AP Bio-Chapter 4 Reading Question

Bacteria, sometimes called blue-green algae, which are photosynthetic are called _______.

cyanobacteria

The cell structure that is composed of rRNA and protein and is the site of protein synthesis is the _______.

ribosome

cell theory

1. All organisms are composed of cells. 2. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in organisms. 3. Cells come only from preexisting cells because cells are self-reproducing

Arrange this sequence of events, which may occur within the endomembrane system, in the order in which they would occur. Place the first event at the top.

1. The rough ER symthesizes a proteim. 2. A protein is packaged into a transport vesicle. 3. The Golgi apparatus modifies, sorts, and packages proteins into secretory vesicles. 4. A secretory vesicle fuses witht the plasma membrane.

What is the pattern of microtubule arrangement in a centriole?

9 + 0 microtubule triplets

Which type of cells combined in order to form the first eukaryotic cell?

A prokaryotic cell and a host cell

Match each letter to the bacterial cell structure it identifies. A. Gel-like coating outside cell wall. B. Location of bacterial chromosome. C. Hair-like bristles that allow adhesion to surfaces.

A. Capsule B. Nucleoid C. Fimbriae

Identify the following organelles indicated in this image of a plant cell. A. Large, fluid-filled sac that stores metabolites and helps maintain turgor pressure. B. Carries out photosynthesis, producing sugars. C. Organelle that carries out cellular respiration, producing ATP molecules. D. Processes, packages, and secretes modified proteins. E. Type of ER that lacks ribosomes and synthesizes lipid molecules.

A. Central vacuole B. Chloroplast C. Mitochondrion D. Golgi apparatus E. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Which of the following is produced by mitochondria during cellular respiration?

ATP

Which group contains organisms with cell envelopes?

Bacteria

Select the two choices that describe prokaryotes when compared to eukaryotes.

Less complex and smaller

Which statement best describes an actin filament?

Long, extremely thin, flexible fiber

Identify the functions of the central vacuole in plants. Maintains turgor pressure Provides support for the cell Breakdown of toxic waste products

Maintains turgor pressure Provides support for the cell

Which cytoskeleton filament is the thickest?

Microtubules

Liver and kidney cells filter and destroy many toxins. As a result they contain high numbers of which type of organelle that is responsible for breaking down fatty acids?

Peroxisomes

On average, all cells are approximately the same size whether they are found in elephants or beetles. What is the best explanation for why cells are so small?

Small size allows for more efficient exchange of materials with the surrounding environment.

Which disease results from a lack of certain enzymes contained by lysosomes?

Tay-Sachs

Select all of the choices that correctly describe cilia. They are shorter than flagella. Their microtubular structure is very different from that of flagella. They are typically limited to one per cell. They have a 9 + 2 pattern of microtubules.

They are shorter than flagella. They have a 9 + 2 pattern of microtubules.

A highly condensed sequence of DNA that is a carrier of genetic information is called _____.

a chromosome

The nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and several types of vesicles make up the _______ system.

endomembrane

In bacteria, the plasma membrane, cell wall, and glycocalyx combined are referred to as the cell _______.

envelope

The locomotor organelle found on human sperm cells is called a _______.

flagella

Which external bacterial structure rotates 360 degrees and varies in number and location depending on the type of prokaryote?

flagellum or flagella

The layer of polysaccharides, which functions to help bacteria adhere to surfaces, prevents drying, and helps to resist a host's immune system is called the _____.

glycocalyx

The cytoskeletal filament that functions to support the nuclear envelope and plasma membrane is the

intermediate filament.

The double membrane that surrounds the nucleus in eukaryotic cells and separates it from the cytoplasm is called the _______ _______.

nuclear envelope

The DNA in a prokaryote is located in the

nucleoid.

Which of the following is a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins?

plasma membrane

The cell structure that regulates the flow of materials in and out of the cell is called the _______ membrane.

plasma or cell

Some bacteria have small extrachromosomal pieces of circular DNA called _______.

plasmids

The semifluid within a chloroplast that contains enzymes is called the _____.

stroma

As cells increase in size,

the surface becomes inadequate to exchange waste for nutrients.

In a chloroplast, chlorophyll is located in the ______ membrane.

thylakoid

The disklike sacs formed from the third chloroplast membrane are called the _______.

thylakoid

The Golgi apparatus packages materials into membranous organelles called ______.

vesicles

Select the components of the endomembrane system. vesicles mitochondria Golgi apparatus nuclear envelope endoplasmic reticulum

vesicles Golgi apparatus nuclear envelope endoplasmic reticulum

Match each letter to the structure it is indicating in the chloroplast. A. Layer containing metabolic enzymes and multiple copies of chloroplast genome. B. Colorless fluid surrounding the grana within chloroplast. C. Outer protective sheath of chloroplast.

A. Inner membrane B. Stroma C. Outer membrane

Identify the the organelles indicated on this image of a typical animal cell. A. Organelle that carries out cellular respiration, producing ATP molecules. B. Processes, packages, and secretes modified proteins. C. semi fluid matrix outside nucleus that contains organelles. D. Microtubule organizing center that contains a pair of centrioles. E. Short cylinders of microtubules.

A. Mitochondrion B. Golgi apparatus C. Cytoplasm D. Centrosome E. Centrioles

Match each plant cell organelle to the corresponding letter on the image. A. Produces subunits of ribosomes. B. Diffuse threads containing DNA and protein. C. Permits passage of proteins into nucleus and ribosomal subunits out of nucleus. D. Microtubule organizing center (lacks centrioles). E. Type of ER studded with ribosomes that synthesize proteins.

A. Nucleolus B. Chromatin C. Nuclear pore D. Centrosome E. Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Match each organelle based on where it is labeled in the figure of an animal cell. A. diffuse threads containing DNA and protein B. region that produces subunits of ribosomes C. ER studded with ribosomes that synthesize proteins. D. ER lacks ribosomes, synthesizes lipid molecules. E. String of ribosomes simultaneously synthesizing same protein.

A. Nucleus B. Nucleolus C. Rough endoplasmic reticulum D. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum E. Polyribosome

Identify the components of a chloroplast. Note: C is pointing to the stack of structures in the circle. A. Colorless fluid surrounding the grana within chloroplast. B. Membrane-bound compartments that are site of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. C. A stack of thylakoid discs.

A. Stroma B. Thylakoid C. Granum

What is an organelle?

An internal membrane-bound compartment

What feature do the cyanobacteria and plants have in common?

Both can photosynthesize

True or false: The number of mitochondria varies per cell.

True (Reason: The number of mitochondria contained within a cell reflects the energy needs of the cell. Cells which require more energy, such as a heart muscle cell, have more mitochondria than cells with smaller energy needs, such as a skin cell.)

A colorless plastid, which functions to synthesize and store starches and oil, is called a _______.

leucoplast

Tay-Sachs disease results from cells lacking certain enzymes that would normally be found in the organelles called ______.

lysosome

The Golgi apparatus forms vesicles that contain hydrolytic enzymes, which function in intracellular digestion. Theses vesicles are called _______.

lysosome

Which organelle plays a role in breaking down food particles that are ingested by the cell?

lysosome

The term for the semifluid materials enclosed by a mitochondrion's inner membrane is _______.

matrix

The cytoskeletal component that is a small, hollow, cylinder composed of a globular tubulin protein is called a

microtubule.

An opening in the nuclear envelope that allows molecules to move in and out of the nucleus is called a _______.

nuclear pore

The region in the nucleoplasm where rRNA is used to produce the subunits of ribosomes is called the _______.

nucleolus

The semifluid material within the nucleus is called the _____.

nucleoplasm

The semifluid matrix located in the interior of the nucleus is called the _______.

nucleoplasm

In a eukaryotic cell most of the genetic material is located in the _____.

nucleus

The membrane-bound structure within a eukaryotic cell that contains the genetic material is called the _______.

nucleus

One of the three tenants of the cell theory states that cells

only reproduce sexually.

Internal membrane-bound compartments located in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells are called _______.

organelles

The bacterial cell wall consists of _____, a polysaccharide unique to bacteria.

peptidoglycan

The system of membranous saccules that is studded with ribosomes and capable of producing proteins is the

rough endoplasmic reticulum.

The cytoplasm is best described as the

semifluid solution composed of water, organic and inorganic molecules inside the plasma membrane.

Rod-shaped bacteria are called

bacillus.

A well-organized glycocalyx that is not easily removed is called a

capsule

The smallest structure capable of performing all the functions necessary for life is the _____.

cell

The organelles shown zoomed in from an animal cell, which function to organize the microtubules of flagella and cilia as well as the mitotic spindle, are

centrioles.

Photosynthesis occurs in the cellular organelle called the _______.

chloroplast

The two organelles involved with energy conversions in a plant cell are the _______ and _______.

chloroplast; mitochondria

The strands of DNA and protein within the nucleus are called _______ whereas the highly condensed rod-like structures that form from these strands during cell division are called _______.

chromatin; chromosomes

The strands of DNA and protein within the nucleus are called whereas the highly condensed rod-like structures that form from these strands during cell division are called .

chromatin; chromosomes

Plastids that contain pigments that make autumn leaves red, yellow, and orange are called _____.

chromoplasts

The scientific term used for a spherical shaped bacterium is _______

coccus or cocci

Which of these structures increases the surface area in a mitochondrion?

cristae

The semifluid solution surrounded by the plasma membrane of a cell is called the

cytoplasm

The internal framework of the cell, consisting of microtubules, actin filaments, and intermediate filaments is called the _______.

cytoskeleton

True or false: Both plant and animal cells contain mitochondria.

True

Which of these is one of the major theories of biology, which states that all organisms are made up of cells?

Cell theory

Which structure maintains the shape of a bacterial cell?

Cell wall

Which of these processes occurs in the mitochondria?

Cellular respiration

Which of the following reflects the central dogma of molecular biology?

DNA - mRNA - protein

The central dogma of molecular biology describes the flow of genetic information from molecules of _______ to molecules of _______ to _______ molecules.

DNA; mRNA; protein

Which theory explains how eukaryotic cells evolved to include membrane bound organelles?

Endosymbiotic theory

In what way can plant cells rapidly increase their size?

Enlarging the central vacuole

Which bacterial structure functions in attachment to surfaces?

Fimbriae

Which organelle modifies and packages vesicles that are routed within the cell?

Golgi apparatus

What is the role of the stroma?

It contains enzymes that aid in photosynthesis.

Match the following organelles and processes, which are involved with energy transformations, with the correct description.

Mitochondria: Convert carbohydrate and oxygen into carbon dioxide, water and ATP Chloroplast: Convert solar energy, carbon dioxide, and water into carbohydrate and oxygen Photosynthesis: Takes place in the chloroplasts. Cellular respiration: Takes place in the mitochondria.

Which energy conversion process occurs in the chloroplasts?

Photosynthesis

What is the difference between a prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosome?

Prokaryotic ribosomes are smaller.

What is the function of the contractile vacuoles found in protists?

Removal of excess water

Which of the following products is produced in the nucleolus?

Ribosomal RNA

Where does protein synthesis occur within a cell?

Ribosome

Where are proteins encoded by prokaryotic DNA synthesized?

Ribosomes

Identify the roles that vacuoles play in plant cells. Salt storage Spore storage Water storage Toxin storage

Salt storage Water storage Toxin storage

Which of the following are functions of the cytoskeleton? Structural support Store water and nutrients Intracellular transport Produce ATP Help maintain cell shape

Structural support Intracellular transport Help maintain cell shape

Select the statement that best describes an intermediate filament.

Supportive structures that form rope-like assemblies of fibrous polypeptides

Which of these best defines the term cell?

The smallest structure capable of performing the functions of life

Which of the following is true of all eukaryotic cells?

They are cells with a nucleus.

Which of the following are functions of the peroxisomes? They break down hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen. They breakdown fatty acids. They dispose of debris and bacteria.

They break down hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen. They breakdown fatty acids.

Select all the functions of the components of the endomembrane system. Production of genetic material Transportation of molecules within the cell Digest ingested substances Synthesize lipids

Transportation of molecules within the cell Digest ingested substances Synthesize lipids

The thinnest protein fibers of the cytoskeleton are the

actin filaments.

Select the functions of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. detoxification protein synthesis production of lipids

detoxification production of lipids