Religion was __________ Abundance of ________ for figurines

Seated Harp Player

Cycladic: lyre player from Keros on the left. The male figure is also simplified and reduced mainly to geometric essentials, but careful attention is placed on the elements emphasizing an actual musician. The harpists sits on a high back chair with a splayed back and head tilted as if he is singing. Knees and feet apart for balance and arms holding the instrument. The figure seems to be wedged btw the lyre and the chair. The shape of the instrument and the chair seem to reflect each other. Perhaps they are playing for the deceased in the afterlife. We still see simple lines and geometric shapes but there is also evidence that the artists pays careful attention to the elegance of both the figure and the instrume

Spring of Eurytheus

Demeter taught agriculture to Athenians here

Kamares Ware

During Middle Minoan period, Cretan potters made sophisticated shapes using the newly introduced potters wheel. The vessels were decorated in polychromatic style (several colors). These vessels are named for the cave on the slope of Mount Ida where they were first discovered. *Light objects on dark background* Many have also been found at Phaistos and Knossos. This particular piece is decorated with repeated patterns and shapes. Many vessels are found decorated with aquatic compositions. The vessels were used for storing honey, wine and grain.

The Priam Painter, Women at a Fountain House

Women getting water (out of the house), red figure

Young Fisherman

Egyptian-like: colorful skin/profile; shows importance of sealife

black figure

First paints figures in black Then incises Black is engobe: phase one turns both pot and slip red with firing, phase two (reducing) clay and slip turn black due to lack of oxygen, phase three coarser material of the pot reabsorbs oxygen and turns red, slip remains black b/c its smoother and silica-laden

Dying Warrior

From East Pediment Temple Aphaia; best preserved pediment figure; Originally would have been painted and had bronze accessories, here the sculptor has fully exploited the framework of the pediment, twisting in space capturing agony and vulnerability; Archaic - bulging eyes; smile, stylized beard

Archaic: 600-480 BCE

Greek Period: "old or old fashioned" stresses a presumed contrast btw the art of this time and the following Classical, which used to be thought of as the most admirable and highly developed-however this view no longer prevails among historians

480-450 BCE

Greek Period: Early or Transitional classical

450-400 BCE

Greek Period: High or 5th Century Classical

400-320 BCE

Greek Period: Late or 4th Century Classical

Orientalizing: 700-600 BCE

Greek Period: apparent influence of Egyptian and Near Eastern art on the pottery of this time. This influence was due to the spread of trading contacts as well as travels of the artists themselves

Geometric: 900-700 BCE

Greek Period: geometric or rectangular forms that the artists used to decorate the ceramic vessels of this time

Hellenistic

Greek Period: means Greek-like; produced throughout the eastern Mediterranean world as non-Greek people gradually became infused with Greek culture under Alexander and his successors. The history and art of ancient Greece ends with the fall of Egypt, the last bastion of rule, to the Romans in 31 BCE.

Proto-Geometric: 1050-900 BCE

Greek Pottery: characterized by linear motifs, spirals, diamonds and cross-hatching, rather than the stylized plants, birds, and sea creatures characteristic of Minoan vase painting

Hellenes

Greeks called themselves

polis

Greeks established city states called _________ (Athens most dominant for mental)

polytheistic

Greeks were ______________ (many gods)

Man and Centaur

Hercules and Centaur Chiron; Geometric Sculpture in the round, bronze, small only 4 ½ " high. Possible Herakles battling the centaur Nessos, who carried the hero's bride across a river then assaulted (wrapped) her. Centaur is any mythological creature ½ horse ½ man. Geometric artists was not limited to scenes inspired by daily life and death. Hence the vases. The centaur is a pure Greek invention. During this time frame the Greeks would have been exposed to the the monsters that were popular in Egyptian and Near Eastern. It's not likely that the artist would have seen such a creature. The centaur has horse hind legs and human front legs and torso, much like the figure of the hero. The hero is portrayed much larger to (contradictory to nature) the horse to indicate that he will be the victor. Contrast to the Near Eastern sculptures the Greek figures are nude. Even here in the beginning of Greek Figural art we see the natural instinct that the Greeks felt for the beauty for the human body. Greek athletes practiced and competed in the nude in the Olympic games. The 2 figures confront each other after the man has stabbed the centaur. The sculptor has reduced the body parts to simple geometric shapes, arranging them in a composition of solid forms and open negative spaces that makes the piece pleasing to the eye. Most of these types of works have been found in sanctuaries, suggesting that they may have been votive offerings to the gods

peripteral

columns (peristyle) all around outside; both ends the same

amasis

In the black figure technique, artists painted designs-figures, objects or abstract motifs-with slip in silhouette on the clay vessels. Then using a sharp tool, stylus, they cut through the slip into the body of the vessel, incising linear details within the silhouette. In the red-figure technique the process was reversed. Artist painted the background around the figures with the slip then drew details within the figures with the same slip using a brush. In both techniques artists often enhanced their work with touches of white and reddish purple gloss, pigments mixed with slip. Firing produced the distinctive black or red images.

peristyle

columns all around interior

Cycladic females

Most of these figures have been found lying on graves. They used scrapers and chisels made of obsidian and polishing stones of emery. The introduction of metal tools made it possible for them to carve on a larger scale but maybe b/c the stone fractured so easily they limited themselves to simplified forms; This figure is almost flat and the human body is rendered in a stylized manner generally one notices the triangular shape that dominates the head and shoulders. The body tapers form shoulders to feet and the triangle is repeated again in the pubis area. The feet are too small to support the figure so most likely it was intended to lie in the grave with the person buried. Most likely with the breasts and pubis emphasized along with the swollen belly these figure were fertility offerings

Vaphaio cup

On one cup, bulls are being trapped with a cow as the lure. Areas not filled in by humans or animals are filled with landscapes, rocks, trees, clouds. Similar to those of Minoan paintings, like Miniature Ships Fresco see fig. 4-9 Gardner's. The 2 cups document the admiration that the wealthy Mycenaean patrons had for Minoan art. Both the Minoan and Mycenaean metal smiths were highly skilled. Both cups are made of 2 plates of gold. The outside plate is worked in reposse style while the inside is left plain to make a smooth surface. Then the plates are fastened together, handles are added (riveted) and some of the details engraved

Two Women with a Child

Only Mycenean sculpture; IVORY - from elephants in Africa - so TRADE; subtractive

Pergamon

The Altar of Zeus is at _____________

Persia, Athens, Athena, civilization, barbarism

Themes of Parthenon: triumph over _________ preeminence of _______ due to favor of ________ triumph of _________ over _________

bulbous

These Minoan capitals resemble later Greek Doric capitals

Lioness Gate

This is the outer gateway, left is protected by a natural rock. On the right is a man-made wall. Enemies would have to face this 20 ft wide channel with Mycenaean soldiers above them on both sides of the wall. Post and Lintel above Lintel is the Corbel Arch which lightens the weight carried by the lintel itself. The corbel arch or relieving triangle depicts 2 decorative relief carvings of lions or possibly sphinxes. The heads were separate and have since been lost, but one can still see that the animals are carved in high relief and they are resting their forepaws on a stand that carries a Minoan style column. The animals are carved w/ vigor filling a triangular space. There is a sense of harmony found with in the dignity, strength and scale of the massive stones and entrance gate.

Apollo by Mantiklos

This sculpture was dedicated to a god by Mantiklos. A message from the dedicator to the deity is inscribed on the thigh. The message reads, "Mantiklos dedicated me as a tithe to the far shooting Lord of the Silver Bow; you Phoibos (Apollo), might give some pleasing favor in return." The Greeks conceived their gods in human form and because of this, we can not be sure if this is Mantiklos or Apollo. However if the left hand once held the bow cited in the message then we are dealing with the deity. The artist pays careful attention to the detail in the hair and the sculpted stomach and pectoral muscles, which give shape to the triangular torso. The youthful figure's long hair subsequently elongates the neck. The deep eye sockets were once inlaid with stones, and their may have been a helmet on the head. At the time of this sculpture there was an increase in Greek trade and colonization, and Greek artists were exposed to many Eastern pieces, like small ivory carvings. This close frequent contact to the near east had a profound impact on Greek art, hence this period has been dubbed "Orientalizing."

Old Palace, Second Palace, Late Minoan

Three periods of Minoan Art

Temple of Aphaia

To give a sense of 3-d the sculptor would place some figures behind others, overlapping as many as 3 of them varying the depth of the relief. To counter any sense of deep recession, all the figures would be the same height with their feet on the same ground line. The long pediments of Greek Temples provided a perfect stage for storey telling, but the triangular pediment provided a problem in composition. The sculptor of this pediment provided a creative solution that became a design standard. The subject of the pediment rendered in fully 3-d figures, is the sack of Troy

Riace Warrior

Transitional or Early/5th Classical Period; original bronze; naked; movement of feet - contrapposta; lost in ship wreck so not melted down; has many detailed elements to the eye and touch. The navel the swelling veins in the backs of the hands, and the strand by strand rendering of the hair. We also see an idealized, youthful smoothness to the rest of the body. Life-like elements were also added by inserting eyeballs of bone and colored glass, applying eyelashes and eyebrows of separately cast fine strand of bronze, also insetting the lips & nipples w/ pinkish copper, and plating the teeth that show btw the parted lips. Originally he held a shield and sword, most likely commemorating a military victory

Gorgon Medusa

West pediment of temple of Artemis. Huge sculptures; very archaic with stylized hair, smile, bulging eyes

Oriental

What Period? almond shape eye; very pale; contact with Africa and Asia Life size painted plaster head of a woman, goddess, or sphinx.. We know the head is female b/c of the white flesh tone. Hair and eyes are painted dark blue., almost black, lips ears and head band are red. Cheeks and chin are decorated w/ a ring of red dots, recalling facial paint or tattoos recorded on Early Cycladic female figures. The large menacing eyes give a scary expression, appropriate for a guardian like figure or sphinx. If not for the dicovery of the remains of this figure, historians might wrongly conclude that life size pieces were not part of the Mycenaen culture. However it is ok to conclude that this kind of Aegean work was rare. And we do not see this kind of monumental sculpture again until after the Dark Ages, when Greek sculptors were exposed to the sculptural tradition of Pharanoic Egypt.

Phiale Painters, Hermes bringing the infant Dionysos to Papposilenos

White-ground vases became popular in the Classical Period. A highly refined clay slip produced the white ground on which the design elements were painted. After firing the vessel, the artists frequently added details and areas of bright and pastel hues using tempera, a paint made form egg yolks, water, and pigments. B/c the tempera paints were fragile, these colors flaked off easily, and a few perfect examples have survived

Euphronios, Euxitheos, Death of Sarpedon

_____________ (painter), _______________ (potter), ________________: on calyx krater (handles covered up); carried off battle field by Hypnos (sleep) and Thanatos (Death), watched by Hermes

Minotaur

a mythical monster with the head of a bull and the body of a man

post and lintel

a structure consisting of vertical beams (posts) supporting a horizontal beam (lintel)

Great Mother

a term used to refer to a goddess who represents motherhood, fertility, creation or embodies the bounty of the Earth; Cult of her flourished on Crete, especially in conjunction with a bull

kouros

a young Greek man who is not clothed; free standing, Archaic smile, large eyes, static

kore

a young Greek woman who is fully clothed; free standing, Archaic smile, large eyes, static

Snake Goddess

are associated with water, regenerative power, and protection of the home. This image is intriguing both as a ritual object and as a work of art. She is made of faience ceramic glaze appearing illustrious. She was found with other ceremonial objects in a pit in one of Knossos's store rooms; Most Minoan sculpture in the round is small, represents a mortal attendant not a deity, although the large breasts suggest fertility goddess. Snakes in hands, leopard rests peacefully on her head; this implies power over the animal world. Frontality is reminiscent of the Egyptian and Near Eastern figures but the dress is clearly Minoan. Open bodice, flounced skirt, is seen on Minoan women over and over. Most likely this statuette represents a goddess and is another example of human beings fashioning their gods in their own images.

Temple of Zeus

at Olympia; doric columns; statue of god made of ivory, gold and marble, so pillaged

Treasury of Atrius

beehive tomb of Agamemnon; post and lintel design with relief triangle; no concrete - only stone

Athenian Acropolis

began as an open space for artists and farmers would display their wares; over time public and private structures were erected

Euphronios

best known red figure painter; especially known for his study of human anatomy

dressed stone

blocks of stone that have been cut and shaped to fit in a particular place for a particular purpose; Minoans had first use of this

Menelaus

brother is the king of Sparta; marries Helen

moscophoros

calf-bearer; Archaic smile, hair, and eyes

Ashlar masonry

carefully cut stones-was used around doors and windows and corners

Myron, Discus Thrower

catches the athlete in a critical moment, the breathless instant before the concentrated energy of his body will unwind to propel the discus into space. His torso is coiled tightly into a forward arch, and his powerful throwing arm is poised at the top of his backswing

monopteral/tholos

circular sphere

graver

cutting tool used by engravers and sculptors

Lady of Auxerre

daedalic style; Most likely she originated in Crete. Maiden (female = Kore pl. Kori), statue of a goddess. Popularly named after the French town that is her oldest known provenance. We are uncertain as to whether she is a mortal or a deity. She wears a long skirt and a cape, as seen on the Prinias women, but the Auxerre maiden has no headdress. The right hand across the chest is most likely a gesture of prayer, this indicates that this is a kore. Only a little over 2 feet tall this figure appears to be much larger than she actually is, however she is smaller than the seated goddess of Prinias, but larger than most of the bronze pieces of this era. This figure is Daedalic, after the legendary artist, Daedalus, whose name means the skillful one. Characteristic of the daedalic style is the triangular flat-topped head framed by long strands of hair that form complementary triangles to that of the face. Also typical are the small belted waist and a fondness for pattern: the pattern on the skirt is covered with geometric squares, once brightly painted.

Ariadne

daughter of king who falls in in with Theses; gets dumped on island-Naxos

Dark Age

depopulation, poverty, loss of outside contact

peplos kore

encaustic painting (wax); wears simple long woolen belted garment, gives female figure a column like appearance

pseudo-dipteral

engaged

Hellenistic

everyday mortals, individual emotion, melodramatic, figures plunge into space, demand an emotional response from the viewer

Sir Arthur Evans

excavated Palace of Knossos; developed chronology from Minoan Art

double anta temple

front and back the same

Mask of Agamemnon

funerary mask-for spirit; repousse; may not actually be him; More primitive than that of King Tut's funerary mask. However it is the Greeks 1st attempt to render the human face at life size. Not known if the Mycenaean masks were intended to be exact portraits, but different facial features are recorded with care. There is a distinct difference from that of the young faces and the mature ones. This mask is of a mature man indicated by the facial hair., perhaps a king.

propylaia

gate of Athenian Acropolis

Niobid Painters, Apollo and Artemis slaying the children of Niobe

get their name from this krater where one side is devoted to the massacre of the Niobids, the children of Niobe, by Apollo and Artemis. Niobe, who had 12 children boosted she was superior to the goddess Leto, who only had 2 kids. To punish her arrogance and teach the lesson that no mortal could be superior to any god or goddess, Leto sent her 2 children to slay all of Niobi's sons and daughters. Schematic landscape among rocks and trees, disposed figures on several levels. Actively interacting with their setting. One son fallen on rocky outcropping & he's partially hidden by it. Face is draw in 3 quarter view, something not attempted before

Amasis Painter, Dionysos with Maenads

god with female worshippers

Spring Fresco Landscape

hills, rocks, swallows, and flowers (bright colors against neutral lines)

Temple of Nike

ionic; amphi-prostyle; the earliest Ionic temple on the Acropolis, compensated by its prominent position on a steep bastion at the south west corner of the Acropolis to the right of the entrance (propylaea). There the citizens worshipped the goddess in hope of a prosperous outcome in the long war fought on land and sea against the Spartans and their allies. The Temple was an expression of Athens' ambition to be the leading Greek city state in the Peloponnese. The Temple sits within the sanctuary of Athena Nike, atop a bastion on the south flank of the great stair to the Athenian Acropolis

Paris

judge in Turkey judging apple contest between Hera, Athena, and Aphrodite; chooses Aphrodite who promises him a beautiful woman (Helen)

King Aegeus

kills himself when Theses forgets to put up a white sail to show that he defeated the minotaur

Exekias, Ajax and Achilles

limits conflict to a board game; Attic black amphora, whole vessel 24". Made by the best black figure painter ever. Intricate engraved cloak patterns and highlights with delicate touches of white. The arched formed by the backs of the figures is echoes the shape of the rounded shoulders of the amphora. The negative space between the 2 figures also echoes the shape of the vessel. The diagonal spears lead the viewers eye to the table of dice and the figures are looking down but theirs eyes are starring out at us like the old style. Even w/ his artistic brilliance he is still wedded to the old manner

Leochares?, Apollo Belvedere

little emotion, perfection in proportions, drapery

Proto-Geometric

this pottery could be categorized as ______________ because linear motifs, spirals, diamonds and cross-hatching

Beehive Tomb

tholoi (circular shape); cyclopean construction; entrance facade; stone surface incised with geometric bands called chevrons

La Parisienne

titled because she looks like a sophisticated Parisian woman with her elegant stance, and full red lips) comes from and uncertain ceremonial scene. She is either a young priestess or goddess. The representation is similar to that of traditional Egyptian frontal positioning with the enlarged side view of the eye, profile view of the face and what direct frontal view of the torso. However the charm and and freshness of the image are undeniably different from that of the Egyptian murals. Most of the Egyptian frescos were painted on dry plaster known as fresco secco. Minoan frescos are done in true or wet fresco painted on wet plaster. True fresco requires the artist to work quickly and spontaneously which beings to give an impressionistic effect. The simple, light, delicate, spontaneous technique subsequently resembles the subject herself.

Polykleitos, Spear Bearer (Doryphoros)

to artist, the perfect canon of proportions; originally bronze, Romans made a marble copy

Charioteer

transitional or Early/5th Century Classical Period; still stiff pose yet outreaching; lost wax; Based on the inscriptions we know that this piece commemorates a victory by a driver in the Pythian games of 478 or 474 BCE. Pliny the elder writes that 3-time winners in Greek competitions had their features immortalized in statues and faces in the Transitional Classical period have a sullen look. This figure even seems to pout a little, his head is turned slightly to one side. His intimidating expression is enhanced by colored glass eyes & fine silver eyelashes. He stands erect, with its almost columnar fluting, is the epitome of elegance. The folds in the robe fall in a natural way, and the whole garment looks like it could sway with the Charioteer's movement. The feet are so detailed and realistic that they could have been cast from molds made from a living person

Theses

volunteers to go into labyrinth; is successful

Ergotimos, Kleitias, Francois Vase

volute krater; signed potter and painter; Black figure named after the excavator who uncovered it., c. 570 BC. Athenians learned for the Corinthians how to paint the black figure vase. Both the painter (Kleitias) and the potter (Ergotimos) signed this piece twice. 200 figure w/in 6 friezes. Labels are all over naming humans and animals. The rest includes an array of Greek mythology, focusing on the exploits of Peleus and his son Achillies, the great hero of Homer's Illiad, and of Theseus, the legendary king of Athens. Orientalizing motifs are seen in the band of it. The change from black figure to red figure is significant. The excruciating technical problem of incising details into black glaze, which makes the black figures seem more stiff than the red-figures, was alleviated by the much more flexible brush used to indicate details in the red-figures.

Gigantomachy

war of giants against the gods; depicted along frieze at Altar of Zeus

lost-wax casting

wax mold covered with clay and plaster, fired, and melted: hollow form-molten metal is poured and cooled-leaves solid metal form that is smoothed and polished

Chiton kore

wears chiton (garment) and himation (cloak)

Epigonos, Gallic Chieftain Killing His Wife and Himself

when lost, many high officials killed themselves

Lysippos, The Scraper (Apoxyomenos)

when taking a bath, put on oil and scrape off; arms closed over chest, Roman leaf covering

Centaur

½ horse ½ man figure exemplifies Proto-Geometric style: with its use of geometric forms in painted decoration, and the reduction of human and animal body parts in sculptural works to simple geometric solids like cubes, pyramids, cylinders, and spheres. The figure is unusual, because of its size (more than a foot) and b/c its hollow body was formed like a vase on a potters wheel. The artist added the solid legs and arms and tail to his body and painted on the bold, abstract designs w/ slip, the slip fired to dark brown, standng out against the lighter color of the un-slipped portions of the figure, Centaurs prevalent throughout Greek mythology had both a good and bad side and symbolized the similar dual nature of humans. This figure was found in a cemetery when it was found it had been deliberately broken into two pieces that were buried in adjacent graves. Clearly the object had special significance for the people buried in the graves or their mourners