AP Art History: Medieval, Romanesque, Gothic
Purse Cover
"Hold the wealth" Clasp on bottom Hinges on top Symmetrical Cloisse Interlacing - Scythian - suggests trade Eagles eating ducks, dogs?
Abbe Suger
Introduced Gothic style - brought together various elements into first expression Characteristics: grotesque decoration (ex. gargoyle); New Islamic techniques from Crusades (ex. pointed arch) was one of the last Frankish abbot-statesmen, a historian, and the influential first patron of Gothic architecture
Cathedral of Milan
Italy, 1386 flamboyant
Carolingian
Stage of Middle Ages: 9th century Court of Charlemagne - (in France) Coronation Gospels, Palace Chapel (modeled after San Vitale)
flying buttresses
an arch built on the exterior of a building that transfers the thrust of the roof vaults at important stress points through the wall to a detached buttress pier leading to the wall buttress
trivium, quadrium
Medieval learning based on __________ (grammar, rhetoric dialectic) and _________ (geometry, arithmetic, astronomy, and music)
St Ambrogio
Milan, Italy Romanesque but plan of Old St Peter's Interior - very Romanesque, but low ceilings
Moarabic Spain
referring to the Christian Culture of Northern Spain during the time Islamic caliphs ruled Southern Spain
St Foy
reliquary/radiating chapel - cranium of young martyr - gold and precious gems basilica transformed into cruciform rounded arches plain westwork Conques, France
Blue Tooth Stone
rune stone - victorious warrior and interlacing
Giselbertus
sculptor who worked at St. Lazare, Autun
barrel vault
semicylindrical in cross-section - in effect, a deep arch or an uninterrupted series of arches, one behind the other, over an oblong space; also known as a tunnel vault
Alcuin
smartest man alive; brought in by Charlemagne; from York as an English scholar, ecclesiastic, poet and teacher from York, Northumbria. He was born around 735 and became the student of Archbishop Ecgbert at York. At the invitation of Charlemagne, he became a leading scholar and teacher at the Carolingian court, where he remained a figure in the 780s and 790s. He wrote many theological and dogmatic treatises, as well as a few grammatical works and a number of poems. He was made Abbot of Saint Martin's at Tours in 796, where he remained until his death. "The most learned man anywhere to be found" according to Einhard's Life of Charlemagne,[1] he is considered among the most important architects of the Carolingian Renaissance. Among his pupils were many of the dominant intellectuals of the Carolingian era.
tracery
stonework around design
triformium
the element of the interior elevation of a church, found between the nave arcade or colonnade and the clerestory, covers the blind area created by the sloping roof over the aisles; can be made up of openings from a passage-way or gallery, or can be wall-supporting paintings or mosaics
Sedes sapientiae
"Seat of Wisdom" Virgin Mary holding Baby Jesus serene Romanesque
Virgo Virginium
"Virgin Mother of God, happy because of the divine child, receive the votive offerings of your Uta of ready servile"
Thor
(Norse mythology) god of thunder and rain and farming - Hammer
Chartres Cathedral
1 of 7 Notre Dames - North Star of Big Dipper of Notre Dames Rose window stone - no tracery Left tower - later style; right tower - earlier style Black Madonna - weeps at center times of year - behind altar tripartide Relic = Virgin Mary's shroud
Stavelot Reliquary
1154 triptych jeweled - inlay columns Corinthian and painted silver writing on arches reliquaries in middle rounded like Arch of Constantine symmetrical and balanced in threes black velvet cloisonne Roundels tell story of Contantine's dream with vision of cross, baptism, and battle (shown as Crusades) on left and Constantine's mother, St Helena, searching for Jesus's cross, excavating Calvary, and testing its healing powers
Hiberno-Saxon, Warrior Lords, Carolingian, Ottonian
4 stages of Middle Ages
sexpartite vaults
6 parts - support without weight
pilgrimage
A journey to a place considered sacred for religious purposes
Beau Dieu
A statue of the resurrected Christ on the trumeau at the Cathedral of Amiens
Book of Kells
About Nativity - "Now this is how the birth of Christ came about" - opening of Matthew's gospel on Christmas Number of full page illuminations Manuscript written and decorated either at Iona or a closely related Irish monastery Like a relic Chi Rho Page Monks worked all day on manuscripts as scribes at scriptorium illuminated manuscript Gospel book in Latin, containing the four Gospels of the New Testament together with various prefatory texts and tables. It was created by Celtic monks ca. 800 or slightly earlier. The text of the Gospels is largely drawn from the Vulgate, although it also includes several passages drawn from the earlier versions of the Bible known as the Vetus Latina. It is a masterwork of Western calligraphy and represents the pinnacle of Insular illumination. It is also widely regarded as Ireland's finest national treasure.
St Pierre
All jambs give support for arch Concave entryway Christ enthroned - surrounded by four evangelists
St Trophine
Arles -> Provance Roman dwelling Christ enthroned with four evangelists
Amiens
Bell towers different heights Peaks break at different levels tympanum rose window Very high windows on interior filled with stained glass
Lectionary of Henry II
Book of Gospel readings for Mass - gift to Bamberg Cathedral Annunciation to Shepherds - Byzantine influence
St Denis
Burial place for French Kings. Saint was decapitated picked up his head and ran to this spot. He was usually seen holding his head jamb statues Romanesque Romanesque exterior (rounded arches), Gothic interior ambulatory expanded and opened side aisles to bring in light - stained glass Labyrinth inside for people to do rosary as act of penance
St Etienne
Caen Normons built it in France for St Stephen 1067-1120 AD - after Battle of Hastings - commemorates William the Conqueror's Conquest westwork facade defined by horizontal and vertical symmetry - tripartite Interior: stone ribbing on groin vaults, clerestory windows, sexpartite vaults, alternating compound piers, alternating half columns
Lindisfarne Gospel
Carpet page - designs (look like carpet) From East through Scithia - Each Gospel has introductory page Matthew because angel - Irish More intricate Serpentine Interlaces Small designs Volume, Shading, and perspective Animal and human figures and elaborate decoration Matthew in study Basic elements of the animal style, evident in the purse cover from Sutton Hoo the work of a monk named Eadfrith Geometric grids in the border decoration of the purse cover are elaborated in the central circle
Royal Portal
Christ in mandorla by Matt Mark, Luke and John voussoir = statuettes of people crouched in judgment below
Magdeburg Antependium
Christ seated on earth orb and blessing cathedral of Magdeburg - ivory
St Michaels
Double transcept plan - longitudinal Extended Narthex Tower groupings and a westwork Modular approach
Gospel Book of Otto III
Emperor enthroned - sceptor and cross-inscribed orb Clergy and barons Female personification of Slavinia, Germany, Gaul and Rome - provinces of Ottoman empire
Salisbury Cathedral
England, c 1220 flamboyant (flames) two transcepts facade looks like it was pressed on cloister off to side
Baptistry of St Giovanni
Florence, 1060-1150 Giberti = doors central plan function = baptism Romanesque sculpture
Koln Cathedral
Germany, c 1220 flamboyant
Speyer Cathedral
Germany, c. 1030 like Audience Hall of Constantine Ala Palatine
Lindau Gospels
Gold cover youthful Christ nailed to Cross = central motif Surrounded by pearls and jewels so catch and reflect light Figure = repousse - beardless, suffering Christ Four angels and personification of Moon and Sun, Virgin Mary and St John Cloisonne
Norman Cavalry Charging in the Battle of Hastings
Last Romanesque piece William the Conqueror from the Bayeux Tapestry Odo = patron really an embroidery c 1070
Notre Dame
Paris Relic = crown of thorns tracery balustrade pointed arches rose windows towers identical and at same height tripartide - representing trinity statuettes
Uta Codex
Regensburg Germany for Uta, abbess of Niedermunster Illustrates important role that women could play in religious life and patron of arts for early Middle Ages Full page illuminations with Gospel readings Dedication page to Virgin Mary with Christ Child Created at the behest of the abbess Uta, it is not only one of the most beautiful of Ottonian manuscripts but also one of the most complex. The collection of liturgical readings is preceded by four full-page frontispieces illustrating the Hand of God, Uta dedicating the codex to the Virgin and Child, a Crucifixion, and Saint Erhard (the convent's patron saint) celebrating Mass. Four evangelist portraits accompany the readings from each Gospel
Pisa
Place where this is 1053-1272 AD White marble variegated with dark marble
Moralizing bible
Queen Blanche of Castile and Louis IX gold foil - page that's gold Queen instructing Louis Toledo Cathedral, Spain Illuminations in middle, text on outside
Ottonian
Stage of Middle Ages: 11th century; in Eastern Charlemagne's empire; art influenced by Germanic peoples, much metalwork
Hiberno-Saxon
Stage of Middle Ages: 5th and 6th centuries - very religious (Irish and English)
Warrior Lords
Stage of Middle Ages: 800-1000 AD Nordic
Stavelot Triptych
Romanesque interlacing Wood - guilded from current day Belgium
St Gall
Separate monks from laity Center = church with cloister (courtyard) - side of Church not in front of main portal Other essential buildings Switzerland religious (monastic) complex - abbey church with cloister and westwork - many accomodations
Death of the Virgin
South transcept of Strasbourg Cathedral, France c 1220 Mary on death bed with Saints very Hellinitic
cult of relics
Thought that powers of the saint might be manifested through his relics and things associated with; was criticized from its inception by purists who regarded it as pagan. Vigilantius in a dispute with St Jerome condemned the veneration of all inanimate objects such as the bodies of saints. Jerome responded by saying that the relics themselves were not worshipped but were an aid to the veneration of martyrs of undoubted holiness whose lives were a model to later generations
St Sernin
Toulouse 1080 AD plain very few windows rounded archways = Romanesque oculus no westwork because no towers cruciform apse with transcept, radiating chapels (apsidel chapel), nave steeple covered center of cruciform
Bishop Bernwald
Tutors Otto III as the Bishop of Hildesheim from 993 until his death in 1022. His time in office fell during the era of the Saxon emperors, who had their roots in the area around Hildesheim and were personally related to Bernward. During this time, Hildesheim was a center of power in the Holy Roman Empire and Bernward was determined to give his city an image fitting for one of its stature. The column he planned on the model of Trajan's Column at Rome never came to fruition, but Bernward revived classical precedent by having his name stamped on roof tiles made under his direction.
Pieta
Vesperbilder or Pieta: "devotion to duty" Virgin Mary with dead Christ on lap
Vesperbilder
Vesperbilder or Pieta: Gothic - grotesque
trumeau
a column, pier, or post found at the center of a large portal or doorway, supporting the lintel
Book of Durrow
a 7th-century illuminated manuscript gospel book in the Insular style the oldest extant complete illuminated Insular gospel book Weds abstraction of early Medieval personal adornment with Early Christian pictorial imagery Each of 4 Gospel Books - carpet page - facing a page dedicated to the symbol of the evangelist Elaborate interlace design - Highlight divisions of text
Ottonians
a dynasty of Germanic Kings (919-1024), named after its first emperor but also known as the Saxon dynasty after the family's origin. The family itself is also sometimes known as the Liudolfings, after its earliest known member Liudolf and one of its primary leading-names. They are also regarded as the first dynasty of the Holy Roman Empire, as successors of the Frankish Carolingian dynasty and Charlemagne, who is commonly viewed as the founder of the Holy Roman Empire.
lintel
a horizontal element of any material carried by two or more vertical supports to form an opening
Utrecht Psalter
a ninth century illuminated psalter which is a key masterpiece of Carolingian art; it is probably the most valuable manuscript in the Netherlands. It is famous for its 166 lively pen illustrations, with one accompanying each psalm and the other texts in the manuscript
folio
a page or leaf in a manuscript or book; also, a large sheet of paper or parchment, which, when folded twice and cut, produces four separate sheets; more generally, any large book
compound pier
a pier or large column with shafts, pilasters, or colonnettes attached to it on one or more sides
balustrade
a railing at the side of a staircase or balcony to prevent people from falling - looks like a fence; on Notre Dame for example
St Gall
a religious complex in the city of St. Gallen in present-day Switzerland. The Carolingian-era Abbey has existed since 719 and became an independent principality during the 13th century, and was for many centuries one of the chief Benedictine abbeys in Europe. It was founded by Saint Othmar on the spot where Saint Gall had erected his hermitage. The library at the Abbey is one of the richest medieval libraries in the world
scriptorium
a room in a monastery for writing or copying manuscripts
module
a segment or portion of a repeated design; also, a basic building block
lancet
a tall, narrow window crowned by a sharply pointed arch, typically found in Gothic architecture
rib vault
a vault in which the diagonal and transverse ribs compose a structural skeleton that partially supports the masonry web between them; ribs (extra masonry) demarcate the junctions of a groin vault; ribs may function to reinforce the groins or may be purely decorative
Ebbo Gospels
an early Carolingian illuminated Gospel book known for an unusual, energetic style of illustration; very realistic and had movement; naturalistic background (Rome); figures dressed like Greek/Roman philosophers Replaced classical calm ad solidity with energy that amounts to frenzy Matthew writing in frantic haste - not settled New Carolingian vernacular Merged Classical illusionism and norther line or tradition Nat
Cloisonne
an enamel technique in which metal wire or strips are affixed to the surface to form the design; the resulting areas are filled with enamel (colored glass)
Landau Gospels
an illuminated manuscript in the Morgan Library in New York, which is important for its illuminated text, but still more so for its treasure binding, or metalwork covers, which are of different periods. The oldest element of the book is what is now the back cover, which was probably produced in the later 8th century in modern Austria, but in the context of missionary settlements from Britain or Ireland, as the style is that of the Insular art of the British Isles. The upper cover is late Carolingian work of about 880, and the text of the gospel book itself was written and decorated at the Abbey of Saint Gall around the same time, or slightly later
cloister
an open space, part of a monastery, surrounded by an arcaded or colonnaded walkway, often having a fountain and garden, and dedicated to nonliturgical activities and the secular life of the religious; members of a cloistered order do not leave the monastery or interact with others
quatrefoil
an ornamental form that has four lobes or foils; it may resemble a four-petaled flower.
Last Judgment
at Aimes Cathedral Christ in judgment Angels above Below Christ: left to purgatory, right to Hell Mouth
cathedral complex
baptistry, cathedral, bell tower
St Patrick
brought Christianity to Ireland and learning flourished 5th century
Sutton Hoo
burial ship treasure which was buried in a mount in East Anglia - believed to be royal - found a collection of expensive luxury items
Haito
commissioner of St Gall
Pisano
father and son who sculpted pulpit at Pisa
groin vault
formed at the point at which two barrel vaults intersect at right angles; also known as a cross vault
St Luke
from Ottonian Gospel East - like Christ in Mandorla - attributes show person
Vesperbilder
image of the Virgin with the dead Christ; Created as an object of private devotion
Palatine Chapel
in Aachen Germany like San Vitale but simple - massive geometric form foreshadows Romanesque royal chapel - Coronation of Louis the Pious - Charlemagne's son Central plan Upper level columns not for support - decorative
tympanum
in Classical architecture, the vertical panel of the pediment; in medieval and later architecture, the area over a door enclosed by an arch and a lintel, often decorated with sculpture or mosaic
pinnacle
in Gothic architecture a steep pyramid decorating the top of another element such as a buttress
radiating chapels
in Medieval churches, chapels for the display of relics that opened directly onto the ambulatory and the transcept
St Chapelle
in Paris not a church, but a reliquary rayonnant - light through stained glass
oculus
in architecture, a circular opening; usually found either as windows or at the apex of a dome; when at the top of a dome, is either open to the sky or covered by a decorative exterior lantern
jamb
in architecture, the vertical element found on both sides of an opening in a wall, and supporting an arch or lintel
King Redwald Burial Mask
iron-forged, like steel, brass, gold, and silver plate over it
Carolingian miniscule
lower case letters
St Alexander Reliquary
modeled on earlier Roman portrait busts (Julius Caesar, etc) silver - repousse decorated with bronze and gold and precious jems brass base - 2 saints with Pope Alexander II human sized head
tapestry
multicolored pictorial or decorative weaving meant to be hung on a wall or placed on furniture
St Lazarre
narrative - dedactic lunette - tympanum trumeau with jambs lintel - all people naked and trying to cover themselves - HANDS (God) pluck them up -> judgment (scales) - purgatory or condemned to Hell/fed to Hell mouth and not coming back Angel on 1 side of scales; lizardly figure on other Center = Jesus - orant - mandorla - not judgmental-looking left = purgatory, above = Heaven (saints) - some trying to cheat out of purgatory 3 registers with top 2 broken by mandorla Lazareth's body = relic in church Inside: top-hanging scene - creatures taking person below; lower right - Eve in nature, hand plucking apple; Flight to Egypt; Magi with Angel leading way
Hildesheim Doors
now installed at St. Mary's Cathedral, which are sculpted with scenes of Genesis Bronze casted relief read from top of left (Old Testament) to bottom and bottom of right (New Testament) to top Most re-created scene = The Judgment
Coronation Gospels
number of medieval illuminated manuscript Gospel books; they have, at least by tradition, had a coronation oath sworn upon them at some point; oversized profile halos and similar posture Under Charlemagne Purple vellum Text in gold letters Color, light, and shade to create shapes Roman accessories Classical style
historiated
ornamented with representations, such as plants, animals, or human figures, that have a narrative - as distinct from a purely decorative-function
Bishop Wibald
patron of Stavelot reliquaries and triptychs
Rheims
portal breaks into rose window windows at portal - not statues
westwork
the monumental, west-facing entrance section of a Carolingian, Ottonian, or Romanesque church; the exterior consists of multiple stories between two towers; the interior includes an entrance vestibule, a chapel, and a series of galleries overlooking the nave
voussoirs
the oblong, wedge-shaped stone blocks used to build an arch; the topmost one is the keystone
Gero Crucifix
the oldest large sculpture of the crucified Christ north of the Alps commissioned by Gero, Archbishop of Cologne, who died in 976, thus providing a terminus ante quem for the work. It is carved in oak, and painted and partially gilded - both have been renewed Reliquire - hosts for Communion carved in oak, then painted and guilded - encaustic (wax) Both statue and reliquary Held Host in compartment in back Tales of miracles occurred with it - Broken and healed itself Shows suffering of Christ - all-to-human martyr Halo - subsequent Resurrection most powerful characterization of intense agony of early Middle ages
springing
the point at which the curve of an arch or vault meets with and rises from its support
embroidery
the technique in needlework of decorating fabric by stitching designs and figures with threads; also: the material produced by this technique
tripartite
three distinct parts
Siena Cathedral
variegated black and white companile attached to building
didactic
visual teaching tool - because people can't read
Aachen
was a favored residence of Charlemagne, and later the place of coronation of the Kings of Germany.
Hildesheim column
with 28 scenes taken from Christ's life - of those not on doors - From Baptism -> Jerusalem Entry from the St. Michael's church 1015 casted 13' high - inside cathedral
