AP Bio Ch 43

which of the following statements about the clonal selection theory of immune system function is false? -a. antigens are recognized by receptor proteins inside the lymphocyte -b. an activated lymphocyte makes many copies of itself in response to an infection -c. cloned cells persist after the pathogen is eliminated -d. each lymphocyte recognizes one antigen

-a. antigens are recognized by receptor proteins inside the lymphocyte

Which of the following statements is not true? A liver cell makes one class of MHC molecule. An antigen can have different epitopes. An antibody has more than one antigen-binding site. A pathogen makes more than one antigen. A lymphocyte has receptors for multiple different antigens.

A lymphocyte has receptors for multiple different antigens.

What major advantage is conveyed by having a system of adaptive immunity? A) It enables a rapid defense against an antigen that has been previously encountered. B) It enables an animal to counter most pathogens almost instantly the first time they are encountered. C) It results in effector cells with specificity for a large number of antigens. D) It allows for the destruction of antibodies.

A) It enables a rapid defense against an antigen that has been previously encountered.

Septic shock, a systemic response including high fever and low blood pressure, is a response to _____. A) certain bacterial infections B) specific forms of viruses C) the presence of natural killer cells D) increased production of neutrophils

A) certain bacterial infections

Inflammatory responses typically include _____. A) increased activity of phagocytes in an inflamed area B) reduced permeability of blood vessels to conserve plasma C) release of substances to decrease the blood supply to an inflamed area D) inhibiting the release of white blood cells from bone marrow

A) increased activity of phagocytes in an inflamed area

An immunoglobulin (Ig) molecule, of whatever class, with regions symbolized as C or V, H or L, has a light chain made up of _____. A) one C region and one V region B) one H region and one L region C) three H regions and one L region D) two C regions and two V regions

A) one C region and one V region

Phagocytosis of microbes by macrophages is enhanced by _____. I) the binding of antibodies to the surface of microbes II) antibody-mediated agglutination of microbes III) the release of cytokines by activated B cells A) only I and II B) only II and III C) only I and III D) I, II, and, III

A) only I and II

How are cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) produced? A.)CD8+ T cells divide and differentiate into cytotoxic T lymphocytes. B.)Plasma cells secrete cytotoxic T lymphocytes. C.)Bcells divide and differentiate into cytotoxic T lymphocytes. D.)Helper T cells divide and differentiate into cytotoxic T lymphocytes.

A.)CD8+ T cells divide and differentiate into cytotoxic T lymphocytes.

Select the correct statement about the immune system. Antibodies are secreted by T cells. All antigen receptors produced by a single B cell or T cell are identical and bind to the same epitope. Adaptive immunity is characteristic of invertebrates and vertebrates.

All antigen receptors produced by a single B cell or T cell are identical and bind to the same epitope.

How does an antihistamine reduce allergy symptoms? An antihistamine kills mast cells, blocking an allergic reaction. An antihistamine binds pollen antigens, preventing them from provoking an allergic reaction. An antihistamine blocks receptors for inflammatory chemicals released from granules within mast cells.

An antihistamine blocks receptors for inflammatory chemicals released from granules within mast cells.

Which secretion is not a barrier that prevents pathogens from entering the body? Antigens. Mucus. Lysozyme. Ear wax.

Antigens.

Because antigen receptor genes are randomly rearranged, some immature lymphocytes produce receptors specific for epitopes on the organism's own molecules. Why doesn't the immune system attack these molecules on the body's cells and tissues? Only a very few lymphocytes produce receptors that attack the body's own molecules, so it's not a problem. The body's cells are immune to such attack. B and T cells with receptors specific for the body's own molecules are destroyed by apoptosis.

B and T cells with receptors specific for the body's own molecules are destroyed by apoptosis.

Clonal selection is the division of _____ that have been stimulated by binding to an antigen, which results in the production of cloned _____. T cells ... B cells macrophages ... B cells and T cells B cells ... plasma cells and memory cells helper T cells ... plasma cells B cells ... macrophages

B cells ... plasma cells and memory cells

Which statement best describes the difference in responses of effector B cells (plasma cells) and cytotoxic T cells? B cells secrete antibodies against a pathogen; cytotoxic T cells kill pathogen-infected host cells. B cells carry out the cell-mediated response; cytotoxic T cells carry out the humoral response. B cells respond the first time a pathogen is present; cytotoxic T cells respond subsequent times. B cells confer active immunity; cytotoxic T cells confer passive immunity. B cells kill pathogens directly; cytotoxic T cells kill host cells.

B cells secrete antibodies against a pathogen; cytotoxic T cells kill pathogen-infected host cells.

lonal selection is an explanation for how _____. A) V, J, and C gene segments are rearranged B) an antigen can provoke production of high levels of specific antibodies C) HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) can disrupt the immune system D) macrophages can recognize specific T cells and B cells

B) an antigen can provoke production of high levels of specific antibodies

The cells involved in innate immunity, whose absence increases the chances of developing malignant tumors, are _____. A) cytotoxic T cells B) natural killer cells C) macrophages D) B cells

B) natural killer cells

Mucus occurs in both the respiratory and digestive tracts. What is its main immunological function? A) sweeping away debris B) physically trapping pathogens C) destruction of pathogens because it is acidic D) increasing oxygen absorption

B) physically trapping pathogens

Which of the following is crucial to activation of the adaptive immune response? A) memory cells B) presentation of MHC (major histocompatibility complex)-antigen complex on a cell surface C) somatic hypermutation D) phagocytosis of antibody-antigen complex by macrophages in the blood (the humoral response)

B) presentation of MHC (major histocompatibility complex)-antigen complex on a cell surface

Each person makes more than 1 million different B cell antigen receptors and more than 10 million different T cell antigen receptors. How is such diversity in antigen receptors generated? By combining variable elements, the immune system assembles many different receptors from a much smaller collection of parts. A large percentage of the vertebrate genome is devoted to genes for individual antigen-binding sites. Genes for individual antigen-binding sites have a very high rate of mutation, generating great diversity.

By combining variable elements, the immune system assembles many different receptors from a much smaller collection of parts.

Which of the following is the best definition of autoimmune disease? A) a condition in which B cells and T cells respond independently to antigens and do not interact correctly B) a condition in which the adaptive immune system fails to recognize the second infection by the same antigen C) a condition in which self molecules are treated as non-self D) a condition in which the immune system creates random antibodies without being triggered by an antigen

C) a condition in which self molecules are treated as non-self

The complement system is _____. A) a set of proteins involved in innate but not acquired immunity B) a group of proteins that includes interferons and interleukins C) a group of antimicrobial proteins that act together in a cascade fashion D) a set of proteins that act individually to attack and lyse microbes

C) a group of antimicrobial proteins that act together in a cascade fashion

he cells and signaling molecules involved in the initial stages of the inflammatory response are _____. A) phagocytes and chemokines B) dendritic cells and interferons C) mast cells and histamines D) lymphocytes and interferons

C) mast cells and histamines

Lymphocytes mature in the _____. I) spleen II) thymus III) bone marrow A) only I and III B) only I and II C) only II and III D) I, II, and III

C) only II and III

Naturally acquired passive immunity can result from the _____. A) injection of vaccine B) ingestion of interferon C) placental transfer of antibodies D) absorption of pathogens through mucous membranes

C) placental transfer of antibodies

What is the final step in the cell-mediated response to a viral infection? CD8+ T cells are activated. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes punch holes in the membranes of infected host cells. Antibodies coat viral particles. Macrophages digest viral particles.

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes punch holes in the membranes of infected host cells.

Engulfing-phagocytic cells of innate immunity of vertebrates include _____. I) neutrophils II) macrophages III) dendritic cells IV) natural killer cells A) I and III B) II and IV C) I and IV D) I, II, and III

D) I, II, and III

Bacteria entering the body through a small cut in the skin _____. A) inactivate the erythrocytes B) stimulate apoptosis of nearby body cells C) stimulate release of interferons D) activate a group of proteins called complement

D) activate a group of proteins called complement

A patient who has a high level of mast cell activity, dilation of blood vessels, and acute drop in blood pressure is likely suffering from _____. A) an autoimmune disease B) a typical skin allergy (contact dermatitis) that can be treated by antihistamines C) an organ transplant, such as a skin graft D) anaphylactic shock immediately following exposure to an allergen

D) anaphylactic shock immediately following exposure to an allergen

Acidity in human sweat is an example of _____. A) cell-mediated immune responses B) acquired immunity C) adaptive immunity D) innate immunity

D) innate immunity

Within a differentiated B cell, the rearrangement of DNA sequences between variable regions and joining regions is accomplished by a(n)_____. A) RNA polymerase B) reverse transcriptase C) epitopase D) recombinase

D) recombinase

The eyes and the respiratory tract are both protected against infections by _____. A) interferons produced by immune cells B) the secretion of complement proteins C) the release of slightly alkaline secretions D) the secretion of lysozyme onto their surfaces

D) the secretion of lysozyme onto their surfaces

What is the role of recombinase in generating lymphocyte diversity? Recombinase splices RNA to produce variable transcripts. Recombinase combines DNA from human and viral origin. Early in B cell development, recombinase links one light-chain V gene segment to one J gene segment.

Early in B cell development, recombinase links one light-chain V gene segment to one J gene segment.

_____ interact with the antigen-class II MHC complex presented by macrophages.

Helper T Cells

How do cells involved in the humoral response respond to antigen presentation on the surface of a B cell? Helper T cells divide and produce plasma and memory cells. Helper T cells recognize the receptor-antigen complex and cause plasma and memory cells to be produced to then produce antibodies. Helper T cells secrete antibodies against the viral antigen. The B cell recognizes the receptor-antigen complex and divides to produce plasma and memory cells

Helper T cells recognize the receptor-antigen complex and cause plasma and memory cells to be produced to then produce antibodies.

How do cells involved in the innate immune response detect the presence of pathogens? Antibodies bind to the pathogens. Leukocytes recognize unique molecules on pathogens. Leukocytes recognize the entire pathogen. Leukocytes recognize the secretions from a pathogen.

Leukocytes recognize unique molecules on pathogens.

Tissues are immunogically "typed" before an organ transplant to make sure that the donor and recipient match as closely as possible in their _____. histamines B cells antibodies T cells MHC (major histocompatibility complex) proteins

MHC (major histocompatibility complex) proteins

Which protein presents viral antigens on the outer surface of cells? Antibody. B cell receptor. T cell receptor. MHC protein.

MHC protein.

Which of these cells is a phagocytic leukocyte that can engulf a foreign bacterium?

Macrophage

Which of the following cells can engulf a pathogen? Platelets. Mast cells. Cytokines. Macrophages.

Macrophages.

Which of these cells is responsible for the rapidity of the secondary immune response?

Memory cells

What type of immunity is associated with breast feeding?

Passive immunity

B cells that have been stimulated by interleukin-2 develop into _____.

Plasma cells

Which of these cells produce and secrete antibodies?

Plasma cells

Which of the following events occurs first when a wound that breaks the skin has occurred? Macrophages present bacterial proteins as antigens on their plasma membrane. Mast cells secrete chemical messengers to regulate blood flow to the wound. Platelets release proteins that form clots and decrease bleeding. Neutrophils secrete substances that degrade bacterial cell walls.

Platelets release proteins that form clots and decrease bleeding.

Which of the following statements best describes the role of mast cells in the inflammatory response? They release chemicals that dilate blood vessels near the wound site, allowing blood components to enter the region from the bloodstream. They release cytokines to stimulate the release of additional neutrophils and macrophages. They secrete substances that degrade bacterial cell walls and engulf and digest the invaders. They release chemicals that constrict blood vessels at some distance from the wound site

They release chemicals that dilate blood vessels near the wound site, allowing blood components to enter the region from the bloodstream.

T cells of the immune system include _____. a. cytotoxic and helper cells b. CD4, CD8, and plasma cells c. lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells d. class I MHC, class II MHC, and memory cells e. plasma, antigen-presenting, and memory cells

a. cytotoxic and helper cells

Which of these is not part of insect immunity? activation of natural killer cells phagocytosis by hemocytes enzyme activation of microbe-killing chemicals a protective exoskeleton production of antimicrobial peptides

activation of natural killer cells

Extracellular pathogens such as viruses and bacteria in body fluids are attacked by _____. complement proteins helper T cells antibodies from plasma cells antigens cytotoxic T cells

antibodies from plasma cells

A fruit fly, internally infected by a potentially pathogenic fungus, is protected by antimicrobial peptides immunoglobulins B cells antibodies

antimicrobial peptides

CD4 and CD8 are _____. a. T-independent antigens. b. molecules present on the surface of T cells where they interact with major histocompatability (MHC) molecules c. receptors present on the surface of natural killer cells d. proteins secreted by antigen-presenting cells e. molecules on the surface of antigen-presenting cells where they enhance B cell activity

b. molecules present on the surface of T cells where they interact with major histocompatability (MHC) molecules

The role of active cytotoxic T cells is to attack _____. extracellular viruses and bacteria circulating antibodies body cells that have been infected complement proteins circulating proteins

body cells that have been infected

Helper T cells are part of _____. innate immunity a group of phagocytic white blood cells the complement system cell-mediated immune responses the first cells to bind to antigens

cell-mediated immune responses

Innate immunity and acquired immunity are both _____. dependent exclusively on cell-mediated responses characteristics of all vertebrate animals dependent on surface secretions from sebaceous and sweat glands, which give the skin an acidic pH that is unfavorable for bacterial colonization dependent on tears, saliva, and mucous secretions that contain lysozyme, an enzyme that digests bacterial cell walls based on the trapping of microbes by mucus

characteristics of all vertebrate animals

B cells interacting with helper T cells are stimulated to differentiate when _____. a. cytotoxic T cells present the class II MHC molecule-antigen complex on their surface b. B cells produce IgE antibodies c. helper T cells differentiate into cytotoxic T cells d. helper T cells release cytokines e. B cells release cytokines

d. helper T cells release cytokines

When antibodies bind antigens, the clumping of antigens results from _____. a. denaturation of the antibodies b. disulfide bridges between the antigens c. bonds between class I and class II MHC molecules d. a complement that makes the affected cells sticky e. the antibody having at least two binding regions

e. the antibody having at least two binding regions

An antigen _____. is a foreign molecule that evokes a specific response by a lymphocyte is a protein molecule that helps defend the body against disease could be an invading bacterium induces development of white blood cells in the bone marrow is a protein attacked by an invading microorganism is a foreign molecule that evokes a specific response by a lymphocyte

is a foreign molecule that evokes a specific response by a lymphocyte

Innate immunity _____ is activated immediately upon infection is found only in vertebrate animals is based on recognition of antigens that are specific to different pathogens depends on an infected animal's previous exposure to the same pathogen

is activated immediately upon infection.

Macrophages are _____. the best defense against parasites cells that induce the lysis of virus-infected body cells antigen-presenting cells that originate from neutrophils large, phagocytic cells that can leave the circulation and enter the tissues of the body short-lived cells that self-destruct soon after engulfing foreign invaders

large, phagocytic cells that can leave the circulation and enter the tissues of the body

Vaccination increases the number of epitopes that the immune system can recognize. macrophages specific for a pathogen. MHC molecules that can present an antigen. different receptors that recognize a pathogen. lymphocytes with receptors that can bind to the pathogen.

lymphocytes with receptors that can bind to the pathogen.

A primary reason for needing a new vaccine for influenza each year is that _____. mutation in the influenza virus is frequent immunity typically disappears one month after recovery from a disease the influenza virus might proliferate in different tissues during each subsequent year, and immune memory is limited to those tissues initially infected influenza is a disease that causes the apoptosis of all memory cells the first infection with influenza weakens the immune system

mutation in the influenza virus is frequent

The role of cytotoxic T cells is the secretion of _____, which plays a role in the _____ immune response. interleukin-2 ... humoral antibodies ... antibody-mediated antibodies ... humoral perforin ... humoral perforin ... cell-mediated

perforin ... cell-mediated

Which of the following would not help a virus avoid triggering an adaptive immune response? producing proteins very similar to those of other viruses having frequent mutations in genes for surface proteins infecting and killing helper T cells building the viral shell from host proteins infecting cells that produce very few MHC molecules

producing proteins very similar to those of other viruses

Yearly vaccination of humans for influenza viruses is necessary because _____. of an increase in immunodeficiency diseases the flu can generate anaphylactic shock surviving the flu one year exhausts the immune system to nonresponsiveness the second year rapid mutation in flu viruses alters the surface proteins in infected host cells

rapid mutation in flu viruses alters the surface proteins in infected host cells

The fact that there are about a million different antigen receptors possible in human B cells is based on _____. having one million different immunoglobulin genes recombination of the segments of the receptor DNA that make up the functional receptor genes of differentiated B cells constant changes in the splicing pattern of receptor genes after the differentiation of the B cell the capacity of memory cells to produce antibodies temporary changes in the ways that RNA is spliced in the B cells

recombination of the segments of the receptor DNA that make up the functional receptor genes of differentiated B cells

Which of the following should be the same in identical twins? the set of MHC molecules produced the set of T cell antigen receptors produced the susceptibility to a particular virus the set of immune cells eliminated as self-reactive the set of antibodies produced

the set of MHC molecules produced

Cell-mediated immunity differs from humoral immunity in that _____. a humoral response is mounted more quickly they respond differently to invaders cell-mediated immunity is longer lasting a subsequent secondary immune response can occur in humoral immunity clonal selection occurs only in cell-mediated immunity they respond differently to invaders

they respond differently to invaders

which structure is not a component of the adaptive immune system? thymus spleen tissues lymphatic ducts

tissues

An epitope associates with which part of an antigen receptor or antibody? the light-chain constant regions only the disulfide bridge variable regions of a heavy chain and light chain combined the tail the heavy-chain constant regions only

variable regions of a heavy chain and light chain combined