AP Bio 25-26 Quiz
II, III, I, IV
Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in the origin of life? I. formation of protobionts II. synthesis of organic monomers III. synthesis of organic polymers IV. formation of DNA-based genetic systems
Phenotypic complexity
Which of the following items does not necessarily exist in a simple linear relationship with the number of gene-duplication events when placed as the label on the vertical axis of the following graph?
Intron VI
% Sequence Homology Species Intron I Exon I Intron VI Exon V A 100% 100% 100% 100% B 98% 99% 82% 96% C 98% 99% 89% 96% D 99% 99% 92% 97% E 98% 99% 80% 94% Which of these four gene parts should allow the construction of the most accurate phylogenetic tree, assuming that this is the only part of the gene that has acted as a reliable molecular clock?
balancing organs
A female fly, full of fertilized eggs, is swept by high winds to an island far out to sea. She is the first fly to arrive on this island, and the only fly to arrive in this way. Thousands of years later, her numerous offspring occupy the island, but none of them resembles her. There are, instead, several species, each of which eats only a certain type of food. None of the species can fly, for their flight wings are absent, and their balancing organs (in other words, halteres) are now used in courtship displays. The male members of each species bear modified halteres that are unique in appearance to their species. Females bear vestigial halteres. The ranges of all of the daughter species overlap. Which of these fly organs, as they exist in current fly populations, best fits the description of an exaptation?
volcanic ash layers were regularly interspersed between the sedimentary strata.
A sediment core is removed from the floor of an inland sea. The sea has been in existence, off and on, throughout the entire time that terrestrial life has existed. Researchers wish to locate and study the terrestrial organisms fossilized in this core. The core is illustrated as a vertical column, with the top of the column representing the most recent strata and the bottom representing the time when land was first colonized by life. In order to assign absolute dates to fossils in this sediment core, it would be most helpful if
exaptation.
A swim bladder is a gas-filled sac that helps fish maintain buoyancy. The evolution of the swim bladder from lungs of an ancestral fish is an example of
The organism must have multiple paired appendages along the length of its body.
An organism has a relatively large number of Hox genes in its genome. Which of the following is true of this organism?
3.5 Billion Years Ago
Approximately how far back in time does the fossil record extend?
2,4,1,3
Assuming the existence of fossilized markers for each of the following chemicals, what is the sequence in which they should be found in this sediment core, working from ancient sediments to recent sediments? 1. chitin coupled with protein 2. chlorophyll 3. bone 4. cellulose
natural selection can produce new structures by coupling together parts of other structures.
Certain proteins of the complex motor that drives bacterial flagella are modified versions of proteins that had previously belonged to plasma membrane pumps. This evidence supports the claim that
It becomes paraphyletic.
Figure 26.2 contrasts the "Within the artiodactyls" origin of the whale lineage with the "Without the artiodactyls" origin of the whale lineage. If it turns out that the whale lineage diverged from the lineage leading to hippos after the divergence of the lineage leading to the pigs and other artiodactyls, and if the whales continue to be classified in the order Cetacea, then what becomes true of the order Artiodactyla?
1,2,3,4, & 5
How many of the following statements concerning the loss of hind limbs during whale evolution are true? 1. It is well documented by a series of transitional fossils. 2. It explains why modern whales have vestigial pelvic girdles. 3. It involved changes in the sequence or expression of Hox genes. 4. It is an example of macroevolution. 5. It, and the loss of limbs by snakes, are an example of similar adaptations to a similar environment.
Four bands
How many other bands of sea-floor crust in Figure 25.1 have the same magnetic polarity as the crust that directly straddles the rift valley?
They are both homologous organs.
If one organ is an exaptation of another organ, then what must be true of these two organs?
D and F
If organisms A, B, and C belong to the same class but to different orders and if organisms D, E, and F belong to the same order but to different families, which of the following pairs of organisms would be expected to show the greatest degree of structural homology?
22,900
If the half-life of carbon-14 is about 5,730 years, then a fossil that has one-sixteenth the normal proportion of carbon-14 to carbon-12 should be about how many years old?
a net loss of intertidal zone and coastal habitat.
If two continents converge and are united, then the collision should cause
wolf
If you were using cladistics to build a phylogenetic tree of cats, which of the following would be the best outgroup?
a shared ancestral character.
In a comparison of birds and mammals, having four limbs is
Fungi
Members of which kingdom have cell walls and are all heterotrophic?
It should be considered a shared derived character of the cetaceans.
One morphological feature of modern cetaceans is a vestigial pelvic girdle. If it is determined that cetacean lineage diverged from the artiodactyls' lineage after the divergence of pigs and other artiodactyla, then what should be true of the vestigial pelvic girdle of cetaceans?
How did RNA sequences come to carry the code for amino acid sequences?
Several scientific laboratories across the globe are involved in research concerning the origin of life on Earth. Which of these questions is currently the most problematic and would have the greatest impact on our understanding if we were able to answer it?
founder effect
Soon after the island of Hawaii rose above the sea surface (somewhat less than 1 million years ago), the evolution of life on this new island should have been most strongly influenced by
reflects evolutionary history.
The best classification system is that which most closely
C only
The figure represents a cross section of the sea floor through a mid-ocean rift valley, with alternating patches of black and white indicating sea floor with reversed magnetic polarities. At the arrow labeled "I" (the rift valley), the igneous rock of the sea floor is so young that it can be accurately dated using carbon-14 dating. At the arrow labeled "III," however, the igneous rock is about 1 million years old, and potassium-40 dating is typically used to date such rocks. Note: The horizontal arrows indicate the direction of sea-floor spreading, away from the rift valley. If a particular marine organism is fossilized in the sediments immediately overlying the igneous rock at the arrow labeled "II," at which other location, labeled A-E, would a search be most likely to find more fossils of this organism?
auto-catalytic RNA molecules
The first genes on Earth were probably
silencing (loss of expression).
The loss of ventral spines by modern freshwater sticklebacks is due to natural selection operating on the phenotypic effects of Pitx1 gene
The major evolutionary episode corresponding most closely in time with the formation of Pangaea was thePermian Extinctions
The major evolutionary episode corresponding most closely in time with the formation of Pangaea was the
having a reliable average rate of mutation.
The most important feature that permits a gene to act as a molecular clock is
the evolution of cellular respiration, which used oxygen to help harvest energy from organic molecules
The oxygen revolution changed Earth's environment dramatically. Which of the following took advantage of the presence of free oxygen in the oceans and atmosphere?
order
Together, the lesser apes and great apes shared a common ancestor most recently with other members of their
a variety of empty ecological niches, leading to adaptive radiation
Upon being formed, oceanic islands, such as the Hawaiian Islands, should feature what characteristic, leading to which phenomenon?
In the "Without" tree, pigs are more closely related to hippos than are whales.
What can be properly inferred from Figure 26.2?
4,1,3,2,5
What is thought to be the correct sequence of these events, from earliest to most recent, in the evolution of life on Earth? 1. origin of mitochondria 2. origin of multicellular eukaryotes 3. origin of chloroplasts 4. origin of cyanobacteria 5. origin of fungal-plant symbioses
1, 2, 3, 5
What is true of the phylogeny in Figure 26.5? 1. It is rooted. 2. The gibbons and siamangs represent an outgroup of the great apes. 3. Chimps and humans are the closest extant sister taxa depicted here. 4. It is absolute, meaning free of error. 5. The last common ancestor of the great apes lived about 14 million years ago.
shared derived characters
When using a cladistic approach to systematics, which of the following is considered most important for classification?
Plantae
Which eukaryotic kingdom includes members that are the result of endosymbioses that included an ancient proteobacterium and an ancient cyanobacterium?
Protisa
Which eukaryotic kingdom is polyphyletic, and therefore unacceptable, based on cladistics?
A
Which extinct species should be the best candidate to serve as the outgroup for the clade whose common ancestor occurs at position 2 in Figure 26.1?
surrounding membrane or membrane-like structure
Which of the following is a defining characteristic that all protobionts had in common?
1,2, or 4
Which of the following reasons may explain why the sediment core lacks fossils of dragonflies with 3-feet wingspans? 1. This particular sediment core includes the correct stratum, but the part of the stratum captured by the core lacks such fossils. 2. The sea was not present at this site during the time that 3-feet dragonflies existed. 3. Dragonflies have no hard parts, such as exoskeletons, to fossilize. 4. The sediments containing these fossils at this site may have been eroded away during a time when the sea had receded from this site. 5. Dragonflies are terrestrial; therefore, fossils of terrestrial organisms should not be expected in the sediments of seas.
oldest fossilized cells resemble prokaryotes.
Which of the following statements provides the strongest evidence that prokaryotes evolved before eukaryotes?The
formation of protocells that use DNA to direct the polymerization of amino acids
Which of the following steps has not yet been accomplished by scientists studying the origin of life?
the trunk of the tree
Which portion of Figure 26.4 may ultimately be better depicted as a "ring"?
Dogs and wolves shared a common ancestor very recently.
Which statement represents the best explanation for the observation that the nuclear DNA of wolves and domestic dogs has a very high degree of sequence homology?