AP Bio Chapters 2-5
5.2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 18) All of the following are polysaccharides except A) glycogen B) starch C) chitin D) cellulose E) amylopectin
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29) Atoms whose outer electron shells contain eight electrons tend to A) form ionic bonds in aqueous solutions. B) form covalent bonds in aqueous solutions. C) be stable and chemically nonreactive, or inert. D) be unstable and chemically very reactive. E) be isotopes and very radioactive
. Answer: C Topic: Concept 2.2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
9) The nucleus of a nitrogen atom contains 7 neutrons and 7 protons. Which of the following is a correct statement concerning nitrogen? A) The nitrogen atom has a mass number of approximately 7 daltons and an atomic mass of 14. B) The nitrogen atom has a mass number of approximately 14 daltons and an atomic mass of 7. C) The nitrogen atom has a mass number of 14 and an atomic mass of 7 grams. D) The nitrogen atom has a mass number of 7 grams and an atomic number of 14. E) The nitrogen atom has a mass number of 14 and an atomic mass of approximately 14 daltons
. Answer: E Topic: Concept 2.2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
3) The enzyme amylase can break glycosidic linkages between glucose monomers only if the monomers are the α form. Which of the following could amylase break down? A) glycogen, starch, and amylopectin B) glycogen and cellulose C) cellulose and chitin D) starch and chitin E) starch, amylopectin, and cellulose
A
5) The structural level of a protein least affected by a disruption in hydrogen bonding is the A) primary level. B) secondary level. C) tertiary level. D) quaternary level. E) All structural levels are equally affected.
A
3.2 Skill: Application/Analysis 44 Chapter 3, Water and the Fitness of the Environment 16) Hydrophobic substances such as vegetable oil are A) nonpolar substances that repel water molecules. B) nonpolar substances that have an attraction for water molecules. C) polar substances that repel water molecules. D) polar substances that have an affinity for water. E) charged molecules that hydrogen-bond with water molecules.
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3.2 Skill: Application/Analysis Chapter 3, Water and the Fitness of the Environment 47 26) A small birthday candle is weighed, then lighted and placed beneath a metal can containing 100 mL of water. Careful records are kept as the temperature of the water rises. Data from this experiment are shown on the graph. What amount of heat energy is released in the burning of candle wax? A) 0.5 kilocalories per gram of wax burned B) 5 kilocalories per gram of wax burned C) 10 kilocalories per gram of wax burned D) 20 kilocalories per gram of wax burned E) 50 kilocalories per gram of wax burned
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3.2 Skill: Application/Analysis Chapter 3, Water and the Fitness of the Environment 49 29) The molecular weight of water is 18 daltons. What is the molarity of 1 liter of pure water? A) 55.6M B) 18M C) 37M D) 0.66M E) 1.0M
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3.2 Skill: Application/Analysis The following question is based on Figure 3.1: solute molecule surrounded by a hydration shell of water. Figure 3.1 15) Based on your knowledge of the polarity of water molecules, the solute molecule is most likely A) positively charged. B) negatively charged. C) without charge. D) hydrophobic. E) nonpolar.
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3.3 Skill: Application/Analysis 36) What is the pH of a solution with a hydroxyl ion [OH-] concentration of 10-12 M? A) pH 2 B) pH 4 C) pH 10 D) pH 12 E) pH 14
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3.3 Skill: Application/Analysis 38) Which of the following solutions has the greatest concentration of hydrogen ions [H +]? A) gastric juice at pH 2 B) vinegar at pH 3 C) tomato juice at pH 4 D) black coffee at pH 5 E) household bleach at pH 12
A Topic:
3.3 Skill: Application/Analysis 47) One of the buffers that contribute to pH stability in human blood is carbonic acid H2CO3. Carbonic acid is a weak acid that when placed in an aqueous solution dissociates into a bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) and a hydrogen ion (H+). Thus, H2CO3 ↔ HCO3- + H+ If the pH of the blood increases, one would expect A) a decrease in the concentration of H2CO3 and an increase in the concentration of H2O. B) an increase in the concentration of H2CO3 and a decrease in the concentration of H2O. C) a decrease in the concentration of HCO3- and an increase in the concentration of H2O. D) an increase in the concentration of HCO3- and a decrease in the concentration of H2O. E) a decrease in the concentration of HCO3- and an increase in the concentration of both H2CO3 and H2O.
A Topic:
3.3 Skill: Application/Analysis 54 Chapter 3, Water and the Fitness of the Environment 48) Assume that acid rain has lowered the pH of a particular lake to pH 4.0. What is the hydroxyl ion concentration of this lake? A) 1 × 10-10 mol of hydroxyl ion per liter of lake water B) 1 × 10-4 mol of hydroxyl ion per liter of lake water C) 10.0 M with regard to hydroxyl ion concentration D) 4.0 M with regard to hydroxyl ion concentration E) both B and D
A Topic:
3.3 Skill: Synthesis/Evaluation 53) Carbon dioxide (CO2) is readily soluble in water, according to the equation CO2 + H2O → H2CO3. Carbonic acid (H2CO3) is a weak acid. Respiring cells release CO2. What prediction can we make about the pH of blood as that blood first comes in contact with respiring cells? A) Blood pH will decrease slightly. B) Blood pH will increase slightly. C) Blood pH will remain unchanged. D) Blood pH will first increase, then decrease as CO2 combines with hemoglobin. E) Blood pH will first decrease, then increase sharply as CO2 combines with hemoglobin.
A Topic:
4.1 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 4) One of the following people set up a closed system to mimic Earthʹs early atmosphere and discharged electrical sparks through it. A variety of organic compounds common in organisms were formed. Who did this? A) Stanley Miller B) Jakob Berzelius C) Friedrich Wohler D) Hermann Kolbe E) August Kekulé
A Topic:
4.1 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 62 Chapter 4, Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life 5) Which of the following people used this apparatus to study formation of organic compounds? A) Stanley Miller B) Jakob Berzelius C) Friedrich Wohler D) Hermann Kolbe E) August Kekulé
A Topic:
4.2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 19) Which of the following statements correctly describes geometric isomers? A) They have variations in arrangement around a double bond. B) They have an asymmetric carbon that makes them mirror images. C) They have the same chemical properties. D) They have different molecular formulas. E) Their atoms and bonds are arranged in different sequences.
A Topic:
4.2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 22) Research indicates that Albuterol, a drug used to relax bronchial muscles, improving airflow and thus offering relief from asthma, consists only of one enantiomer, the R-form. Why is it important for this drug to consist of only one enantiomeric form, rather than a mixture of enantiomers? A) Different enantiomers may have different or opposite physiological effects. B) It is impossible to synthesize mixtures of enantiomers. C) It is much less expensive to synthesize one enantiomer at a time. D) Albuterol is an example of a compound for which only one enantiomer exists. E) Only the R-form of Albuterol has been studied; until more information is available, physicians prefer to use the pure R-form.
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4.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 49) Which molecule is an alcohol?
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4.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 57) Which molecule contains an amino functional group, but is not an amino acid?
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4.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 60) Which molecule can function as a base?
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4.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension The following questions refer to the functional groups shown in Figure 4.6. Figure 4.6 41) Which is a hydroxyl functional group?
A Topic:
4.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension The following questions refer to the molecules shown in Figure 4.7. Figure 4.7 48) Which molecule is water soluble because it has a hydroxyl functional group?
A Topic:
5.2 Skill: Application/Analysis 84 Chapter 5, The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules 12) The enzyme amylase can break glycosidic linkages between glucose monomers only if the monomers are the α form. Which of the following could amylase break down? A) glycogen B) cellulose C) chitin D) A and B only E) A, B, and C
A Topic:
5.2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 13) On food packages, to what does the term ʺinsoluble fiberʺ refer? A) cellulose B) polypeptides C) starch D) amylopectin E) chitin
A Topic:
5.2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 19) Which of the following is true of both starch and cellulose? A) They are both polymers of glucose. B) They are geometric isomers of each other. C) They can both be digested by humans. D) They are both used for energy storage in plants. E) They are both structural components of the plant cell wall.
A Topic:
5.2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 98) Which of the following molecules has (have) a functional group that frequently is involved in maintaining the tertiary structure of a protein? A) 2 B) 3 C) 9 D) 11 E) 9 and 11
A Topic:
5.2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension Figure 5.1 15) If 2 molecules of the general type shown in Figure 5.1 were linked together, carbon 1 of one molecule to carbon 4 of the other, the single molecule that would result would be A) maltose. B) fructose. C) glucose. D) galactose. E) sucrose.
A Topic:
5.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 24) Which of the following statements is false for the class of biological molecules known as lipids? A) They are soluble in water. B) They are an important constituent of cell membranes. C) They contain more energy than proteins and carbohydrates. D) They are not true polymers. E) They contain waxes and steroids.
A Topic:
5.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 30) Large organic molecules are usually assembled by polymerization of a few kinds of simple subunits. Which of the following is an exception to this statement? A) a steroid B) cellulose C) DNA D) an enzyme E) a contractile protein
A Topic:
5.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 82 4) For this pair of items, choose the option that best describes their relationship. (A) The probability that amino acids with nonpolar side chains are hydrophobic. (B) The probability that amino acids with side chains containing a carboxyl group are hydrophobic. A) Item (A) is greater than item (B). B) Item (A) is less than item (B). C) Item (A) is exactly or very approximately equal to item (B). D) Item (A) may stand in more than one of the above relations to item (B).
A Topic:
5.4 Skill: Application/Analysis 38) The bonding of two amino acid molecules to form a larger molecule requires which of the following? A) removal of a water molecule B) addition of a water molecule C) formation of an ionic bond D) formation of a hydrogen bond E) both A and C
A Topic:
5.4 Skill: Application/Analysis 47) Which bonds are created during the formation of the primary structure of a protein? A) peptide bonds B) hydrogen bonds C) disulfide bonds D) phosphodiester bonds E) A, B, and C
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5.4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 44) Which bond is closest to the N-terminus of the molecule?
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5.4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 5) For this pair of items, choose the option that best describes their relationship. (A) The number of purines in the DNA strand 5ʹ-AAGAGGAGAAA-3ʹ (B) The number of pyrimidines in the DNA strand 5ʹ-AAGAGGAGAAA-3ʹ A) Item (A) is greater than item (B). B) Item (A) is less than item (B). C) Item (A) is exactly or very approximately equal to item (B). D) Item (A) may stand in more than one of the above relations to item (B).
A Topic:
5.4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 52) Figure 5.7 best illustrates the A) secondary structure of a polypeptide. B) tertiary structure of a polypeptide. C) quaternary structure of a protein. D) double helix structure of DNA. E) primary structure of a polysaccharide.
A Topic:
5.4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 96 Chapter 5, The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules 61) Roger Kornberg used this method for elucidating the structure of RNA polymerase. A) X-ray crystallography B) bioinformatics C) analysis of amino acid sequence of small fragments D) NMR spectroscopy E) high-speed centrifugation
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5.5 Skill: Application/Analysis 6) Which of the following is not a polymer? A) glucose B) starch C) cellulose D) chitin E) DNA
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5.5 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 68) Which of the following best describes the flow of information in eukaryotic cells? A) DNA → RNA → proteins B) RNA → proteins → DNA C) proteins → DNA → RNA D) RNA → DNA → proteins E) DNA → proteins → RNA
A Topic:
s 5.3, 5.4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 35) The bonding of two amino acid molecules to form a larger molecule requires A) the release of a water molecule. B) the release of a carbon dioxide molecule. C) the addition of a nitrogen atom. D) the addition of a water molecule. E) both B and C
A Topic:
Knowledge/Comprehension 19) Which of the following is true of both starch and cellulose? A) They are both polymers of glucose. B) They are geometric isomers of each other. C) They can both be digested by humans. D) They are both used for energy storage in plants. E) They are both structural components of the plant cell wall.
A Topic: Concept 5.2
Knowledge/Comprehension 24) Which of the following statements is false for the class of biological molecules known as lipids? A) They are soluble in water. B) They are an important constituent of cell membranes. C) They contain more energy than proteins and carbohydrates. D) They are not true polymers. E) They contain waxes and steroids.
A Topic: Concept 5.3
Application/Analysis 38) The bonding of two amino acid molecules to form a larger molecule requires which of the following? A) removal of a water molecule B) addition of a water molecule C) formation of an ionic bond D) formation of a hydrogen bond E) both A and C
A Topic: Concept 5.4
Application/Analysis 47) Which bonds are created during the formation of the primary structure of a protein? A) peptide bonds B) hydrogen bonds C) disulfide bonds D) phosphodiester bonds E) A, B, and C
A Topic: Concept 5.4
Knowledge/Comprehension 35) The bonding of two amino acid molecules to form a larger molecule requires A) the release of a water molecule. B) the release of a carbon dioxide molecule. C) the addition of a nitrogen atom. D) the addition of a water molecule. E) both B and C
A Topic: Concept 5.4
Knowledge/Comprehension 44) Which bond is closest to the N-terminus of the molecule?
A Topic: Concept 5.4
Knowledge/Comprehension 52) Figure 5.7 best illustrates the A) secondary structure of a polypeptide. B) tertiary structure of a polypeptide. C) quaternary structure of a protein. D) double helix structure of DNA. E) primary structure of a polysaccharide.
A Topic: Concept 5.4
Knowledge/Comprehension 96 Chapter 5, The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules 61) Roger Kornberg used this method for elucidating the structure of RNA polymerase. A) X-ray crystallography B) bioinformatics C) analysis of amino acid sequence of small fragments D) NMR spectroscopy E) high-speed centrifugation
A Topic: Concept 5.4
Knowledge/Comprehension 30) Large organic molecules are usually assembled by polymerization of a few kinds of simple subunits. Which of the following is an exception to this statement? A) a steroid B) cellulose C) DNA D) an enzyme E) a contractile protein
A Topic: Concepts 5.1-5.3
1) In the term trace element, the modifier trace means A) the element is required in very small amounts. B) the element can be used as a label to trace atoms through an organismʹs metabolism. C) the element is very rare on Earth. D) the element enhances health but is not essential for the organismʹs long-term survival. E) the element passes rapidly through the organism.
Answer: A
6) Which statement is true of all atoms that are anions? A) The atom has more electrons than protons. B) The atom has more protons than electrons. C) The atom has fewer protons than does a neutral atom of the same element. D) The atom has more neutrons than protons. E) The net charge is 12.
Answer: A
10) Calcium has an atomic number of 20 and an atomic mass of 40. Therefore, a calcium atom must have A) 20 protons. B) 40 electrons. C) 40 neutrons. D) A and B only E) A, B, and C
Answer: A Topic: Concept 2.2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
19) Electrons exist only at fixed levels of potential energy. However, if an atom absorbs sufficient energy, a possible result is that A) an electron may move to an electron shell farther out from the nucleus. B) an electron may move to an electron shell closer to the nucleus. C) the atom may become a radioactive isotope. D) the atom would become a positively charged ion, or cation. E) the atom would become a negatively charged ion, or anion.
Answer: A Topic: Concept 2.2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
22 Chapter 2, The Chemical Context of Life 25) Which drawing is of an atom with the atomic number of 6?
Answer: A Topic: Concept 2.2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
38) Fluorine has an atomic number of 9 and a mass number of 19. How many electrons are needed to complete the valence shell of a fluorine atom? A) 1 B) 3 C) 5 D) 7 E) 9
Answer: A Topic: Concept 2.2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
6) The mass number of an element can be easily approximated by adding together the number of __________ in an atom of that element. A) protons and neutrons B) energy levels C) protons and electrons D) neutrons and electrons E) isotopes
Answer: A Topic: Concept 2.2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
62) Sometimes atoms form molecules by sharing two pairs of valence electrons. When this occurs, the atoms are said to be joined by A) a double covalent bond. B) an electronegative bond. C) a hydrogen bond. D) a protonic bond. E) a complex bond.
Answer: A Topic: Concept 2.3
63) The molecule shown here could be described in chemical symbols as A) CH4. B) H2O. C) C2H3. D) C4H4. E) CH2O.
Answer: A Topic: Concept 2.3 Skill: Application/Analysis
70) The hybrid orbitals in a molecule of methane are oriented A) toward the corners of a tetrahedron centered on the carbon atom. B) toward the corners of a cube centered on the carbon atom. C) toward the corners of a triangle centered on the carbon atom. D) toward the corners of a rectangle centered on the carbon atom. E) toward the edges of an oval centered on the carbon atom.
Answer: A Topic: Concept 2.3 Skill: Application/Analysis
45) Nitrogen (N) is much more electronegative than hydrogen (H). Which of the following statements is correct about the atoms in ammonia (NH3)? A) Each hydrogen atom has a partial positive charge. B) The nitrogen atom has a strong positive charge. C) Each hydrogen atom has a slight negative charge. D) The nitrogen atom has a partial positive charge. E) There are covalent bonds between the hydrogen atoms.
Answer: A Topic: Concept 2.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
48) A covalent bond is likely to be polar when A) one of the atoms sharing electrons is much more electronegative than the other atom. B) the two atoms sharing electrons are equally electronegative. C) the two atoms sharing electrons are of the same element. D) it is between two atoms that are both very strong electron acceptors. E) the two atoms sharing electrons are different elements.
Answer: A Topic: Concept 2.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
52) The ionic bond of sodium chloride is formed when A) chlorine gains an electron from sodium. B) sodium and chlorine share an electron pair. C) sodium and chlorine both lose electrons from their outer valence shells. D) sodium gains an electron from chlorine. E) chlorine gains a proton from sodium.
Answer: A Topic: Concept 2.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
60) Which of the following is not considered to be a weak molecular interaction? A) a covalent bond B) a van der Waals interaction C) an ionic bond in the presence of water D) a hydrogen bond E) A and B only
Answer: A Topic: Concept 2.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
72) Which of the following best describes chemical equilibrium? A) Forward and reverse reactions continue with no effect on the concentrations of the reactants and products. B) Concentrations of products are higher than the concentrations of the reactants. C) Forward and reverse reactions have stopped so that the concentration of the reactants equals the concentration of the products. D) Reactions stop only when all reactants have been converted to products. E) There are equal concentrations of reactants and products, and the reactions have stopped.
Answer: A Topic: Concept 2.4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
2) Compared with 31P, the radioactive isotope 32P has A) a different atomic number. B) one more neutron. C) one more proton. D) one more electron. E) a different charge.
Answer: B
5) The reactivity of an atom arises from A) the average distance of the outermost electron shell from the nucleus. B) the existence of unpaired electrons in the valence shell. C) the sum of the potential energies of all the electron shells. D) the potential energy of the valence shell. E) the energy difference between the s and p orbitals. Answer: B
Answer: B
7) What coefficients must be placed in the following blanks so that all atoms are accounted for in the products? C6H12O6 → ___ C2H6O + ___ CO2 A) 1; 2 B) 2; 2 C) 1; 3 D) 1; 1 E) 3; 1
Answer: B
8) Which of the following statements correctly describes any chemical reaction that has reached equilibrium? A) The concentrations of products and reactants are equal. B) The rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction. C) Both forward and reverse reactions have halted. D) The reaction is now irreversible. E) No reactants remain.
Answer: B
24) Which drawing depicts the electron configuration of nitrogen (14 7 N)?
Answer: B Topic: Concept 2.2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
27) Which drawing depicts an atom with a valence of 3?
Answer: B Topic: Concept 2.2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
33) How many electrons does an atom of sulfur have in its valence shell? A) 4 B) 6 C) 8 D) 16 E) 32
Answer: B Topic: Concept 2.2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
35) How many electrons would be expected in the outermost electron shell of an atom with atomic number 12? A) 1 B) 2 C) 4 D) 6 E) 8
Answer: B Topic: Concept 2.2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
37) What is the valence of an atom with six electrons in its outer electron shell? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 5
Answer: B Topic: Concept 2.2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
39) What is the maximum number of electrons in the 1s orbital of an atom? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 5
Answer: B Topic: Concept 2.2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
Chapter 2, The Chemical Context of Life 19 12) Different atomic forms of an element contain the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons. What are these different atomic forms called? A) ions B) isotopes C) neutronic atoms D) isomers E) radioactive atoms
Answer: B Topic: Concept 2.2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
Chapter 2, The Chemical Context of Life 25 40) What is the maximum number of electrons in a 2p orbital of an atom? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 5
Answer: B Topic: Concept 2.2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
Use the information extracted from the periodic table in Figure 2.2 to answer the following questions. Figure 2.2 30) How many electrons does nitrogen have in its valence shell? A) 2 B) 5 C) 7 D) 8 E) 14
Answer: B Topic: Concept 2.2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
42) If an atom of sulfur (atomic number 16) were allowed to react with atoms of hydrogen (atomic number 1), which of the molecules below would be formed? A) SH B) HSH C) H SH |H D) H| H SH |H E) HSH
Answer: B Topic: Concept 2.3 Skill: Application/Analysis
55) The atomic number of chlorine is 17. The atomic number of magnesium is 12. What is the formula for magnesium chloride? A) MgCl B) MgCl2 C) Mg2Cl D) Mg2Cl2 E) MgCl3
Answer: B Topic: Concept 2.3 Skill: Application/Analysis
69) Which of the following pairs of atoms would be most likely to form an ionic bond? A) B) C) D) E)
Answer: B Topic: Concept 2.3 Skill: Application/Analysis
26 Chapter 2, The Chemical Context of Life 43) What is the maximum number of covalent bonds an element with atomic number 8 can make with hydrogen? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 6
Answer: B Topic: Concept 2.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
47) What results from an unequal sharing of electrons between atoms? A) a nonpolar covalent bond B) a polar covalent bond C) an ionic bond D) a hydrogen bond E) a hydrophobic interaction
Answer: B Topic: Concept 2.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
58) Van der Waals interactions result when A) hybrid orbitals overlap. B) electrons are not symmetrically distributed in a molecule. C) molecules held by ionic bonds react with water. D) two polar covalent bonds react. E) a hydrogen atom loses an electron.
Answer: B Topic: Concept 2.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
59) A van der Waals interaction is the weak attraction between A) the electrons of one molecule and the electrons of a nearby molecule. B) the nucleus of one molecule and the electrons of a nearby molecule. C) a polar molecule and a nearby nonpolar molecule. D) a polar molecule and a nearby molecule that is also polar. E) a nonpolar molecule and a nearby molecule that is also nonpolar.
Answer: B Topic: Concept 2.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
73) Which of the following describes any reaction that has reached chemical equilibrium? A) The concentration of the reactants equals the concentration of the products. B) The rate of the forward reaction is equal to the rate of the reverse reaction. C) All of the reactants have been converted to the products of the reaction. D) All of the products have been converted to the reactants of the reaction. E) Both the forward and the reverse reactions have stopped with no net effect on the concentration of the reactants and the products.
Answer: B Topic: Concept 2.4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
3) An example of a hydrogen bond is the bond between A) C and H in methane (CH4). B) the H of one water molecule and the O of another water molecule. C) Na+and Cl- in salt. D) the two hydrogen atoms in a molecule of hydrogen gas (H2). E) Mg+and Cl- in MgCl2.
Answer: B Topic: Concept 3.1 Skill: Application/Analysis
2) The slight negative charge at one end of one water molecule is attracted to the slight positive charge of another water molecule. What is this attraction called? A) a covalent bond B) a hydrogen bond C) an ionic bond D) a hydrophilic bond E) a hydrophobic bond
Answer: B Topic: Concept 3.1 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
6) Which of the following effects is produced by the high surface tension of water? A) Lakes donʹt freeze solid in winter, despite low temperatures. B) A water strider can walk across the surface of a small pond. C) Organisms resist temperature changes, although they give off heat due to chemical reactions. D) Water can act as a solvent. E) The pH of water remains exactly neutral.
Answer: B Topic: Concept 3.2 Skill: Application/Analysis
7) Which of the following takes place as an ice cube cools a drink? A) Molecular collisions in the drink increase. B) Kinetic energy in the drink decreases. C) A calorie of heat energy is transferred from the ice to the water of the drink. D) The specific heat of the water in the drink decreases. E) Evaporation of the water in the drink increases.
Answer: B Topic: Concept 3.2 Skill: Application/Analysis
4) The atomic number of sulfur is 16. Sulfur combines with hydrogen by covalent bonding to form a compound, hydrogen sulfide. Based on the number of valence electrons in a sulfur atom, predict the molecular formula of the compound: A) HS B) HS2 C) H2S D) H3S2 E) H4S
Answer: C
2) Trace elements are those required by an organism in only minute quantities. Which of the following is a trace element that is required by humans and other vertebrates? A) nitrogen B) calcium C) iodine D) sodium E) phosphorus
Answer: C Topic: Concept 2.1 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
3) Three or four of the following statements are true and correct. Which one, if any, is false? If all the statements are true, choose answer E. A) Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen make up approximately 96% of living matter. B) The trace element iodine is required only in very small quantities by vertebrates. C) Virtually all organisms require the same elements in the same quantities. D) Iron is an example of an element needed by all organisms. E) All of the other statements are true and correct.
Answer: C Topic: Concept 2.1 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
13) How do isotopes of the same element differ from each other? A) number of protons B) number of electrons C) number of neutrons D) valence electron distribution E) amount of radioactivity
Answer: C Topic: Concept 2.2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
14) Which of the following best describes the relationship between Atom 1: ¹₁H Atom 2: ³₁H A) They are isomers. B) They are polymers. C) They are isotopes. D) They contain 1 and 3 protons, respectively. E) They each contain 1 neutron.
Answer: C Topic: Concept 2.2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
18) The atomic number of carbon is 6. Carbon-14 is heavier than carbon-12 because the atomic nucleus of carbon-14 contains _____ neutrons. A) 6 B) 7 C) 8 D) 12 E) 14-
Answer: C Topic: Concept 2.2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
20 Chapter 2, The Chemical Context of Life 16) One difference between carbon-12 (126 C) and carbon-14 (146 C) is that carbon-14 has A) two more protons than carbon-12. B) two more electrons than carbon-12. C) two more neutrons than carbon-12. D) A and C only E) B and C only-
Answer: C Topic: Concept 2.2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
23) Which drawing depicts the electron configuration of oxygen (16 8 O)?
Answer: C Topic: Concept 2.2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
28) Which drawing depicts an atom with a valence of 2?
Answer: C Topic: Concept 2.2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
32) How many neutrons are present in the nucleus of a phosphorus atom? A) 8 B) 15 C) 16 D) 31 E) 46
Answer: C Topic: Concept 2.2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
5) Each element is unique and different from other elements because of the number of protons in the nuclei of its atoms. Which of the following indicates the number of protons in an atomʹs nucleus? A) atomic mass B) atomic weight C) atomic number D) mass weight E) mass number
Answer: C Topic: Concept 2.2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
64) The molecule shown here is the simplest of organic compounds. It is called A) a carbohydrate. B) carbon dioxide. C) methane. D) carbonic hydrate. E) methyl carbonate.
Answer: C Topic: Concept 2.3
41) A covalent chemical bond is one in which A) electrons are removed from one atom and transferred to another atom so that the two atoms become oppositely charged. B) protons and neutrons are shared by two atoms so as to satisfy the requirements of both atoms. C) outer-shell electrons of two atoms are shared so as to satisfactorily fill the outer electron shells of both atoms. D) outer-shell electrons of one atom are transferred to the inner electron shells of another atom. E) the inner-shell electrons of one atom are transferred to the outer shell of another atom.-
Answer: C Topic: Concept 2.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
53) What is the difference between covalent bonds and ionic bonds? A) Covalent bonds involve the sharing of protons between atoms, and ionic bonds involve the sharing of electrons between atoms. B) Covalent bonds involve the sharing of neutrons between atoms, and ionic bonds involve the sharing of electrons between atoms. C) Covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons between atoms, and ionic bonds involve the electrical attraction between atoms. D) Covalent bonds involve the sharing of protons between atoms, and ionic bonds involve the sharing of neutrons between atoms. E) Covalent bonds involve the transfer of electrons between atoms, and ionic bonds involve the sharing of neutrons between atoms.
Answer: C Topic: Concept 2.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
56) Which of the following results from a transfer of electron(s) between atoms? A) nonpolar covalent bond B) polar covalent bond C) ionic bond D) hydrogen bond E) hydrophobic interaction
Answer: C Topic: Concept 2.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
74) A group of molecular biologists is trying to synthesize a new artificial compound to mimic the effects of a known hormone that influences sexual behavior. They have turned to you for advice. Which of the following compounds is most likely to mimic the effects of the hormone? A) a compound with the same number of carbon atoms as the hormone B) a compound with the same molecular mass (measured in daltons) as the hormone C) a compound with the same three-dimensional shape as part of the hormone D) a compound with the same number of orbital electrons as the hormone E) a compound with the same number of hydrogen and nitrogen atoms as the hormone
Answer: C Topic: Concept 2.4 Skill: Application/Analysis Chapter 2, The Chemical Context of Life 37
1) In a single molecule of water, two hydrogen atoms are bonded to a single oxygen atom by A) hydrogen bonds. B) nonpolar covalent bonds. C) polar covalent bonds. D) ionic bonds. E) van der Waals interactions.
Answer: C Topic: Concept 3.1 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
41 4) Water is able to form hydrogen bonds because A) oxygen has a valence of 2. B) the water molecule is shaped like a tetrahedron. C) the bonds that hold together the atoms in a water molecule are polar covalent bonds. D) the oxygen atom in a water molecule has a weak positive charge. E) each of the hydrogen atoms in a water molecule is weakly negative in charge.
Answer: C Topic: Concept 3.1 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
10) Waterʹs high specific heat is mainly a consequence of the A) small size of the water molecules. B) high specific heat of oxygen and hydrogen atoms. C) absorption and release of heat when hydrogen bonds break and form. D) fact that water is a poor heat conductor. E) inability of water to dissipate heat into dry air.
Answer: C Topic: Concept 3.2 Skill: Application/Analysis
12) Temperature usually increases when water condenses. Which behavior of water is most directly responsible for this phenomenon? A) the change in density when it condenses to form a liquid or solid B) reactions with other atmospheric compounds C) the release of heat by the formation of hydrogen bonds D) the release of heat by the breaking of hydrogen bonds E) the high surface tension of water Answer: C Topic: Concept 3.2 Skill: Application/Analysis Chapter
Answer: C Topic: Concept 3.2 Skill: Application/Analysis
About 25 of the 92 natural elements are known to be essential to life. Which four of these 25 elements make up approximately 96% of living matter? A) carbon, sodium, chlorine, nitrogen B) carbon, sulfur, phosphorus, hydrogen C) oxygen, hydrogen, calcium, sodium D) carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen E) carbon, oxygen, sulfur, calcium
Answer: D Topic: Concept 2.1 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
34) Based on electron configuration, which of these elements would exhibit chemical behavior most like that of oxygen? A) carbon B) hydrogen C) nitrogen D) sulfur E) phosphorus
Answer: D Topic: Concept 2.2 Skill: Application/Analysis
15) Which of the following best describes the relationship between the atoms described below? Atom 1 Atom 2 31 15 P 32 15 P A) They contain 31 and 32 electrons, respectively. B) They are both phosphorus cations. C) They are both phosphorus anions. D) They are both isotopes of phosphorus. E) They contain 31 and 32 protons, respectively.
Answer: D Topic: Concept 2.2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
17) 3H is a radioactive isotope of hydrogen. One difference between hydrogen-1 (11-H) and hydrogen-3 (31-H) is that hydrogen-3 has A) one more neutron and one more proton than hydrogen-1. B) one more proton and one more electron than hydrogen-1. C) one more electron and one more neutron than hydrogen-1. D) two more neutrons than hydrogen-1. E) two more protons than hydrogen-1-.
Answer: D Topic: Concept 2.2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
18 Chapter 2, The Chemical Context of Life 8) Oxygen has an atomic number of 8 and a mass number of 16. Thus, the atomic mass of an oxygen atom is A) exactly 8 grams. B) exactly 8 daltons. C) approximately 16 grams. D) approximately 16 daltons. E) 24 amu (atomic mass units).
Answer: D Topic: Concept 2.2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
7) What is the approximate atomic mass of an atom with 16 neutrons, 15 protons, and 15 electrons? A) 15 daltons B) 16 daltons C) 30 daltons D) 31 daltons E) 46 daltons
Answer: D Topic: Concept 2.2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
Chapter 2, The Chemical Context of Life 21 20) The atomic number of neon is 10. Therefore, which of the following is correct about an atom of neon? A) It has 8 electrons in its outer electron shell. B) It is inert. C) It has an atomic mass of 10 daltons. D) A and B only E) A, B, and C are correct.
Answer: D Topic: Concept 2.2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
44) A molecule of carbon dioxide (CO2) is formed when one atom of carbon (atomic number 6) is covalently bonded with two atoms of oxygen (atomic number 8). What is the total number of electrons that must be shared between the carbon atom and the oxygen atoms in order to complete the outer electron shell of all three atoms? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 5
Answer: D Topic: Concept 2.3 Skill: Application/Analysis
51) What is the atomic number of the cation formed in the reaction illustrated in Figure 2.3? A) 1 B) 8 C) 10 D) 11 E) 16
Answer: D Topic: Concept 2.3 Skill: Application/Analysis
65) In the methane molecule shown here, bonds have formed that include both the s orbital valence electrons of the hydrogen atoms and the p orbital valence electrons of the carbon. The electrons in these bonds are said to have A) double orbitals. B) tetrahedral orbitals. C) complex orbitals. D) hybrid orbitals. E) reduced orbitals.
Answer: D Topic: Concept 2.3 Skill: Application/AnalysisAnswer: D
46) When two atoms are equally electronegative, they will interact to form A) equal numbers of isotopes. B) ions. C) polar covalent bonds. D) nonpolar covalent bonds. E) ionic bonds.
Answer: D Topic: Concept 2.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
49) Which of the following molecules contains the strongest polar covalent bond? A) H2 B) O2 C) CO2 D) H2O E) CH4
Answer: D Topic: Concept 2.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
54) In ammonium chloride salt (NH4Cl) the anion is a single chloride ion, Cl-. What is the cation of NH4Cl? A) N, with a charge of +3 B) H, with a charge of +1 C) H2 with a charge of +4 D) NH4 with a charge of +1 E) NH4 with a charge of +4
Answer: D Topic: Concept 2.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
57) Which of the following explains most specifically the attraction of water molecules to one another? A) nonpolar covalent bond B) polar covalent bond C) ionic bond D) hydrogen bond E) hydrophobic interaction
Answer: D Topic: Concept 2.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
71) Which of the following is true for this reaction? 3 H2 + N2 ↔ 2 NH3 A) The reaction is nonreversible. B) Hydrogen and nitrogen are the reactants of the reverse reaction. C) Hydrogen and nitrogen are the products of the forward reaction. D) Ammonia is being formed and decomposed. E) Hydrogen and nitrogen are being decomposed.
Answer: D Topic: Concept 2.4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
9) The nutritional information on a cereal box shows that one serving of a dry cereal has 200 kilocalories. If one were to burn one serving of the cereal, the amount of heat given off would be sufficient to raise the temperature of 20 kg of water how many degrees Celsius? A) 0.2°C B) 1.0°C C) 2.0°C D) 10.0°C E) 20.0°C
Answer: D Topic: Concept 3.2 Skill: Application/Analysis
11) Which type of bond must be broken for water to vaporize? A) ionic bonds B) nonpolar covalent bonds C) polar covalent bonds D) hydrogen bonds E) covalent bonds Answer: D Topic: Concept 3.2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
Answer: D Topic: Concept 3.2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
5) What gives rise to the cohesiveness of water molecules? A) hydrophobic interactions B) nonpolar covalent bonds C) ionic bonds D) hydrogen bonds E) both A and C
Answer: D Topic: Concept 3.2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
8) Which of the following statements correctly defines a kilocalorie? A) the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1°F B) the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1°C C) the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1°F D) the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1°C E) the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1,000 g of water by 1°F
Answer: D Topic: Concept 3.2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 42 Chapter 3, Water and the Fitness of the Environment
24 Chapter 2, The Chemical Context of Life 36) The atomic number of each atom is given to the left of each of the elements below. Which of the atoms has the same valence as carbon (12 6 C)? A) 7nitrogen B) 9flourine C) 10neon D) 12magnesium E) 14silicon
Answer: E Topic: Concept 2.2 Skill: Application/Analysis
11) An atom with an atomic number of 9 and a mass number of 19 would have an atomic mass of approximately A) 9 daltons. B) 9 grams. C) 10 daltons. D) 20 grams. E) 19 daltons.
Answer: E Topic: Concept 2.2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
17 4) Which of the following statements is false? A) Atoms of the various elements differ in their number of subatomic particles. B) All atoms of a particular element have the same number of protons in their nuclei. C) The neutrons and protons present in the nucleus of an atom are almost identical in mass; each has a mass of about 1 dalton. D) An atom is the smallest unit of an element that still retains the properties of the element. E) Protons and electrons are electrically charged particles. Protons have one unit of negative charge, and electrons have one unit of positive charge.
Answer: E Topic: Concept 2.2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
21) From its atomic number of 15, it is possible to predict that the phosphorus atom has A) 15 neutrons. B) 15 protons. C) 15 electrons. D) 8 electrons in its outermost electron shell. E) B and C only
Answer: E Topic: Concept 2.2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
26) Which drawing depicts an atom that is inert or chemically unreactive?
Answer: E Topic: Concept 2.2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
Chapter 2, The Chemical Context of Life 23 31) How many electrons does phosphorus have in its valence shell? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 5
Answer: E Topic: Concept 2.2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
Please refer to Figure 2.1 to answer the following questions. Figure 2.1 22) Which drawing depicts the electron configuration of neon (20 10 Ne)?
Answer: E Topic: Concept 2.2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
61) Which of the following would be regarded as compounds? A) H2 B) H2O C) O2 D) CH4 E) B and D, but not A and C
Answer: E Topic: Concept 2.3 Skill: Application/Analysis
50) What results from the chemical reaction illustrated in Figure 2.3? A) a cation with a net charge of +1 B) a cation with a net charge of 1 C) an anion with a net charge of +1 D) an anion with a net charge of -1 E) A and D
Answer: E Topic: Concept 2.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
4) Which of the following statements concerning unsaturated fats is true? A) They are more common in animals than in plants. B) They have double bonds in the carbon chains of their fatty acids. C) They generally solidify at room temperature. D) They contain more hydrogen than saturated fats having the same number of carbon atoms. E) They have fewer fatty acid molecules per fat molecule.
B
7) Enzymes that break down DNA catalyze the hydrolysis of the covalent bonds that join nucleotides together. What would happen to DNA molecules treated with these enzymes? A) The two strands of the double helix would separate. B) The phosphodiester linkages between deoxyribose sugars would be broken. C) The purines would be separated from the deoxyribose sugars. D) The pyrimidines would be separated from the deoxyribose sugars. E) All bases would be separated from the deoxyribose sugars.
B
5.4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension The following questions are based on the 15 molecules illustrated in Figure 5.8. Each molecule may be used once, more than once, or not at all. Figure 5.8 85) Which molecule has hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties and would be found in plasma membranes? A) 1 B) 5 C) 6 D) 12 E) 14
B 102 Chapter 5, The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules Topic:
4.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension Chapter 4, Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life 79 Self-Quiz Questions The following questions are from the end-of-chapter-review Self-Quiz questions in Chapter 4 of the textbook. 1) Organic chemistry is currently defined as A) the study of compounds made only by living cells. B) the study of carbon compounds. C) the study of vital forces. D) the study of natural (as opposed to synthetic) compounds. E) the study of hydrocarbons.
B 2) Which of the following hydrocarbons has a double bond in its carbon skeleton? A) C3H8 B) C2H6 C) CH4 D) C2H4 E) C2H2 Answer: D 3) Choose the term that correctly describes the relationship between these two sugar molecules: A) structural isomers B) geometric isomers C) enantiomers D) isotopes Answer: A 4) Identify the asymmetric carbon in this molecule: Answer: B 80 Chapter 4, Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life 5) Which functional group is not present in this molecule? A) carboxyl B) sulfhydryl C) hydroxyl D) amino Answer: B 6) Which action could produce a carbonyl group? A) the replacement of the OH of a carboxyl group with hydrogen B) the addition of a thiol to a hydroxyl C) the addition of a hydroxyl to a phosphate D) the replacement of the nitrogen of an amine with oxygen E) the addition of a sulfhydryl to a carboxyl Answer: A 7) Which chemical group is most likely to be responsible for an organic molecule behaving as a base? A) hydroxyl B) carbonyl C) carboxyl D) amino E) phosphate Answer: D Chapter 4, Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life 81 Chapter 5 The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules Most of the new and revised questions in Chapter 5 are based on the concept of macromolecules as polymers. Questions require the student to recognize the structure, formation, properties, and function of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Most questions are at the Knowledge/Comprehension level, but wherever possible, Application/Analysis questions are utilized. Multiple-Choice Questions 1) For this pair of items, choose the option that best describes their relationship. (A) The number of alpha glucose 1-4 linkages in cellulose (B) The number of alpha glucose 1-4 linkages in starch A) Item (A) is greater than item (B). B) Item (A) is less than item (B). C) Item (A) is exactly or very approximately equal to item (B). D) Item (A) may stand in more than one of the above relations to item (B). Answer: B Topic:
3.2 Skill: Application/Analysis 22) The molecular mass of glucose (C6H12O6) is 180 g. Which of the following procedures should you carry out to make a 0.5 M solution of glucose? A) Dissolve 0.5 g of glucose in a small volume of water, and then add more water until the total volume of solution is 1 L. B) Dissolve 90 g of glucose in a small volume of water, and then add more water until the total volume of the solution is 1 L. C) Dissolve 180 g of glucose in a small volume of water, and then add more water until the total volume of the solution is 1 L. D) Dissolve 0.5 g of glucose in 1 L of water. E) Dissolve 180 g of glucose in 1 L of water.
B Topic:
3.2 Skill: Application/Analysis 24) How many grams of the molecule in Figure 3.2 would be required to make 1 L of a 0.5 M solution of the molecule? (Carbon = 12, Oxygen = 16, Hydrogen = 1) A) 29 B) 30 C) 60 D) 150 E) 342
B Topic:
3.2 Skill: Application/Analysis Chapter 3, Water and the Fitness of the Environment 43 13) At what temperature is water at its densest? A) 0°C B) 4°C C) 32°C D) 100°C E) 212°C
B Topic:
3.2 Skill: Synthesis/Evaluation 27) Identical heat lamps are arranged to shine on identical containers of water and methanol (wood alcohol), so that each liquid absorbs the same amount of energy minute by minute. The covalent bonds of methanol molecules are non-polar, so there are no hydrogen bonds among methanol molecules. Which of the following graphs correctly describes what will happen to the temperature of the water and the methanol? A) B) 48 Chapter 3, Water and the Fitness of the Environment C) D) E)
B Topic:
3.2 Skill: Synthesis/Evaluation 31) Which of the following ionizes completely in solution and is considered to be a strong acid? A) NaOH B) HCl C) NH3 D) H2CO3 E) CH3COOH
B Topic:
4.1 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 2) Early 19th-century scientists believed that living organisms differed from nonliving things as a result of possessing a ʺlife forceʺ that could create organic molecules from inorganic matter. The term given to this belief is A) organic synthesis. B) vitalism. C) mechanism. D) organic evolution. E) inorganic synthesis.
B Topic:
4.1 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 64 Chapter 4, Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life 10) One of the following people was the first to suggest that organic compounds, those found in living organisms, were distinctly different from inorganic compounds found in the nonliving world. Though this suggestion is now known to be incorrect, it stimulated important research into organic compounds. Who suggested this? A) Stanley Miller B) Jakob Berzelius C) Friedrich Wohler D) Hermann Kolbe E) August Kekulé
B Topic:
4.2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 15) How many structural isomers are possible for a substance having the molecular formula C4H10? A) 1 B) 2 C) 4 D) 3 E) 11
B Topic:
4.2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 21) Research indicates that Ibuprofen, a drug used to relieve inflammation and pain, is a mixture of two enantiomers; that is, molecules that A) have identical three-dimensional shapes. B) are mirror images of one another. C) lack an asymmetric carbon. D) differ in the location of their double bonds. E) differ in their electrical charge.
B Topic:
4.2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 72 Chapter 4, Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life 28) A compound contains hydroxyl groups as its predominant functional group. Which of the following statements is true concerning this compound? A) It lacks an asymmetric carbon, and it is probably a fat or lipid. B) It should dissolve in water. C) It should dissolve in a nonpolar solvent. D) It wonʹt form hydrogen bonds with water. E) It is hydrophobic.
B Topic:
4.2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension Chapter 4, Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life 65 14) Why are hydrocarbons insoluble in water? A) The majority of their bonds are polar covalent carbon-to-hydrogen linkages. B) The majority of their bonds are nonpolar covalent carbon-to-hydrogen linkages. C) They are hydrophilic. D) They exhibit considerable molecular complexity and diversity. E) They are lighter than water.
B Topic:
4.2 Skill: Synthesis/Evaluation 26) Three or four of the pairs of structures shown below depict enantiomers (enantiomeric forms) of the same molecule. Which pair, if any, are NOT enantiomers of a single molecule? If each of the pairs depicts enantiomers, choose answer F. A) Chapter 4, Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life 71 B) C) D) E) F) Both illustrations in each of the other answer choices depict enantiomers of the same molecule.
B Topic:
4.2 Skill: Synthesis/Evaluation 27) Thalidomide and L-dopa, shown below, are examples of pharmaceutical drugs that occur as enantiomers, or molecules that A) have identical three-dimensional shapes. B) are mirror images of one another. C) lack an asymmetric carbon. D) differ in the location of their double bonds. E) differ in their electrical charge.
B Topic:
4.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 43) Which is a carbonyl functional group?
B Topic:
4.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 50) Which molecules contain a carbonyl group? A) A and B B) B and C C) C and D D) D and E E) E and A
B Topic:
4.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 58) Which molecule is a thiol?
B Topic:
4.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension Chapter 4, Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life 77 52) Which molecule has a carbonyl functional group in the form of an aldehyde?
B Topic:
4.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension The following questions refer to the molecules shown in Figure 4.8. Figure 4.8 55) Which molecule contains a sulfhydryl functional group?
B Topic:
5.2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 11) The molecular formula for glucose is C6H12O6. What would be the molecular formula for a molecule made by linking three glucose molecules together by dehydration reactions? A) C18H36O18 B) C18H30O15 C) C6H10O5 D) C18H10O15 E) C3H6O3
B Topic:
5.2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 22) All of the following statements concerning saturated fats are true except A) They are more common in animals than in plants. B) They have multiple double bonds in the carbon chains of their fatty acids. C) They generally solidify at room temperature. D) They contain more hydrogen than saturated fats having the same number of carbon atoms. E) They are one of several factors that contribute to atherosclerosis.
B Topic:
5.2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 3) For this pair of items, choose the option that best describes their relationship. (A) The number of cis double bonds in saturated fatty acids (B) The number of cis double bonds in unsaturated fatty acids A) Item (A) is greater than item (B). B) Item (A) is less than item (B). C) Item (A) is exactly or very approximately equal to item (B). D) Item (A) may stand in more than one of the above relations to item (B).
B Topic:
5.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 23) A molecule with the formula C18H36O2 is probably a A) carbohydrate. B) fatty acid. C) protein. D) nucleic acid. E) hydrocarbon.
B Topic:
5.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 33) Why are human sex hormones considered to be lipids? A) They are essential components of cell membranes. B) They are steroids, which are not soluble in water. C) They are made of fatty acids. D) They are hydrophilic compounds. E) They contribute to atherosclerosis.
B Topic:
5.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 34) All of the following contain amino acids except A) hemoglobin. B) cholesterol. C) antibodies. D) enzymes. E) insulin.
B Topic:
5.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension Chapter 5, The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules 87 25) What is a triacylglycerol? A) a protein with tertiary structure B) a lipid made with three fatty acids and glycerol C) a lipid that makes up much of the plasma membrane D) a molecule formed from three alcohols by dehydration reactions E) a carbohydrate with three sugars joined together by glycosidic linkages
B Topic:
5.4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 39) Polysaccharides, lipids, and proteins are similar in that they A) are synthesized from monomers by the process of hydrolysis. B) are synthesized from monomers by dehydration reactions. C) are synthesized as a result of peptide bond formation between monomers. D) are decomposed into their subunits by dehydration reactions. E) all contain nitrogen in their monomer building blocks.
B Topic:
5.4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 48) What maintains the secondary structure of a protein? A) peptide bonds B) hydrogen bonds C) disulfide bonds D) ionic bonds E) phosphodiester bonds
B Topic:
5.4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 56) The R group or side chain of the amino acid serine is —CH2OH. The R group or side chain of the amino acid alanine is —CH3. Where would you expect to find these amino acids in a globular protein in aqueous solution? A) Serine would be in the interior, and alanine would be on the exterior of the globular protein. B) Alanine would be in the interior, and serine would be on the exterior of the globular protein. C) Both serine and alanine would be in the interior of the globular protein. D) Both serine and alanine would be on the exterior of the globular protein. E) Both serine and alanine would be in the interior and on the exterior of the globular protein.
B Topic:
5.4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 62) Which of the following uses the amino acid sequences of polypeptides to predict a proteinʹs three-dimensional structure? A) X-ray crystallography B) bioinformatics C) analysis of amino acid sequence of small fragments D) NMR spectroscopy E) high-speed centrifugation
B Topic:
5.4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 64) What is the term used for a protein molecule that assists in the proper folding of other proteins? A) tertiary protein B) chaperonin C) enzyme protein D) renaturing protein E) denaturing protein
B Topic:
5.4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 94) A fat (or triacylglycerol) would be formed as a result of a dehydration reaction between A) one molecule of 9 and three molecules of 10. B) three molecules of 9 and one molecule of 10. C) one molecule of 5 and three molecules of 9. D) three molecules of 5 and one molecule of 9. E) one molecule of 5 and three molecules of 10.
B Topic:
5.4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension Chapter 5, The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules 105 99) Which of the following molecules consists of a hydrophilic ʺheadʺ region and a hydrophobic ʺtailʺ region? A) 2 B) 5 C) 7 D) 9 E) 11
B Topic:
5.4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension Chapter 5, The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules 93 50) The α helix and the β pleated sheet are both common polypeptide forms found in which level of protein structure? A) primary B) secondary C) tertiary D) quaternary E) all of the above
B Topic:
5.4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension Chapter 5, The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules 97 65) DNAase is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of the covalent bonds that join nucleotides together. What would first happen to DNA molecules treated with DNAase? A) The two strands of the double helix would separate. B) The phosphodiester bonds between deoxyribose sugars would be broken. C) The purines would be separated from the deoxyribose sugars. D) The pyrimidines would be separated from the deoxyribose sugars. E) All bases would be separated from the deoxyribose sugars.
B Topic:
5.4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension Figure 5.5 37) Which of the following statements is/are true regarding the chemical reaction illustrated in Figure 5.5? A) It is a hydrolysis reaction. B) It results in a peptide bond. C) It joins two fatty acids together. D) A and B only E) A, B, and C
B Topic:
5.5 Skill: Application/Analysis 73) A double-stranded DNA molecule contains a total of 120 purines and 120 pyrimidines. This DNA molecule could be composed of A) 120 adenine and 120 uracil molecules. B) 120 thymine and 120 adenine molecules. C) 120 cytosine and 120 thymine molecules. D) 240 adenine and 240 cytosine molecules. E) 240 guanine and 240 thymine molecules.
B Topic:
5.5 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 100 Chapter 5, The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules 79) A new organism is discovered in the forests of Costa Rica. Scientists there determine that the polypeptide sequence of hemoglobin from the new organism has 72 amino acid differences from humans, 65 differences from a gibbon, 49 differences from a rat, and 5 differences from a frog. These data suggest that the new organism A) is more closely related to humans than to frogs. B) is more closely related to frogs than to humans. C) may have evolved from gibbons but not rats. D) is more closely related to humans than to rats. E) may have evolved from rats but not from humans and gibbons.
B Topic:
5.5 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 67) Of the following functions, the major purpose of RNA is to A) transmit genetic information to offspring. B) function in the synthesis of protein. C) make a copy of itself, thus ensuring genetic continuity. D) act as a pattern or blueprint to form DNA. E) form the genes of higher organisms.
B Topic:
5.5 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 71) Which of the following are nitrogenous bases of the purine type? A) cytosine and guanine B) guanine and adenine C) adenine and thymine D) thymine and uracil E) uracil and cytosine
B Topic:
5.5 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 77) If one strand of a DNA molecule has the sequence of bases 5ʹATTGCA3ʹ, the other complementary strand would have the sequence A) 5ʹTAACGT3ʹ. B) 3ʹTAACGT5ʹ. C) 5ʹUAACGU3ʹ. D) 3ʹUAACGU5ʹ. E) 5ʹUGCAAU3ʹ.
B Topic:
5.5 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 78) What is the structural feature that allows DNA to replicate? A) sugar-phosphate backbone B) complementary pairing of the nitrogenous bases C) disulfide bonding (bridging) of the two helixes D) twisting of the molecule to form an α helix E) three-component structure of the nucleotides
B Topic:
5.5 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 91) Which of the following molecules act as building blocks (monomers) of polypeptides? A) 1, 4, and 6 B) 2, 7, and 8 C) 7, 8, and 13 D) 11, 12, and 13 E) 12, 13, and 15
B Topic:
5.5 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 98 Chapter 5, The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules 70) Which of the following are nitrogenous bases of the pyrimidine type? A) guanine and adenine B) cytosine and uracil C) thymine and guanine D) ribose and deoxyribose E) adenine and thymine
B Topic:
s 5.1, 5.5 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 66) Which of the following statements about the 5ʹ end of a polynucleotide strand of DNA is correct? A) The 5ʹ end has a hydroxyl group attached to the number 5 carbon of ribose. B) The 5ʹ end has a phosphate group attached to the number 5 carbon of ribose. C) The 5ʹ end has thymine attached to the number 5 carbon of ribose. D) The 5ʹ end has a carboxyl group attached to the number 5 carbon of ribose. E) The 5ʹ end is the fifth position on one of the nitrogenous bases.
B Topic:
s 5.1-5.4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 82) Which of the following is a diverse group of hydrophobic molecules? A) carbohydrates B) lipids C) proteins D) nucleic acids
B Topic:
Knowledge/Comprehension 22) All of the following statements concerning saturated fats are true except A) They are more common in animals than in plants. B) They have multiple double bonds in the carbon chains of their fatty acids. C) They generally solidify at room temperature. D) They contain more hydrogen than saturated fats having the same number of carbon atoms. E) They are one of several factors that contribute to atherosclerosis.
B Topic: Concept 5.3
Knowledge/Comprehension 23) A molecule with the formula C18H36O2 is probably a A) carbohydrate. B) fatty acid. C) protein. D) nucleic acid. E) hydrocarbon.
B Topic: Concept 5.3
Knowledge/Comprehension 33) Why are human sex hormones considered to be lipids? A) They are essential components of cell membranes. B) They are steroids, which are not soluble in water. C) They are made of fatty acids. D) They are hydrophilic compounds. E) They contribute to atherosclerosis.
B Topic: Concept 5.3
Knowledge/Comprehension Chapter 5, The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules 87 25) What is a triacylglycerol? A) a protein with tertiary structure B) a lipid made with three fatty acids and glycerol C) a lipid that makes up much of the plasma membrane D) a molecule formed from three alcohols by dehydration reactions E) a carbohydrate with three sugars joined together by glycosidic linkages
B Topic: Concept 5.3
Knowledge/Comprehension 48) What maintains the secondary structure of a protein? A) peptide bonds B) hydrogen bonds C) disulfide bonds D) ionic bonds E) phosphodiester bonds
B Topic: Concept 5.4
Knowledge/Comprehension 56) The R group or side chain of the amino acid serine is —CH2OH. The R group or side chain of the amino acid alanine is —CH3. Where would you expect to find these amino acids in a globular protein in aqueous solution? A) Serine would be in the interior, and alanine would be on the exterior of the globular protein. B) Alanine would be in the interior, and serine would be on the exterior of the globular protein. C) Both serine and alanine would be in the interior of the globular protein. D) Both serine and alanine would be on the exterior of the globular protein. E) Both serine and alanine would be in the interior and on the exterior of the globular protein.
B Topic: Concept 5.4
Knowledge/Comprehension 62) Which of the following uses the amino acid sequences of polypeptides to predict a proteinʹs three-dimensional structure? A) X-ray crystallography B) bioinformatics C) analysis of amino acid sequence of small fragments D) NMR spectroscopy E) high-speed centrifugation
B Topic: Concept 5.4
Knowledge/Comprehension 64) What is the term used for a protein molecule that assists in the proper folding of other proteins? A) tertiary protein B) chaperonin C) enzyme protein D) renaturing protein E) denaturing protein
B Topic: Concept 5.4
Knowledge/Comprehension Chapter 5, The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules 93 50) The α helix and the β pleated sheet are both common polypeptide forms found in which level of protein structure? A) primary B) secondary C) tertiary D) quaternary E) all of the above
B Topic: Concept 5.4
Knowledge/Comprehension Figure 5.5 37) Which of the following statements is/are true regarding the chemical reaction illustrated in Figure 5.5? A) It is a hydrolysis reaction. B) It results in a peptide bond. C) It joins two fatty acids together. D) A and B only E) A, B, and C
B Topic: Concept 5.4
Knowledge/Comprehension 39) Polysaccharides, lipids, and proteins are similar in that they A) are synthesized from monomers by the process of hydrolysis. B) are synthesized from monomers by dehydration reactions. C) are synthesized as a result of peptide bond formation between monomers. D) are decomposed into their subunits by dehydration reactions. E) all contain nitrogen in their monomer building blocks.
B Topic: Concepts 5.1-5.4
Knowledge/Comprehension 34) All of the following contain amino acids except A) hemoglobin. B) cholesterol. C) antibodies. D) enzymes. E) insulin.
B Topic: Concepts 5.3, 5.4
2) The molecular formula for glucose is C6H12O6. What would be the molecular formula for a polymer made by linking ten glucose molecules together by dehydration reactions? A) C60H120O60 B) C6H12O6 C) C60H102O51 D) C60H100O50 E) C60H111O51
C
3.3 Skill: Application/Analysis Chapter 3, Water and the Fitness of the Environment 55 52) Carbon dioxide (CO2) is readily soluble in water, according to the equation CO2 + H2O → H2CO3. Carbonic acid (H2CO3) is a weak acid. If CO2 is bubbled into a beaker containing pure, freshly-distilled water, which of the following graphs correctly describes the results? A) B) C) D) E)
C 56 Chapter 3, Water and the Fitness of the Environment Topic:
3.2 Skill: Application/Analysis 10) Waterʹs high specific heat is mainly a consequence of the A) small size of the water molecules. B) high specific heat of oxygen and hydrogen atoms. C) absorption and release of heat when hydrogen bonds break and form. D) fact that water is a poor heat conductor. E) inability of water to dissipate heat into dry air.
C Topic:
3.2 Skill: Application/Analysis 46 Chapter 3, Water and the Fitness of the Environment Figure 3.2 23) How many grams of the molecule in Figure 3.2 would be equal to 1 mol of the molecule? (Carbon = 12, Oxygen = 16, Hydrogen = 1) A) 29 B) 30 C) 60 D) 150 E) 342
C Topic:
3.2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 12) Temperature usually increases when water condenses. Which behavior of water is most directly responsible for this phenomenon? A) the change in density when it condenses to form a liquid or solid B) reactions with other atmospheric compounds C) the release of heat by the formation of hydrogen bonds D) the release of heat by the breaking of hydrogen bonds E) the high surface tension of water
C Topic:
3.2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension Chapter 3, Water and the Fitness of the Environment 45 20) When an ionic compound such as sodium chloride (NaCl) is placed in water the component atoms of the NaCl crystal dissociate into individual sodium ions (Na+) and chloride ions (Cl-). In contrast, the atoms of covalently bonded molecules (e.g., glucose, sucrose, glycerol) do not generally dissociate when placed in aqueous solution. Which of the following solutions would be expected to contain the greatest number of particles (molecules or ions)? A) 1 L of 0.5 M NaCl B) 1 L of 0.5 M glucose C) 1 L of 1.0 M NaCl D) 1 L of 1.0 M glucose E) C and D will contain equal numbers of particles.
C Topic:
3.2 Skill: Synthesis/Evaluation 28) You have a freshly-prepared 0.1M solution of glucose in water. Each liter of this solution contains how many glucose molecules? A) 6.02 × 1023 B) 3.01 × 1023 C) 6.02 × 1024 D) 12.04 × 1023 E) 6.02 × 1022
C Topic:
3.2 Skill: Synthesis/Evaluation 30) You have a freshly-prepared 1M solution of glucose in water. You carefully pour out a 100 mL sample of that solution. How many glucose molecules are included in that 100 mL sample? A) 6.02 × 1023 B) 3.01 × 1023 C) 6.02 × 1024 D) 12.04 × 1023 E) 6.02 × 1022
C Topic:
3.3 Skill: Application/Analysis 51) Pure, freshly-distilled water has a pH of 7. This means that A) there are no H+ ions in the water. B) there are no OH- ions in the water. C) the concentration of H+ ions in the water equals the concentration of OH- ions in the water. D) the concentration of H+ ions in the water is 7 times the concentration of OH- ions in the water. E) The concentration of OH- ions in the water is 7 times the concentration of H+ ions in the water.
C Topic:
3.3 Skill: Application/Analysis 52 Chapter 3, Water and the Fitness of the Environment 41) If the pH of a solution is increased from pH 5 to pH 7, it means that the A) concentration of H+ is twice (2X) what it was at pH 5. B) concentration of H+ is half (1/2) what it was at pH 5. C) concentration of OH- is 100 times greater than what it was at pH 5. D) concentration of OH- is one-hundredth (0.01X) what it was at pH 5. E) concentration of H+ is 100 times greater and the concentration of OH- is one-hundredth what they were at pH 5.
C Topic:
3.3 Skill: Application/Analysis 57) You have two beakers. One contains a solution of HCl at pH = 1.0. The other contains a solution of NaOH at pH = 13. Into a third beaker, you slowly and cautiously pour 20 mL of the HCL and 20 mL of the NaOH. After complete stirring, the pH of the mixture will be A) 2.0. B) 12.0. C) 7.0. D) 5.0. E) 9.0.
C Topic:
3.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 34) A given solution contains 0.0001(10-4) moles of hydrogen ions [H+] per liter. Which of the following best describes this solution? A) acidic: H+ acceptor B) basic: H+ acceptor C) acidic: H+ donor D) basic: H+ donor E) neutral
C Topic:
5.1 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension Chapter 5, The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules 83 8) How many molecules of water are needed to completely hydrolyze a polymer that is 11 monomers long? A) 12 B) 11 C) 10 D) 9 E) 8
C Topic:
3.3 Skill: Synthesis/Evaluation 55) Equal volumes of vinegar from a freshly-opened bottle are added to each of the following solutions. After complete mixing, which of the mixtures will have the highest pH? A) 100 mL of pure water B) 100 mL of freshly-brewed coffee C) 100 mL of household cleanser containing 0.5M ammonia D) 100 mL of freshly-squeezed orange juice E) 100 mL of tomato juice
C Topic:
3.3 Skill: Synthesis/Evaluation Chapter 3, Water and the Fitness of the Environment 57 56) You have two beakers; one contains pure water, the other contains pure methanol (wood alcohol). The covalent bonds of methanol molecules are nonpolar, so there are no hydrogen bonds among methanol molecules. You pour crystals of table salt (NaCl) into each beaker. Predict what will happen. A) Equal amounts of NaCl crystals will dissolve in both water and methanol. B) NaCl crystals will NOT dissolve in either water or methanol. C) NaCl crystals will dissolve readily in water but will not dissolve in methanol. D) NaCl crystals will dissolve readily in methanol but will not dissolve in water. E) When the first crystals of NaCl are added to water or to methanol, they will not dissolve; but as more crystals are added, the crystals will begin to dissolve faster and faster.
C Topic:
4.1 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 6) Which of the following people was the first to synthesize an organic compound, urea, from inorganic starting materials? A) Stanley Miller B) Jakob Berzelius C) Friedrich Wohler D) Hermann Kolbe E) August Kekulé
C Topic:
4.1 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension Chapter 4, Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life 63 7) Which of the following peopleʹs synthesis of this compound from inorganic starting materials provided evidence against vitalism? A) Stanley Miller B) Jakob Berzelius C) Friedrich Wohler D) Hermann Kolbe E) August Kekulé
C Topic:
4.2 Skill: Application/Analysis Figure 4.1 16) The two molecules shown in Figure 4.1 are best described as A) optical isomers. B) radioactive isotopes. C) structural isomers. D) nonradioactive isotopes. E) geometric isomers.
C Topic:
4.2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 12) A carbon atom is most likely to form what kind of bond(s) with other atoms? A) ionic B) hydrogen C) covalent D) A and B only E) A, B, and C
C Topic:
4.2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 66 Chapter 4, Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life Figure 4.2 17) Shown here in Figure 4.2 are the structures of glucose and fructose. These two molecules differ in the A) number of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. B) types of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. C) arrangement of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. D) number of oxygen atoms joined to carbon atoms by double covalent bonds. E) answers A, B, and C
C Topic:
4.2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 68 Chapter 4, Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life 23) Three or four of the following illustrations depict different structural isomers of the organic compound with molecular formula C6H14. For clarity, only the carbon skeletons are shown; hydrogen atoms that would be attached to the carbons have been omitted. Which one, if any, is NOT a structural isomer of this compound? A) B) C) D) E) Each of the illustrations in the other answer choices depicts a structural isomer of the compound with molecular formula C6H14.
C Topic:
4.2 Skill: Synthesis/Evaluation 70 Chapter 4, Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life 25) Which of the pairs of molecular structures shown below do NOT depict enantiomers (enantiomeric forms) of the same molecule? A) B) C) D) E)
C Topic:
4.3 Skill: Application/Analysis 74 Chapter 4, Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life 37) Which functional groups can act as acids? A) amine and sulfhydryl B) carbonyl and carboxyl C) carboxyl and phosphate D) hydroxyl and aldehyde E) ketone and amino
C Topic:
4.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 33) Which two functional groups are always found in amino acids? A) ketone and aldehyde B) carbonyl and carboxyl C) carboxyl and amino D) phosphate and sulfhydryl E) hydroxyl and aldehyde
C Topic:
4.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 34) Amino acids are acids because they always possess which functional group? A) amino B) carbonyl C) carboxyl D) sulfhydryl E) aldehyde
C Topic:
4.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 45) Which is a carboxyl functional group?
C Topic:
4.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 51) Which molecule has a carbonyl functional group in the form of a ketone?
C Topic:
4.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 62) Testosterone and estradiol are male and female sex hormones, respectively, in many vertebrates. In what way(s) do these molecules differ from each other? A) Testosterone and estradiol are structural isomers but have the same molecular formula. B) Testosterone and estradiol are geometric isomers but have the same molecular formula. C) Testosterone and estradiol have different functional groups attached to the same carbon skeleton. D) Testosterone and estradiol have distinctly different chemical structures, with one including four fused rings of carbon atoms, while the other has three rings. E) Testosterone and estradiol are enantiomers of the same organic molecule.
C Topic:
4.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 76 Chapter 4, Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life 46) Which is an acidic functional group that can dissociate and release H+ into a solution?
C Topic:
4.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension The following questions refer to the structures shown in Figure 4.5. Figure 4.5 38) Which of the structures is an impossible covalently bonded molecule? A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E
C Topic:
5.1 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 2) For this pair of items, choose the option that best describes their relationship. (A) The probability of finding chitin in fungal cell walls (B) The probability of finding chitin in arthropod exoskeletons A) Item (A) is greater than item (B). B) Item (A) is less than item (B). C) Item (A) is exactly or very approximately equal to item (B). D) Item (A) may stand in more than one of the above relations to item (B).
C Topic:
5.1 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 7) What is the chemical mechanism by which cells make polymers from monomers? A) phosphodiester linkages B) hydrolysis C) dehydration reactions D) ionic bonding of monomers E) the formation of disulfide bridges between monomers
C Topic:
5.2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 86 Chapter 5, The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules 21) Humans can digest starch but not cellulose because A) the monomer of starch is glucose, while the monomer of cellulose is galactose. B) humans have enzymes that can hydrolyze the beta (β) glycosidic linkages of starch but not the alpha (α) glycosidic linkages of cellulose. C) humans have enzymes that can hydrolyze the alpha (α) glycosidic linkages of starch but not the beta (β) glycosidic linkages of cellulose. D) humans harbor starch-digesting bacteria in the digestive tract. E) the monomer of starch is glucose, while the monomer of cellulose is maltose.
C Topic:
5.2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 88) Which molecule is glycerol? A) 1 B) 6 C) 10 D) 14 E) 15
C Topic:
5.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 26) Which of the following is true regarding saturated fatty acids? A) They are the predominant fatty acid in corn oil. B) They have double bonds between carbon atoms of the fatty acids. C) They are the principal molecules in lard and butter. D) They are usually liquid at room temperature. E) They are usually produced by plants.
C Topic:
5.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 88 Chapter 5, The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules Figure 5.3 28) Which of the following statements is true regarding the molecule illustrated in Figure 5.3? A) It is a saturated fatty acid. B) A diet rich in this molecule may contribute to atherosclerosis. C) Molecules of this type are usually liquid at room temperature. D) A and B only E) A, B and C
C Topic:
5.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension Chapter 5, The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules 89 Figure 5.4 32) What is the structure shown in Figure 5.4? A) starch molecule B) protein molecule C) steroid molecule D) cellulose molecule E) phospholipid molecule
C Topic:
5.4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 43) Which bond is a peptide bond?
C Topic:
5.4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 55) At which level of protein structure are interactions between the side chains (R groups) most important? A) primary B) secondary C) tertiary D) quaternary E) all of the above
C Topic:
5.4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 60) What method did Frederick Sanger use to elucidate the structure of insulin? A) X-ray crystallography B) bioinformatics C) analysis of amino acid sequence of small fragments D) NMR spectroscopy E) high-speed centrifugation
C Topic:
5.4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 90 Chapter 5, The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules 36) There are 20 different amino acids. What makes one amino acid different from another? A) different carboxyl groups attached to an alpha (α) carbon B) different amino groups attached to an alpha (α) carbon C) different side chains (R groups) attached to an alpha (α) carbon D) different alpha (α) carbons E) different asymmetric carbons
C Topic:
5.4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 92) Which of the following molecules is an amino acid with a hydrophobic R group or side chain? A) 3 B) 5 C) 7 D) 8 E) 12
C Topic:
5.4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 93) Which of the following molecules could be joined together by a peptide bond as a result of a dehydration reaction? A) 2 and 3 B) 3 and 7 C) 7 and 8 D) 8 and 9 E) 12 and 13
C Topic:
5.4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 94 Chapter 5, The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules 53) The tertiary structure of a protein is the A) bonding together of several polypeptide chains by weak bonds. B) order in which amino acids are joined in a polypeptide chain. C) unique three-dimensional shape of the fully folded polypeptide. D) organization of a polypeptide chain into an α helix or β pleated sheet. E) overall protein structure resulting from the aggregation of two or more polypeptide subunits.
C Topic:
5.4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension Refer to Figure 5.6 to answer the following questions. Figure 5.6 42) At which bond would water need to be added to achieve hydrolysis of the peptide, back to its component amino acid?
C Topic:
5.5 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 69) Which of the following descriptions best fits the class of molecules known as nucleotides? A) a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group B) a nitrogenous base and a pentose sugar C) a nitrogenous base, a phosphate group, and a pentose sugar D) a phosphate group and an adenine or uracil E) a pentose sugar and a purine or pyrimidine
C Topic:
5.5 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 72) If a DNA sample were composed of 10% thymine, what would be the percentage of guanine? A) 10 B) 20 C) 40 D) 80 E) impossible to tell from the information given
C Topic:
5.5 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension Chapter 5, The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules 101 84) Enzymes are A) carbohydrates. B) lipids. C) proteins. D) nucleic acids.
C Topic:
5.5 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension Chapter 5, The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules 99 75) Which of the following statements best summarizes the structural differences between DNA and RNA? A) RNA is a protein, whereas DNA is a nucleic acid. B) DNA is a protein, whereas RNA is a nucleic acid. C) DNA nucleotides contain a different sugar than RNA nucleotides. D) RNA is a double helix, but DNA is single-stranded. E) A and D are correct.
C Topic:
s 5.1-5.4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 41) Upon chemical analysis, a particular polypeptide was found to contain 100 amino acids. How many peptide bonds are present in this protein? A) 101 B) 100 C) 99 D) 98 E) 97
C Topic:
Knowledge/Comprehension 86 Chapter 5, The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules 21) Humans can digest starch but not cellulose because A) the monomer of starch is glucose, while the monomer of cellulose is galactose. B) humans have enzymes that can hydrolyze the beta (β) glycosidic linkages of starch but not the alpha (α) glycosidic linkages of cellulose. C) humans have enzymes that can hydrolyze the alpha (α) glycosidic linkages of starch but not the beta (β) glycosidic linkages of cellulose. D) humans harbor starch-digesting bacteria in the digestive tract. E) the monomer of starch is glucose, while the monomer of cellulose is maltose.
C Topic: Concept 5.2
Knowledge/Comprehension 26) Which of the following is true regarding saturated fatty acids? A) They are the predominant fatty acid in corn oil. B) They have double bonds between carbon atoms of the fatty acids. C) They are the principal molecules in lard and butter. D) They are usually liquid at room temperature. E) They are usually produced by plants.
C Topic: Concept 5.3
Knowledge/Comprehension 88 Chapter 5, The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules Figure 5.3 28) Which of the following statements is true regarding the molecule illustrated in Figure 5.3? A) It is a saturated fatty acid. B) A diet rich in this molecule may contribute to atherosclerosis. C) Molecules of this type are usually liquid at room temperature. D) A and B only E) A, B and C
C Topic: Concept 5.3
Knowledge/Comprehension Chapter 5, The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules 89 Figure 5.4 32) What is the structure shown in Figure 5.4? A) starch molecule B) protein molecule C) steroid molecule D) cellulose molecule E) phospholipid molecule
C Topic: Concept 5.3
Knowledge/Comprehension 41) Upon chemical analysis, a particular polypeptide was found to contain 100 amino acids. How many peptide bonds are present in this protein? A) 101 B) 100 C) 99 D) 98 E) 97
C Topic: Concept 5.4
Knowledge/Comprehension 43) Which bond is a peptide bond?
C Topic: Concept 5.4
Knowledge/Comprehension 55) At which level of protein structure are interactions between the side chains (R groups) most important? A) primary B) secondary C) tertiary D) quaternary E) all of the above
C Topic: Concept 5.4
Knowledge/Comprehension 60) What method did Frederick Sanger use to elucidate the structure of insulin? A) X-ray crystallography B) bioinformatics C) analysis of amino acid sequence of small fragments D) NMR spectroscopy E) high-speed centrifugation
C Topic: Concept 5.4
Knowledge/Comprehension 90 Chapter 5, The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules 36) There are 20 different amino acids. What makes one amino acid different from another? A) different carboxyl groups attached to an alpha (α) carbon B) different amino groups attached to an alpha (α) carbon C) different side chains (R groups) attached to an alpha (α) carbon D) different alpha (α) carbons E) different asymmetric carbons
C Topic: Concept 5.4
Knowledge/Comprehension 94 Chapter 5, The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules 53) The tertiary structure of a protein is the A) bonding together of several polypeptide chains by weak bonds. B) order in which amino acids are joined in a polypeptide chain. C) unique three-dimensional shape of the fully folded polypeptide. D) organization of a polypeptide chain into an α helix or β pleated sheet. E) overall protein structure resulting from the aggregation of two or more polypeptide subunits.
C Topic: Concept 5.4
Knowledge/Comprehension Refer to Figure 5.6 to answer the following questions. Figure 5.6 42) At which bond would water need to be added to achieve hydrolysis of the peptide, back to its component amino acid?
C Topic: Concept 5.4
6) Which of the following pairs of base sequences could form a short stretch of a normal double helix of DNA? A) 5ʹ-purine-pyrimidine-purine-pyrimidine-3ʹ with 3ʹ-purine-pyrimidine-purine-pyrimidine-5ʹ B) 5ʹ-A-G-C-T-3ʹ with 5ʹ-T-C-G-A-3ʹ C) 5ʹ-G-C-G-C-3ʹ with 5ʹ-T-A-T-A-3ʹ D) 5ʹ-A-T-G-C-3ʹ with 5ʹ-G-C-A-T-3ʹ E) All of these pairs are correct.
D
s 5.2-5.4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 106 Chapter 5, The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules Self-Quiz Questions The following questions are from the end-of-chapter-review Self-Quiz questions in Chapter 5 of the textbook. 1) Which term includes all others in the list? A) monosaccharide B) disaccharide C) starch D) carbohydrate E) polysaccharide
D
Knowledge/Comprehension 20) Which of the following is true of cellulose? A) It is a polymer composed of sucrose monomers. B) It is a storage polysaccharide for energy in plant cells. C) It is a storage polysaccharide for energy in animal cells. D) It is a major structural component of plant cell walls. E) It is a major structural component of animal cell plasma membranes.
D Topic: Concept 5.2
3.3 Skill: Synthesis/Evaluation 58 Chapter 3, Water and the Fitness of the Environment Self-Quiz Questions The following questions are from the end-of-chapter-review Self-Quiz questions in Chapter 3 of the textbook. 1) Many mammals control their body temperature by sweating. Which property of water is most directly responsible for the ability of sweat to lower body temperature? A) waterʹs change in density when it condenses B) waterʹs ability to dissolve molecules in the air C) the release of heat by the formation of hydrogen bonds D) the absorption of heat by the breaking of hydrogen bonds E) waterʹs high surface tension
D 2) A slice of pizza has 500 kcal. If we could burn the pizza and use all the heat to warm a 50 -L container of cold water, what would be the approximate increase in the temperature of the water? (Note: A liter of cold water weighs about 1 kg.) A) 50°C B) 5°C C) 10°C D) 100°C E) 1°C Answer: C 3) The bonds that are broken when water vaporizes are A) ionic bonds. B) hydrogen bonds between water molecules. C) covalent bonds between atoms within water molecules. D) polar covalent bonds. E) nonpolar covalent bonds Answer: B 4) Which of the following is a hydrophobic material? A) paper B) table salt C) wax D) sugar E) pasta Answer: C 5) We can be sure that a mole of table sugar and a mole of vitamin C are equal in their A) mass in daltons. B) mass in grams. C) number of molecules. D) number of atoms. E) volume. Answer: C Chapter 3, Water and the Fitness of the Environment 59 6) How many grams of acetic acid (C2H4O2) would you use to make 10 L of a 0.1 M aqueous solution of acetic acid? (Note: The atomic masses, in daltons, are approximately 12 for carbon, 1 for hydrogen, and 16 for oxygen.) A) 10.0 g B) 0.1 g C) 6.0 g D) 60.0 g E) 0.6 g Answer: D 7) Measurements show that the pH of a particular lake is 4.0. What is the hydrogen ion concentration of the lake? A) 4.0 M B) 10-10 M C) 10-4 M D) 104 M E) 4% Answer: C 8) What is the hydroxide ion concentration of the lake described in question 7? A) 10-7 M B) 10-4 M C) 10-10 M D) 10-14 M E) 10 M Answer: C 9) Draw three water molecules and label the atoms. Draw solid lines to indicate covalent bonds and dotted lines for hydrogen bonds. Add partial charge labels as appropriate. Answer: 60 Chapter 3, Water and the Fitness of the Environment Chapter 4 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life All organisms are composed mostly of chemical structures based on the element carbon. This chapter builds upon information and concepts introduced in Chapters 2 and 3 and extends the descriptions and analysis to more detailed consideration of the carbon atom. Of all the elements, carbon is unparalleled in its ability to form molecules that are large, complex, and diverse. Student understanding of this complexity and diversity is aided by naming and describing typical groups of atoms (functional groups) that are mixed and matched to construct larger carbon-based molecules. Much of the material in this chapter lends itself to questions that emphasize recall and application; and many such questions are presented. But other topics in this chapter require synthesis and interpretation, as well as visualization of three-dimensional arrangements of atoms, and so we have added several questions that will be more challenging for most students. This chapter lays the foundation for later elaboration of roles of molecular structure in various life processes. Several form/function questions assess student understanding of these concepts. Multiple-Choice Questions 1) Organic chemistry is a science based on the study of A) functional groups. B) vital forces interacting with matter. C) carbon compounds. D) water and its interaction with other kinds of molecules. E) inorganic compounds. Answer: C Topic:
3.2 Skill: Application/Analysis 11) Which type of bond must be broken for water to vaporize? A) ionic bonds B) nonpolar covalent bonds C) polar covalent bonds D) hydrogen bonds E) covalent bonds
D Topic:
3.2 Skill: Application/Analysis 25) How many grams of the molecule in Figure 3.2 would be required to make 2.5 L of a 1 M solution of the molecule? (Carbon = 12, Oxygen = 16, Hydrogen = 1) A) 29 B) 30 C) 60 D) 150 E) 342
D Topic:
3.2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 14) Why does ice float in liquid water? A) The liquid water molecules have more kinetic energy and thus support the ice. B) The ionic bonds between the molecules in ice prevent the ice from sinking. C) Ice always has air bubbles that keep it afloat. D) Hydrogen bonds stabilize and keep the molecules of ice farther apart than the water molecules of liquid water. E) The crystalline lattice of ice causes it to be denser than liquid water.
D Topic:
3.2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 42 Chapter 3, Water and the Fitness of the Environment 9) The nutritional information on a cereal box shows that one serving of a dry cereal has 200 kilocalories. If one were to burn one serving of the cereal, the amount of heat given off would be sufficient to raise the temperature of 20 kg of water how many degrees Celsius? A) 0.2°C B) 1.0°C C) 2.0°C D) 10.0°C E) 20.0°C
D Topic:
3.3 Skill: Application/Analysis 42) One liter of a solution of pH 2 has how many more hydrogen ions (H+) than 1 L of a solution of pH 6? A) 4 times more B) 400 times more C) 4,000 times more D) 10,000 times more E) 100,000 times more
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3.3 Skill: Application/Analysis 44) Which of the following statements is true about buffer solutions? A) They maintain a constant pH when bases are added to them but not when acids are added to them. B) They maintain a constant pH when acids are added to them but not when bases are added to them. C) They maintain a constant pH of exactly 7 in all living cells and biological fluids. D) They maintain a relatively constant pH when either acids or bases are added to them. E) They are found only in living systems and biological fluids.
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3.3 Skill: Application/Analysis 49) Research indicates that acid precipitation can damage living organisms by A) buffering aquatic systems such as lakes and streams. B) decreasing the H+ concentration of lakes and streams. C) increasing the OH- concentration of lakes and streams. D) washing away certain mineral ions that help buffer soil solution and are essential nutrients for plant growth. E) both B and C
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3.3 Skill: Application/Analysis Chapter 3, Water and the Fitness of the Environment 51 37) What is the pH of a solution with a hydrogen ion [H+] concentration of 10-8 M? A) pH 2 B) pH 4 C) pH 6 D) pH 8 E) pH 10
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3.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 46) One of the buffers that contribute to pH stability in human blood is carbonic acid (H2CO3). Carbonic acid is a weak acid that dissociates into a bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) and a hydrogen ion (H+). Thus, H2CO3 ↔ HCO3- + H+ If the pH of the blood drops, one would expect A) a decrease in the concentration of H2CO3 and an increase in the concentration of HCO3-. B) the concentration of hydroxide ion (OH-) to increase. C) the concentration of bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) to increase. D) the HCO3- to act as a base and remove excess H+ with the formation of H2CO3. E) the HCO3- to act as an acid and remove excess H+ with the formation of H2CO3.
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3.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 50 Chapter 3, Water and the Fitness of the Environment 33) Which of the following statements is completely correct? A) H2CO3 is a weak acid, and NaOH is a weak base (alkali). B) H2CO3 is a strong acid, and NaOH is a strong base (alkali). C) NH3 is a weak base (alkali), and H2CO3 is a strong acid. D) NH3 is a weak base (alkali), and HCl is a strong acid. E) NH3 is a strong base (alkali), and HCl is a weak acid.
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4.1 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 11) How many electron pairs does carbon share in order to complete its valence shell? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 8
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4.1 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 8) Which of the following people synthesized an organic compound, acetic acid, from inorganic substances that had been prepared directly from pure elements? A) Stanley Miller B) Jakob Berzelius C) Friedrich Wohler D) Hermann Kolbe E) August Kekulé
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4.1 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 9) Which of the following peopleʹs synthesis of this compound from inorganic starting materials provided evidence against vitalism? A) Stanley Miller B) Jakob Berzelius C) Friedrich Wohler D) Hermann Kolbe E) August Kekulé
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4.2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 18) Shown here in Figure 4.2 are the structures of glucose and fructose. These two molecules are A) geometric isotopes. B) enantiomers. C) geometric isomers. D) structural isomers. E) nonisotopic isomers.
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4.2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension Chapter 4, Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life 69 24) Which of the pairs of molecular structures shown below depict enantiomers (enantiomeric forms) of the same molecule? A) B) C) D) E)
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4.3 Skill: Application/Analysis 36) A chemist wishes to make an organic molecule less acidic. Which of the following functional groups should be added to the molecule in order to do so? A) carboxyl B) sulfhydryl C) hydroxyl D) amino E) phosphate
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4.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 31) Which of the following contains nitrogen in addition to carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen? A) an alcohol such as ethanol B) a monosaccharide such as glucose C) a steroid such as testosterone D) an amino acid such as glycine E) a hydrocarbon such as benzene
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4.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 35) A carbon skeleton is covalently bonded to both an amino group and a carboxyl group. When placed in water it A) would function only as an acid because of the carboxyl group. B) would function only as a base because of the amino group. C) would function as neither an acid nor a base. D) would function as both an acid and a base. E) is impossible to determine how it would function.
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4.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 42) Which is an amino functional group?
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4.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 47) Which is a basic functional group that can accept H+ and become positively charged?
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4.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 53) Which molecule contains a carboxyl group?
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4.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 54) Which molecule can increase the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution and is therefore an organic acid?
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4.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 56) Which molecule functions to transfer energy between organic molecules?
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4.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 78 Chapter 4, Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life 59) Which molecule is an organic phosphate?
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4.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension Chapter 4, Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life 73 32) Which of the following is a false statement concerning amino groups? A) They are basic in pH. B) They are found in amino acids. C) They contain nitrogen. D) They are nonpolar. E) They are components of urea.
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4.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension Figure 4.4 30) What is the name of the functional group shown in Figure 4.4? A) carbonyl B) ketone C) aldehyde D) carboxyl E) hydroxyl
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5.1 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 10) Which of the following polymers contain nitrogen? A) starch B) glycogen C) cellulose D) chitin E) amylopectin
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5.2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 17) Lactose, a sugar in milk, is composed of one glucose molecule joined by a glycosidic linkage to one galactose molecule. How is lactose classified? A) as a pentose B) as a hexose C) as a monosaccharide D) as a disaccharide E) as a polysaccharide
D Topic:
5.2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 20) Which of the following is true of cellulose? A) It is a polymer composed of sucrose monomers. B) It is a storage polysaccharide for energy in plant cells. C) It is a storage polysaccharide for energy in animal cells. D) It is a major structural component of plant cell walls. E) It is a major structural component of animal cell plasma membranes.
D Topic:
5.2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 86) Which of the following combinations could be linked together to form a nucleotide? A) 1, 2, and 11 B) 3, 7, and 8 C) 5, 9, and 10 D) 11, 12, and 13 E) 12, 14, and 15
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5.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 104 Chapter 5, The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules 95) Which of the following molecules could be joined together by a phosphodiester type of covalent bond? A) 3 and 4 B) 3 and 8 C) 6 and 15 D) 11 and 12 E) 11 and 13
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5.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 83) Which of the following store and transmit hereditary information? A) carbohydrates B) lipids C) proteins D) nucleic acids
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5.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 96) Which of the following molecules is the pentose sugar found in RNA? A) 1 B) 4 C) 6 D) 12 E) 13
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5.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension Figure 5.2 27) Which of the following statements is true regarding the molecule illustrated in Figure 5.2? A) It is a saturated fatty acid. B) A diet rich in this molecule may contribute to atherosclerosis. C) Molecules of this type are usually liquid at room temperature. D) A and B only E) A, B and C
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5.4 Skill: Application/Analysis Chapter 5, The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules 95 57) Misfolding of polypeptides is a serious problem in cells. Which of the following diseases are associated with an accumulation of misfolded proteins? A) Alzheimerʹs B) Parkinsonʹs C) diabetes D) A and B only E) A, B, and C
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5.4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 49) Which type of interaction stabilizes the alpha (α) helix and the beta (β) pleated sheet structures of proteins? A) hydrophobic interactions B) nonpolar covalent bonds C) ionic bonds D) hydrogen bonds E) peptide bonds
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5.4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 54) A strong covalent bond between amino acids that functions in maintaining a polypeptideʹs specific three-dimensional shape is a (an) A) ionic bond. B) hydrophobic interaction. C) van der Waals interaction. D) disulfide bond. E) hydrogen bond.
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5.4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension Figure 5.7 51) The structure depicted in Figure 5.7 shows the A) 1-4 linkage of the α glucose monomers of starch. B) 1-4 linkage of the β glucose monomers of cellulose. C) double helical structure of a DNA molecule. D) α helix secondary structure of a polypeptide. E) β pleated sheet secondary structure of a polypeptide.
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5.5 Skill: Application/Analysis 80) Which of the following is an example of hydrolysis? A) the reaction of two monosaccharides, forming a disaccharide with the release of water B) the synthesis of two amino acids, forming a peptide with the release of water C) the reaction of a fat, forming glycerol and fatty acids with the release of water D) the reaction of a fat, forming glycerol and fatty acids with the utilization of water E) the synthesis of a nucleotide from a phosphate, a pentose sugar, and a nitrogenous base with the production of a molecule of water
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8) Which of the following statements correctly defines a kilocalorie? A) the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1°F B) the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1°C C) the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1°F D) the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1°C E) the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1,000 g of water by 1°F
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Knowledge/Comprehension Figure 5.2 27) Which of the following statements is true regarding the molecule illustrated in Figure 5.2? A) It is a saturated fatty acid. B) A diet rich in this molecule may contribute to atherosclerosis. C) Molecules of this type are usually liquid at room temperature. D) A and B only E) A, B and C
D Topic: Concept 5.3
Application/Analysis Chapter 5, The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules 95 57) Misfolding of polypeptides is a serious problem in cells. Which of the following diseases are associated with an accumulation of misfolded proteins? A) Alzheimerʹs B) Parkinsonʹs C) diabetes D) A and B only E) A, B, and C
D Topic: Concept 5.4
Knowledge/Comprehension 49) Which type of interaction stabilizes the alpha (α) helix and the beta (β) pleated sheet structures of proteins? A) hydrophobic interactions B) nonpolar covalent bonds C) ionic bonds D) hydrogen bonds E) peptide bonds
D Topic: Concept 5.4
Knowledge/Comprehension 54) A strong covalent bond between amino acids that functions in maintaining a polypeptideʹs specific three-dimensional shape is a (an) A) ionic bond. B) hydrophobic interaction. C) van der Waals interaction. D) disulfide bond. E) hydrogen bond.
D Topic: Concept 5.4
Knowledge/Comprehension Figure 5.7 51) The structure depicted in Figure 5.7 shows the A) 1-4 linkage of the α glucose monomers of starch. B) 1-4 linkage of the β glucose monomers of cellulose. C) double helical structure of a DNA molecule. D) α helix secondary structure of a polypeptide. E) β pleated sheet secondary structure of a polypeptide.
D Topic: Concept 5.4
5.5 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 76) In the double helix structure of nucleic acids, cytosine hydrogen bonds to A) deoxyribose. B) ribose. C) adenine. D) thymine. E) guanine.
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3.2 Skill: Application/Analysis 21) The molecular mass of glucose is 180 g. Which of the following procedures should you carry out to make a 1 M solution of glucose? A) Dissolve 1 g of glucose in 1 L of water. B) Dissolve 180 g of glucose in 1 L of water. C) Dissolve 180 g of glucose in 100 g of water. D) Dissolve 180 mg (milligrams) of glucose in 1 L of water. E) Dissolve 180 g of glucose in water, and then add more water until the total volume of the solution is 1 L.
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3.2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 17) One mole (mol) of a substance is A) 6.02 × 1023 molecules of the substance. B) 1 g of the substance dissolved in 1 L of solution. C) the largest amount of the substance that can be dissolved in 1 L of solution. D) the molecular mass of the substance expressed in grams. E) A and D only
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3.2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 18) How many molecules of glucose (C6H2O6 molecular mass =180 daltons) would be present in one mole of glucose? A) 24 B) 342 C) 23 × 1014 D) 180 × 1014 E) 6.02 × 1023
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3.2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 19) How many molecules of glycerol (C3H8O3) would be present in 1 L of a 1 M glycerol solution? A) 1 B) 14 C) 92 D) 1 × 107 E) 6.02 × 1023
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3.3 Skill: Application/Analysis 35) A solution contains 0.0000001(10-7) moles of hydroxyl ions [OH-] per liter. Which of the following best describes this solution? A) acidic: H+ acceptor B) basic: H+ acceptor C) acidic: H+ donor D) basic: H+ donor E) neutral
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3.3 Skill: Application/Analysis 40) If the pH of a solution is decreased from 9 to 8, it means that the A) concentration of H+ has decreased to one-tenth (1/10) what it was at pH 9. B) concentration of H+ has increased 10-fold (10X) compared to what it was at pH 9. C) concentration of OH- has increased 10-fold (10X) compared to what it was at pH 9. D) concentration of OH- has decreased to one-tenth (1/10) what it was at pH 9. E) Both B and D are correct.
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3.3 Skill: Application/Analysis 43) One liter of a solution pH 9 has how many more hydroxyl ions (OH-) than 1 L of a solution of pH 4? A) 5 times more B) 100 times more C) 1,000 times more D) 10,000 times more E) 100,000 times more
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3.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 32) Which of the following ionizes completely in solution and is considered to be a strong base (alkali)? A) NaCl B) HCl C) NH3 D) H2CO3 E) NaOH
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3.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 39) Which of the following solutions has the greatest concentration of hydroxyl ions [OH-]? A) lemon juice at pH 2 B) vinegar at pH 3 C) tomato juice at pH 4 D) urine at pH 6 E) seawater at pH 8
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3.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 50) Consider two solutions: solution X has a pH of 4; solution Y has a pH of 7. From this information, we can reasonably conclude that A) solution Y has no free hydrogen ions (H+). B) the concentration of hydrogen ions in solution X is 30 times as great as the concentration of hydrogen ions in solution Y. C) the concentration of hydrogen ions in solution Y is 1,000 times as great as the concentration of hydrogen ions in solution X. D) the concentration of hydrogen ions in solution X is 3 times as great as the concentration of hydrogen ions in solution Y. E) None of the other answer choices correctly describes these solutions.
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3.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension Chapter 3, Water and the Fitness of the Environment 53 45) Buffers are substances that help resist shifts in pH by A) releasing H+ in acidic solutions. B) donating H+ to a solution when they have been depleted. C) releasing OH- in basic solutions. D) accepting H+ when the are in excess. E) Both B and D are correct.
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3.3 Skill: Synthesis/Evaluation 54) A 100 mL beaker contains 10 mL of NaOH solution at pH = 13. A technician carefully pours into the beaker, 10 mL of HCl at pH = 1. Which of the following statements correctly describes the results of this mixing? A) The concentration of Na+ ion rises. B) The concentration of Cl- ion falls. C) The concentration of undissociated H2O molecules remains unchanged. D) The pH of the beakerʹs contents rises. E) The pH of the beakerʹs contents falls.
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5.5 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 87) Which of the following molecules contain(s) an aldehyde type of carbonyl functional group? A) 1 B) 4 C) 8 D) 10 E) 1 and 4
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4.1 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 61 3) The experimental approach taken in current biological investigations presumes that A) simple organic compounds can be synthesized in the laboratory from inorganic precursors, but complex organic compounds like carbohydrates and proteins can only be synthesized by living organisms. B) a life force ultimately controls the activities of living organisms and this life force cannot be studied by physical or chemical methods. C) although a life force, or vitalism, exists in living organisms, this life force cannot be studied by physical or chemical methods. D) living organisms are composed of the same elements present in nonliving things, plus a few special trace elements found only in living organisms or their products. E) living organisms can be understood in terms of the same physical and chemical laws that can be used to explain all natural phenomena.
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4.2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 13) Which of the following statements best describes the carbon atoms present in all organic molecules? A) They were incorporated into organic molecules by plants. B) They were processed into sugars through photosynthesis. C) They are ultimately derived from carbon dioxide. D) Only A and C are correct. E) A, B, and C are correct.
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4.2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension Chapter 4, Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life 67 Figure 4.3 20) The two molecules shown in Figure 4.3 are best described as A) enantiomers. B) radioactive isotopes. C) structural isomers. D) nonisotopic isomers. E) geometric isomers.
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4.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 29) Which is the best description of a carbonyl group? A) an oxygen joined to a carbon by a single covalent bond B) a nitrogen and two hydrogens joined to a carbon by covalent bonds C) a carbon joined to two hydrogens by single covalent bonds D) a sulfur and a hydrogen joined to a carbon by covalent bonds E) a carbon atom joined to an oxygen by a double covalent bond
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4.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 39) Which of the structures contain(s) a carboxyl functional group? A) A B) B C) C D) C and E E) none of the structures
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4.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 44) Which is a functional group that helps stabilize proteins by forming covalent cross-links within or between protein molecules?
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4.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 61) Testosterone and estradiol are A) nucleic acids. B) carbohydrates. C) proteins. D) phospholipids. E) steroids.
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4.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension Chapter 4, Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life 75 40) In which of the structures are the atoms bonded by ionic bonds? A) A B) B C) C D) C, D, and E only E) none of the structures
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5.1 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 9) Which of the following best summarizes the relationship between dehydration reactions and hydrolysis? A) Dehydration reactions assemble polymers, and hydrolysis reactions break down polymers. B) Macromolecular synthesis occurs through the removal of water and digestion occurs through the addition of water. C) Dehydration reactions can occur only after hydrolysis. D) Hydrolysis creates monomers, and dehydration reactions break down polymers. E) A and B are correct.
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5.2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 14) A molecule with the chemical formula C6H12O6 is probably a A) carbohydrate. B) lipid. C) monosaccharide D) A and B only. E) A, B, and C.
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5.2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 89) Which molecule is a saturated fatty acid? A) 1 B) 5 C) 6 D) 8 E) 9
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5.2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension Chapter 5, The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules 85 16) Which of the following descriptors is true of the molecule shown in Figure 5.1? A) hexose B) fructose C) glucose D) A and B only E) A and C only
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5.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 100) Which of the following statements is false? A) 1 and 4 could be joined together by a glycosidic linkage to form a disaccharide. B) 9 and 10 could be joined together by ester bonds to form a triacylglycerol. C) 2 and 7 could be joined together to form a short peptide. D) 2, 7, and 8 could be joined together to form a short peptide. E) 14 and 15 could be joined together to form a polypeptide.
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5.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 29) The molecule shown in Figure 5.3 is a A) polysaccharide. B) polypeptide. C) saturated fatty acid. D) triacylglycerol. E) unsaturated fatty acid.
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5.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension Chapter 5, The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules 103 90) Which of the following molecules is a purine type of nitrogenous base? A) 2 B) 3 C) 5 D) 12 E) 13
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5.4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 46) How many different kinds of polypeptides, each composed of 12 amino acids, could be synthesized using the 20 common amino acids? A) 412 B) 1220 C) 125 D) 20 E) 2012
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5.4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 58) What would be an unexpected consequence of changing one amino acid in a protein consisting of 325 amino acids? A) The primary structure of the protein would be changed. B) The tertiary structure of the protein might be changed. C) The biological activity or function of the protein might be altered. D) Only A and C are correct. E) A, B, and C are correct.
E Topic:
5.4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 59) Altering which of the following levels of structural organization could change the function of a protein? A) primary B) secondary C) tertiary D) quaternary E) all of the above
E Topic:
5.4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 63) The function of each protein is a consequence of its specific shape. What is the term used for a change in a proteinʹs three-dimensional shape or conformation due to disruption of hydrogen bonds, disulfide bridges, or ionic bonds? A) hydrolysis B) stabilization C) destabilization D) renaturation E) denaturation
E Topic:
5.4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 92 Chapter 5, The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules 45) Which bond is closest to the carboxyl end of the molecule?
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5.5 Skill: Application/Analysis 74) The difference between the sugar in DNA and the sugar in RNA is that the sugar in DNA A) is a six-carbon sugar and the sugar in RNA is a five-carbon sugar. B) can form a double-stranded molecule. C) has a six-membered ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms. D) can attach to a phosphate. E) contains one less oxygen atom.
E Topic:
5.5 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 97) Which of the following molecules contains a glycosidic linkage type of covalent bond? A) 4 B) 6 C) 12 D) 13 E) 15
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s 5.1-5.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 31) The hydrogenation of vegetable oil results in which of the following? A) saturated fats and unsaturated fats with trans double bonds B) an increased contribution to artherosclerosis C) the oil (fat) being a solid at room temperature D) A and C only E) A, B, and C
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s 5.1-5.4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 81) The element nitrogen is present in all of the following except A) proteins. B) nucleic acids. C) amino acids. D) DNA. E) monosaccharides.
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s 5.1-5.4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension Chapter 5, The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules 91 40) Dehydration reactions are used in forming which of the following compounds? A) triacylglycerides B) polysaccharides C) proteins D) A and C only E) A, B, and C
E Topic:
Knowledge/Comprehension 29) The molecule shown in Figure 5.3 is a A) polysaccharide. B) polypeptide. C) saturated fatty acid. D) triacylglycerol. E) unsaturated fatty acid.
E Topic: Concept 5.3
Knowledge/Comprehension 31) The hydrogenation of vegetable oil results in which of the following? A) saturated fats and unsaturated fats with trans double bonds B) an increased contribution to artherosclerosis C) the oil (fat) being a solid at room temperature D) A and C only E) A, B, and C
E Topic: Concept 5.3
Knowledge/Comprehension 46) How many different kinds of polypeptides, each composed of 12 amino acids, could be synthesized using the 20 common amino acids? A) 412 B) 1220 C) 125 D) 20 E) 2012
E Topic: Concept 5.4
Knowledge/Comprehension 58) What would be an unexpected consequence of changing one amino acid in a protein consisting of 325 amino acids? A) The primary structure of the protein would be changed. B) The tertiary structure of the protein might be changed. C) The biological activity or function of the protein might be altered. D) Only A and C are correct. E) A, B, and C are correct.
E Topic: Concept 5.4
Knowledge/Comprehension 59) Altering which of the following levels of structural organization could change the function of a protein? A) primary B) secondary C) tertiary D) quaternary E) all of the above
E Topic: Concept 5.4
Knowledge/Comprehension 63) The function of each protein is a consequence of its specific shape. What is the term used for a change in a proteinʹs three-dimensional shape or conformation due to disruption of hydrogen bonds, disulfide bridges, or ionic bonds? A) hydrolysis B) stabilization C) destabilization D) renaturation E) denaturation
E Topic: Concept 5.4
Knowledge/Comprehension 92 Chapter 5, The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules 45) Which bond is closest to the carboxyl end of the molecule?
E Topic: Concept 5.4
Knowledge/Comprehension Chapter 5, The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules 91 40) Dehydration reactions are used in forming which of the following compounds? A) triacylglycerides B) polysaccharides C) proteins D) A and C only E) A, B, and C
E Topic: Concepts 5.1-5.4
68) Which of the following pairs of atoms would be most likely to form a covalent bond? A) B) C) D) E) Answer: A
Topic: Concept 2.3 Skill: Application/Analysis Chapter 2, The Chemical Context of Life 35
Chapter 2, The Chemical Context of Life 39 9) Draw Lewis structures for each hypothetical molecule shown below, using the correct number of valence electrons for each atom. Determine which molecule makes sense because each atom has a complete valence shell and each bond has the correct number of electrons. Explain what makes the other molecules nonsensical, considering the number of bonds each type of atom can make. Answer:
bitch idk
8) Which of the following statements correctly defines a kilocalorie? A) the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1°F B) the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1°C C) the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1°F D) the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1°C E) the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1,000 g of water by 1°F@ Answer: D Topic: Concept 3.2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension* 42 Chapter 3, Water and the Fitness of the Environment 9) The nutritional information on a cereal box shows that one serving of a dry cereal has 200 kilocalories. If one were to burn one serving of the cereal, the amount of heat given off would be sufficient to raise the temperature of 20 kg of water how many degrees Celsius? A) 0.2°C B) 1.0°C C) 2.0°C D) 10.0°C E) 20.0°C@ Answer: D Topic: Concept 3.2 Skill: Application/Analysis* 10) Waterʹs high specific heat is mainly a consequence of the A) small size of the water molecules. B) high specific heat of oxygen and hydrogen atoms. C) absorption and release of heat when hydrogen bonds break and form. D) fact that water is a poor heat conductor. E) inability of water to dissipate heat into dry air.@ Answer: C Topic: Concept 3.2 Skill: Application/Analysis* 11) Which type of bond must be broken for water to vaporize? A) ionic bonds B) nonpolar covalent bonds C) polar covalent bonds D) hydrogen bonds E) covalent bonds@ Answer: D Topic: Concept 3.2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension* 12) Temperature usually increases when water condenses. Which behavior of water is most directly responsible for this phenomenon? A) the change in density when it condenses to form a liquid or solid B) reactions with other atmospheric compounds C) the release of heat by the formation of hydrogen bonds D) the release of heat by the breaking of hydrogen bonds E) the high surface tension of water@ Answer: C Topic: Concept 3.2 Skill: Application/Analysis* Chapter 3, Water and the Fitness of the Environment 43 13) At what temperature is water at its densest? A) 0°C B) 4°C C) 32°C D) 100°C E) 212°C@ Answer: B Topic: Concept 3.2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension* 14) Why does ice float in liquid water? A) The liquid water molecules have more kinetic energy and thus support the ice. B) The ionic bonds between the molecules in ice prevent the ice from sinking. C) Ice always has air bubbles that keep it afloat. D) Hydrogen bonds stabilize and keep the molecules of ice farther apart than the water molecules of liquid water. E) The crystalline lattice of ice causes it to be denser than liquid water.@ Answer: D Topic: Concept 3.2 Skill: Application/Analysis* The following question is based on Figure 3.1: solute molecule surrounded by a hydration shell of water. Figure 3.1 15) Based on your knowledge of the polarity of water molecules, the solute molecule is most likely A) positively charged. B) negatively charged. C) without charge. D) hydrophobic. E) nonpolar.@ Answer: A Topic: Concept 3.2 Skill: Application/Analysis* 44 Chapter 3, Water and the Fitness of the Environment 16) Hydrophobic substances such as vegetable oil are A) nonpolar substances that repel water molecules. B) nonpolar substances that have an attraction for water molecules. C) polar substances that repel water molecules. D) polar substances that have an affinity for water. E) charged molecules that hydrogen-bond with water molecules.@ Answer: A Topic: Concept 3.2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension* 17) One mole (mol) of a substance is A) 6.02 × 1023 molecules of the substance. B) 1 g of the substance dissolved in 1 L of solution. C) the largest amount of the substance that can be dissolved in 1 L of solution. D) the molecular mass of the substance expressed in grams. E) A and D only@ Answer: E Topic: Concept 3.2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension* 18) How many molecules of glucose (C6H2O6 molecular mass =180 daltons) would be present in one mole of glucose? A) 24 B) 342 C) 23 × 1014 D) 180 × 1014 E) 6.02 × 1023@ Answer: E Topic: Concept 3.2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension* 19) How many molecules of glycerol (C3H8O3) would be present in 1 L of a 1 M glycerol solution? A) 1 B) 14 C) 92 D) 1 × 107 E) 6.02 × 1023@ Answer: E Topic: Concept 3.2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension* Chapter 3, Water and the Fitness of the Environment 45 20) When an ionic compound such as sodium chloride (NaCl) is placed in water the component atoms of the NaCl crystal dissociate into individual sodium ions (Na+) and chloride ions (Cl-). In contrast, the atoms of covalently bonded molecules (e.g., glucose, sucrose, glycerol) do not generally dissociate when placed in aqueous solution. Which of the following solutions would be expected to contain the greatest number of particles (molecules or ions)? A) 1 L of 0.5 M NaCl B) 1 L of 0.5 M glucose C) 1 L of 1.0 M NaCl D) 1 L of 1.0 M glucose E) C and D will contain equal numbers of particles.@ Answer: C Topic: Concept 3.2 Skill: Application/Analysis* 21) The molecular mass of glucose is 180 g. Which of the following procedures should you carry out to make a 1 M solution of glucose? A) Dissolve 1 g of glucose in 1 L of water. B) Dissolve 180 g of glucose in 1 L of water. C) Dissolve 180 g of glucose in 100 g of water. D) Dissolve 180 mg (milligrams) of glucose in 1 L of water. E) Dissolve 180 g of glucose in water, and then add more water until the total volume of the solution is 1 L.@ Answer: E Topic: Concept 3.2 Skill: Application/Analysis* 22) The molecular mass of glucose (C6H12O6) is 180 g. Which of the following procedures should you carry out to make a 0.5 M solution of glucose? A) Dissolve 0.5 g of glucose in a small volume of water, and then add more water until the total volume of solution is 1 L. B) Dissolve 90 g of glucose in a small volume of water, and then add more water until the total volume of the solution is 1 L. C) Dissolve 180 g of glucose in a small volume of water, and then add more water until the total volume of the solution is 1 L. D) Dissolve 0.5 g of glucose in 1 L of water. E) Dissolve 180 g of glucose in 1 L of water.@ Answer: B Topic: Concept 3.2 Skill: Application/Analysis* 46 Chapter 3, Water and the Fitness of the Environment Figure 3.2 23) How many grams of the molecule in Figure 3.2 would be equal to 1 mol of the molecule? (Carbon = 12, Oxygen = 16, Hydrogen = 1) A) 29 B) 30 C) 60 D) 150 E) 342@ Answer: C Topic: Concept 3.2 Skill: Application/Analysis* 24) How many grams of the molecule in Figure 3.2 would be required to make 1 L of a 0.5 M solution of the molecule? (Carbon = 12, Oxygen = 16, Hydrogen = 1) A) 29 B) 30 C) 60 D) 150 E) 342@ Answer: B Topic: Concept 3.2 Skill: Application/Analysis* 25) How many grams of the molecule in Figure 3.2 would be required to make 2.5 L of a 1 M solution of the molecule? (Carbon = 12, Oxygen = 16, Hydrogen = 1) A) 29 B) 30 C) 60 D) 150 E) 342@ Answer: D Topic: Concept 3.2 Skill: Application/Analysis* Chapter 3, Water and the Fitness of the Environment 47 26) A small birthday candle is weighed, then lighted and placed beneath a metal can containing 100 mL of water. Careful records are kept as the temperature of the water rises. Data from this experiment are shown on the graph. What amount of heat energy is released in the burning of candle wax? A) 0.5 kilocalories per gram of wax burned B) 5 kilocalories per gram of wax burned C) 10 kilocalories per gram of wax burned D) 20 kilocalories per gram of wax burned E) 50 kilocalories per gram of wax burned@ Answer: A Topic: Concept 3.2 Skill: Synthesis/Evaluation* 27) Identical heat lamps are arranged to shine on identical containers of water and methanol (wood alcohol), so that each liquid absorbs the same amount of energy minute by minute. The covalent bonds of methanol molecules are non-polar, so there are no hydrogen bonds among methanol molecules. Which of the following graphs correctly describes what will happen to the temperature of the water and the methanol? A) B) 48 Chapter 3, Water and the Fitness of the Environment C) D) E)@ Answer: B Topic: Concept 3.2 Skill: Synthesis/Evaluation* 28) You have a freshly-prepared 0.1M solution of glucose in water. Each liter of this solution contains how many glucose molecules? A) 6.02 × 1023 B) 3.01 × 1023 C) 6.02 × 1024 D) 12.04 × 1023 E) 6.02 × 1022@ Answer: C Topic: Concept 3.2 Skill: Application/Analysis* Chapter 3, Water and the Fitness of the Environment 49 29) The molecular weight of water is 18 daltons. What is the molarity of 1 liter of pure water? A) 55.6M B) 18M C) 37M D) 0.66M E) 1.0M@ Answer: A Topic: Concept 3.2 Skill: Synthesis/Evaluation* 30) You have a freshly-prepared 1M solution of glucose in water. You carefully pour out a 100 mL sample of that solution. How many glucose molecules are included in that 100 mL sample? A) 6.02 × 1023 B) 3.01 × 1023 C) 6.02 × 1024 D) 12.04 × 1023 E) 6.02 × 1022@ Answer: C Topic: Concept 3.2 Skill: Synthesis/Evaluation* 31) Which of the following ionizes completely in solution and is considered to be a strong acid? A) NaOH B) HCl C) NH3 D) H2CO3 E) CH3COOH@ Answer: B Topic: Concept 3.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension* 32) Which of the following ionizes completely in solution and is considered to be a strong base (alkali)? A) NaCl B) HCl C) NH3 D) H2CO3 E) NaOH@ Answer: E Topic: Concept 3.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension* 50 Chapter 3, Water and the Fitness of the Environment 33) Which of the following statements is completely correct? A) H2CO3 is a weak acid, and NaOH is a weak base (alkali). B) H2CO3 is a strong acid, and NaOH is a strong base (alkali). C) NH3 is a weak base (alkali), and H2CO3 is a strong acid. D) NH3 is a weak base (alkali), and HCl is a strong acid. E) NH3 is a strong base (alkali), and HCl is a weak acid.@ Answer: D Topic: Concept 3.3* Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 34) A given solution contains 0.0001(10-4) moles of hydrogen ions [H+] per liter. Which of the following best describes this solution? A) acidic: H+ acceptor B) basic: H+ acceptor C) acidic: H+ donor D) basic: H+ donor E) neutral@ Answer: C Topic: Concept 3.3 Skill: Application/Analysis* 35) A solution contains 0.0000001(10-7) moles of hydroxyl ions [OH-] per liter. Which of the following best describes this solution? A) acidic: H+ acceptor B) basic: H+ acceptor C) acidic: H+ donor D) basic: H+ donor E) neutral@ Answer: E Topic: Concept 3.3 Skill: Application/Analysis* 36) What is the pH of a solution with a hydroxyl ion [OH-] concentration of 10-12 M? A) pH 2 B) pH 4 C) pH 10 D) pH 12 E) pH 14@ Answer: A Topic: Concept 3.3 Skill: Application/Analysis* Chapter 3, Water and the Fitness of the Environment 51 37) What is the pH of a solution with a hydrogen ion [H+] concentration of 10-8 M? A) pH 2 B) pH 4 C) pH 6 D) pH 8 E) pH 10@ Answer: D Topic: Concept 3.3 Skill: Application/Analysis* 38) Which of the following solutions has the greatest concentration of hydrogen ions [H +]? A) gastric juice at pH 2 B) vinegar at pH 3 C) tomato juice at pH 4 D) black coffee at pH 5 E) household bleach at pH 12@ Answer: A Topic: Concept 3.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension* 39) Which of the following solutions has the greatest concentration of hydroxyl ions [OH-]? A) lemon juice at pH 2 B) vinegar at pH 3 C) tomato juice at pH 4 D) urine at pH 6 E) seawater at pH 8@ Answer: E Topic: Concept 3.3 Skill: Application/Analysis 40) If the pH of a solution is decreased from 9 to 8, it means that the A) concentration of H+ has decreased to one-tenth (1/10) what it was at pH 9. B) concentration of H+ has increased 10-fold (10X) compared to what it was at pH 9. C) concentration of OH- has increased 10-fold (10X) compared to what it was at pH 9. D) concentration of OH- has decreased to one-tenth (1/10) what it was at pH 9. E) Both B and D are correct. Answer: E Topic: Concept 3.3 Skill: Application/Analysis 52 Chapter 3, Water and the Fitness of the Environment 41) If the pH of a solution is increased from pH 5 to pH 7, it means that the A) concentration of H+ is twice (2X) what it was at pH 5. B) concentration of H+ is half (1/2) what it was at pH 5. C) concentration of OH- is 100 times greater than what it was at pH 5. D) concentration of OH- is one-hundredth (0.01X) what it was at pH 5. E) concentration of H+ is 100 times greater and the concentration of OH- is one-hundredth what they were at pH 5. Answer: C Topic: Concept 3.3 Skill: Application/Analysis 42) One liter of a solution of pH 2 has how many more hydrogen ions (H+) than 1 L of a solution of pH 6? A) 4 times more B) 400 times more C) 4,000 times more D) 10,000 times more E) 100,000 times more Answer: D Topic: Concept 3.3 Skill: Application/Analysis 43) One liter of a solution pH 9 has how many more hydroxyl ions (OH-) than 1 L of a solution of pH 4? A) 5 times more B) 100 times more C) 1,000 times more D) 10,000 times more E) 100,000 times more Answer: E Topic: Concept 3.3 Skill: Application/Analysis 44) Which of the following statements is true about buffer solutions? A) They maintain a constant pH when bases are added to them but not when acids are added to them. B) They maintain a constant pH when acids are added to them but not when bases are added to them. C) They maintain a constant pH of exactly 7 in all living cells and biological fluids. D) They maintain a relatively constant pH when either acids or bases are added to them. E) They are found only in living systems and biological fluids. Answer: D Topic: Concept 3.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension Chapter 3, Water and the Fitness of the Environment 53 45) Buffers are substances that help resist shifts in pH by A) releasing H+ in acidic solutions. B) donating H+ to a solution when they have been depleted. C) releasing OH- in basic solutions. D) accepting H+ when the are in excess. E) Both B and D are correct. Answer: E Topic: Concept 3.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 46) One of the buffers that contribute to pH stability in human blood is carbonic acid (H2CO3). Carbonic acid is a weak acid that dissociates into a bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) and a hydrogen ion (H+). Thus, H2CO3 ↔ HCO3- + H+ If the pH of the blood drops, one would expect A) a decrease in the concentration of H2CO3 and an increase in the concentration of HCO3-. B) the concentration of hydroxide ion (OH-) to increase. C) the concentration of bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) to increase. D) the HCO3- to act as a base and remove excess H+ with the formation of H2CO3. E) the HCO3- to act as an acid and remove excess H+ with the formation of H2CO3. Answer: D Topic: Concept 3.3 Skill: Application/Analysis 47) One of the buffers that contribute to pH stability in human blood is carbonic acid H2CO3. Carbonic acid is a weak acid that when placed in an aqueous solution dissociates into a bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) and a hydrogen ion (H+). Thus, H2CO3 ↔ HCO3- + H+ If the pH of the blood increases, one would expect A) a decrease in the concentration of H2CO3 and an increase in the concentration of H2O. B) an increase in the concentration of H2CO3 and a decrease in the concentration of H2O. C) a decrease in the concentration of HCO3- and an increase in the concentration of H2O. D) an increase in the concentration of HCO3- and a decrease in the concentration of H2O. E) a decrease in the concentration of HCO3- and an increase in the concentration of both H2CO3 and H2O. Answer: A Topic: Concept 3.3 Skill: Application/Analysis 54 Chapter 3, Water and the Fitness of the Environment 48) Assume that acid rain has lowered the pH of a particular lake to pH 4.0. What is the hydroxyl ion concentration of this lake? A) 1 × 10-10 mol of hydroxyl ion per liter of lake water B) 1 × 10-4 mol of hydroxyl ion per liter of lake water C) 10.0 M with regard to hydroxyl ion concentration D) 4.0 M with regard to hydroxyl ion concentration E) both B and D Answer: A Topic: Concept 3.3 Skill: Application/Analysis 49) Research indicates that acid precipitation can damage living organisms by A) buffering aquatic systems such as lakes and streams. B) decreasing the H+ concentration of lakes and streams. C) increasing the OH- concentration of lakes and streams. D) washing away certain mineral ions that help buffer soil solution and are essential nutrients for plant growth. E) both B and C Answer: D Topic: Concept 3.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 50) Consider two solutions: solution X has a pH of 4; solution Y has a pH of 7. From this information, we can reasonably conclude that A) solution Y has no free hydrogen ions (H+). B) the concentration of hydrogen ions in solution X is 30 times as great as the concentration of hydrogen ions in solution Y. C) the concentration of hydrogen ions in solution Y is 1,000 times as great as the concentration of hydrogen ions in solution X. D) the concentration of hydrogen ions in solution X is 3 times as great as the concentration of hydrogen ions in solution Y. E) None of the other
choices correctly describes these solutions. Answer: E Topic: Concept 3.3 Skill: Application/Analysis 51) Pure, freshly-distilled water has a pH of 7. This means that A) there are no H+ ions in the water. B) there are no OH- ions in the water. C) the concentration of H+ ions in the water equals the concentration of OH- ions in the water. D) the concentration of H+ ions in the water is 7 times the concentration of OH- ions in the water. E) The concentration of OH- ions in the water is 7 times the concentration of H+ ions in the water. Answer: C Topic: Concept 3.3 Skill: Application/Analysis Chapter 3, Water and the Fitness of the Environment 55 52) Carbon dioxide (CO2) is readily soluble in water, according to the equation CO2 + H2O → H2CO3. Carbonic acid (H2CO3) is a weak acid. If CO2 is bubbled into a beaker containing pure, freshly-distilled water, which of the following graphs correctly describes the results? A) B) C) D) E) Answer: C 56 Chapter 3, Water and the Fitness of the Environment Topic: Concept 3.3 Skill: Synthesis/Evaluation 53) Carbon dioxide (CO2) is readily soluble in water, according to the equation CO2 + H2O → H2CO3. Carbonic acid (H2CO3) is a weak acid. Respiring cells release CO2. What prediction can we make about the pH of blood as that blood first comes in contact with respiring cells? A) Blood pH will decrease slightly. B) Blood pH will increase slightly. C) Blood pH will remain unchanged. D) Blood pH will first increase, then decrease as CO2 combines with hemoglobin. E) Blood pH will first decrease, then increase sharply as CO2 combines with hemoglobin. Answer: A Topic: Concept 3.3 Skill: Synthesis/Evaluation 54) A 100 mL beaker contains 10 mL of NaOH solution at pH = 13. A technician carefully pours into the beaker, 10 mL of HCl at pH = 1. Which of the following statements correctly describes the results of this mixing? A) The concentration of Na+ ion rises. B) The concentration of Cl- ion falls. C) The concentration of undissociated H2O molecules remains unchanged. D) The pH of the beakerʹs contents rises. E) The pH of the beakerʹs contents falls. Answer: E Topic: Concept 3.3 Skill: Synthesis/Evaluation 55) Equal volumes of vinegar from a freshly-opened bottle are added to each of the following solutions. After complete mixing, which of the mixtures will have the highest pH? A) 100 mL of pure water B) 100 mL of freshly-brewed coffee C) 100 mL of household cleanser containing 0.5M ammonia D) 100 mL of freshly-squeezed orange juice E) 100 mL of tomato juice Answer: C Topic: Concept 3.3 Skill: Synthesis/Evaluation Chapter 3, Water and the Fitness of the Environment 57 56) You have two beakers; one contains pure water, the other contains pure methanol (wood alcohol). The covalent bonds of methanol molecules are nonpolar, so there are no hydrogen bonds among methanol molecules. You pour crystals of table salt (NaCl) into each beaker. Predict what will happen. A) Equal amounts of NaCl crystals will dissolve in both water and methanol. B) NaCl crystals will NOT dissolve in either water or methanol. C) NaCl crystals will dissolve readily in water but will not dissolve in methanol. D) NaCl crystals will dissolve readily in methanol but will not dissolve in water. E) When the first crystals of NaCl are added to water or to methanol, they will not dissolve; but as more crystals are added, the crystals will begin to dissolve faster and faster. Answer: C Topic: Concept 3.3 Skill: Application/Analysis 57) You have two beakers. One contains a solution of HCl at pH = 1.0. The other contains a solution of NaOH at pH = 13. Into a third beaker, you slowly and cautiously pour 20 mL of the HCL and 20 mL of the NaOH. After complete stirring, the pH of the mixture will be A) 2.0. B) 12.0. C) 7.0. D) 5.0. E) 9.0. Answer: C Topic: Concept 3.3 Skill: Synthesis/Evaluation 58 Chapter 3, Water and the Fitness of the Environment Self-Quiz Questions The following questions are from the end-of-chapter-review Self-Quiz questions in Chapter 3 of the textbook. 1) Many mammals control their body temperature by sweating. Which property of water is most directly responsible for the ability of sweat to lower body temperature? A) waterʹs change in density when it condenses B) waterʹs ability to dissolve molecules in the air C) the release of heat by the formation of hydrogen bonds D) the absorption of heat by the breaking of hydrogen bonds E) waterʹs high surface tension Answer: D 2) A slice of pizza has 500 kcal. If we could burn the pizza and use all the heat to warm a 50 -L container of cold water, what would be the approximate increase in the temperature of the water? (Note: A liter of cold water weighs about 1 kg.) A) 50°C B) 5°C C) 10°C D) 100°C E) 1°C Answer: C 3) The bonds that are broken when water vaporizes are A) ionic bonds. B) hydrogen bonds between water molecules. C) covalent bonds between atoms within water molecules. D) polar covalent bonds. E) nonpolar covalent bonds Answer: B 4) Which of the following is a hydrophobic material? A) paper B) table salt C) wax D) sugar E) pasta Answer: C 5) We can be sure that a mole of table sugar and a mole of vitamin C are equal in their A) mass in daltons. B) mass in grams. C) number of molecules. D) number of atoms. E) volume. Answer: C Chapter 3, Water and the Fitness of the Environment 59 6) How many grams of acetic acid (C2H4O2) would you use to make 10 L of a 0.1 M aqueous solution of acetic acid? (Note: The atomic masses, in daltons, are approximately 12 for carbon, 1 for hydrogen, and 16 for oxygen.) A) 10.0 g B) 0.1 g C) 6.0 g D) 60.0 g E) 0.6 g Answer: D 7) Measurements show that the pH of a particular lake is 4.0. What is the hydrogen ion concentration of the lake? A) 4.0 M B) 10-10 M C) 10-4 M D) 104 M E) 4% Answer: C 8) What is the hydroxide ion concentration of the lake described in question 7? A) 10-7 M B) 10-4 M C) 10-10 M D) 10-14 M E) 10 M Answer: C 9) Draw three water molecules and label the atoms. Draw solid lines to indicate covalent bonds and dotted lines for hydrogen bonds. Add partial charge labels as appropriate. Answer: 60 Chapter 3, Water and the Fitness of the Environment Chapter 4 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life All organisms are composed mostly of chemical structures based on the element carbon. This chapter builds upon information and concepts introduced in Chapters 2 and 3 and extends the descriptions and analysis to more detailed consideration of the carbon atom. Of all the elements, carbon is unparalleled in its ability to form molecules that are large, complex, and diverse. Student understanding of this complexity and diversity is aided by naming and describing typical groups of atoms (functional groups) that are mixed and matched to construct larger carbon-based molecules. Much of the material in this chapter lends itself to questions that emphasize recall and application; and many such questions are presented. But other topics in this chapter require synthesis and interpretation, as well as visualization of three-dimensional arrangements of atoms, and so we have added several questions that will be more challenging for most students. This chapter lays the foundation for later elaboration of roles of molecular structure in various life processes. Several form/function questions assess student understanding of these concepts. Multiple-Choice Questions 1) Organic chemistry is a science based on the study of A) functional groups. B) vital forces interacting with matter. C) carbon compounds. D) water and its interaction with other kinds of molecules. E) inorganic compounds. Answer: C Topic: Concept 4.1 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 2) Early 19th-century scientists believed that living organisms differed from nonliving things as a result of possessing a ʺlife forceʺ that could create organic molecules from inorganic matter. The term given to this belief is A) organic synthesis. B) vitalism. C) mechanism. D) organic evolution. E) inorganic synthesis. Answer: B Topic: Concept 4.1 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 61 3) The experimental approach taken in current biological investigations presumes that A) simple organic compounds can be synthesized in the laboratory from inorganic precursors, but complex organic compounds like carbohydrates and proteins can only be synthesized by living organisms. B) a life force ultimately controls the activities of living organisms and this life force cannot be studied by physical or chemical methods. C) although a life force, or vitalism, exists in living organisms, this life force cannot be studied by physical or chemical methods. D) living organisms are composed of the same elements present in nonliving things, plus a few special trace elements found only in living organisms or their products. E) living organisms can be understood in terms of the same physical and chemical laws that can be used to explain all natural phenomena. Answer: E Topic: Concept 4.1 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 4) One of the following people set up a closed system to mimic Earthʹs early atmosphere and discharged electrical sparks through it. A variety of organic compounds common in organisms were formed. Who did this? A) Stanley Miller B) Jakob Berzelius C) Friedrich Wohler D) Hermann Kolbe E) August Kekulé Answer: A Topic: Concept 4.1 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 62 Chapter 4, Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life 5) Which of the following people used this apparatus to study formation of organic compounds? A) Stanley Miller B) Jakob Berzelius C) Friedrich Wohler D) Hermann Kolbe E) August Kekulé Answer: A Topic: Concept 4.1 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 6) Which of the following people was the first to synthesize an organic compound, urea, from inorganic starting materials? A) Stanley Miller B) Jakob Berzelius C) Friedrich Wohler D) Hermann Kolbe E) August Kekulé Answer: C Topic: Concept 4.1 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension Chapter 4, Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life 63 7) Which of the following peopleʹs synthesis of this compound from inorganic starting materials provided evidence against vitalism? A) Stanley Miller B) Jakob Berzelius C) Friedrich Wohler D) Hermann Kolbe E) August Kekulé Answer: C Topic: Concept 4.1 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 8) Which of the following people synthesized an organic compound, acetic acid, from inorganic substances that had been prepared directly from pure elements? A) Stanley Miller B) Jakob Berzelius C) Friedrich Wohler D) Hermann Kolbe E) August Kekulé Answer: D Topic: Concept 4.1 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 9) Which of the following peopleʹs synthesis of this compound from inorganic starting materials provided evidence against vitalism? A) Stanley Miller B) Jakob Berzelius C) Friedrich Wohler D) Hermann Kolbe E) August Kekulé Answer: D Topic: Concept 4.1 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 64 Chapter 4, Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life 10) One of the following people was the first to suggest that organic compounds, those found in living organisms, were distinctly different from inorganic compounds found in the nonliving world. Though this suggestion is now known to be incorrect, it stimulated important research into organic compounds. Who suggested this? A) Stanley Miller B) Jakob Berzelius C) Friedrich Wohler D) Hermann Kolbe E) August Kekulé Answer: B Topic: Concept 4.1 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 11) How many electron pairs does carbon share in order to complete its valence shell? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 8 Answer: D Topic: Concept 4.2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 12) A carbon atom is most likely to form what kind of bond(s) with other atoms? A) ionic B) hydrogen C) covalent D) A and B only E) A, B, and C Answer: C Topic: Concept 4.2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 13) Which of the following statements best describes the carbon atoms present in all organic molecules? A) They were incorporated into organic molecules by plants. B) They were processed into sugars through photosynthesis. C) They are ultimately derived from carbon dioxide. D) Only A and C are correct. E) A, B, and C are correct. Answer: E Topic: Concept 4.2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension Chapter 4, Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life 65 14) Why are hydrocarbons insoluble in water? A) The majority of their bonds are polar covalent carbon-to-hydrogen linkages. B) The majority of their bonds are nonpolar covalent carbon-to-hydrogen linkages. C) They are hydrophilic. D) They exhibit considerable molecular complexity and diversity. E) They are lighter than water. Answer: B Topic: Concept 4.2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 15) How many structural isomers are possible for a substance having the molecular formula C4H10? A) 1 B) 2 C) 4 D) 3 E) 11 Answer: B Topic: Concept 4.2 Skill: Application/Analysis Figure 4.1 16) The two molecules shown in Figure 4.1 are best described as A) optical isomers. B) radioactive isotopes. C) structural isomers. D) nonradioactive isotopes. E) geometric isomers. Answer: C Topic: Concept 4.2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 66 Chapter 4, Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life Figure 4.2 17) Shown here in Figure 4.2 are the structures of glucose and fructose. These two molecules differ in the A) number of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. B) types of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. C) arrangement of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. D) number of oxygen atoms joined to carbon atoms by double covalent bonds. E) answers A, B, and C Answer: C Topic: Concept 4.2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 18) Shown here in Figure 4.2 are the structures of glucose and fructose. These two molecules are A) geometric isotopes. B) enantiomers. C) geometric isomers. D) structural isomers. E) nonisotopic isomers. Answer: D Topic: Concept 4.2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 19) Which of the following statements correctly describes geometric isomers? A) They have variations in arrangement around a double bond. B) They have an asymmetric carbon that makes them mirror images. C) They have the same chemical properties. D) They have different molecular formulas. E) Their atoms and bonds are arranged in different sequences. Answer: A Topic: Concept 4.2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension Chapter 4, Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life 67 Figure 4.3 20) The two molecules shown in Figure 4.3 are best described as A) enantiomers. B) radioactive isotopes. C) structural isomers. D) nonisotopic isomers. E) geometric isomers. Answer: E Topic: Concept 4.2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 21) Research indicates that Ibuprofen, a drug used to relieve inflammation and pain, is a mixture of two enantiomers; that is, molecules that A) have identical three-dimensional shapes. B) are mirror images of one another. C) lack an asymmetric carbon. D) differ in the location of their double bonds. E) differ in their electrical charge. Answer: B Topic: Concept 4.2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 22) Research indicates that Albuterol, a drug used to relax bronchial muscles, improving airflow and thus offering relief from asthma, consists only of one enantiomer, the R-form. Why is it important for this drug to consist of only one enantiomeric form, rather than a mixture of enantiomers? A) Different enantiomers may have different or opposite physiological effects. B) It is impossible to synthesize mixtures of enantiomers. C) It is much less expensive to synthesize one enantiomer at a time. D) Albuterol is an example of a compound for which only one enantiomer exists. E) Only the R-form of Albuterol has been studied; until more information is available, physicians prefer to use the pure R-form. Answer: A Topic: Concept 4.2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 68 Chapter 4, Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life 23) Three or four of the following illustrations depict different structural isomers of the organic compound with molecular formula C6H14. For clarity, only the carbon skeletons are shown; hydrogen atoms that would be attached to the carbons have been omitted. Which one, if any, is NOT a structural isomer of this compound? A) B) C) D) E) Each of the illustrations in the other answer choices depicts a structural isomer of the compound with molecular formula C6H14. Answer: C Topic: Concept 4.2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension Chapter 4, Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life 69 24) Which of the pairs of molecular structures shown below depict enantiomers (enantiomeric forms) of the same molecule? A) B) C) D) E) Answer: D Topic: Concept 4.2 Skill: Synthesis/Evaluation 70 Chapter 4, Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life 25) Which of the pairs of molecular structures shown below do NOT depict enantiomers (enantiomeric forms) of the same molecule? A) B) C) D) E) Answer: C Topic: Concept 4.2 Skill: Synthesis/Evaluation 26) Three or four of the pairs of structures shown below depict enantiomers (enantiomeric forms) of the same molecule. Which pair, if any, are NOT enantiomers of a single molecule? If each of the pairs depicts enantiomers, choose answer F. A) Chapter 4, Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life 71 B) C) D) E) F) Both illustrations in each of the other answer choices depict enantiomers of the same molecule. Answer: B Topic: Concept 4.2 Skill: Synthesis/Evaluation 27) Thalidomide and L-dopa, shown below, are examples of pharmaceutical drugs that occur as enantiomers, or molecules that A) have identical three-dimensional shapes. B) are mirror images of one another. C) lack an asymmetric carbon. D) differ in the location of their double bonds. E) differ in their electrical charge. Answer: B Topic: Concept 4.2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 72 Chapter 4, Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life 28) A compound contains hydroxyl groups as its predominant functional group. Which of the following statements is true concerning this compound? A) It lacks an asymmetric carbon, and it is probably a fat or lipid. B) It should dissolve in water. C) It should dissolve in a nonpolar solvent. D) It wonʹt form hydrogen bonds with water. E) It is hydrophobic. Answer: B Topic: Concept 4.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 29) Which is the best description of a carbonyl group? A) an oxygen joined to a carbon by a single covalent bond B) a nitrogen and two hydrogens joined to a carbon by covalent bonds C) a carbon joined to two hydrogens by single covalent bonds D) a sulfur and a hydrogen joined to a carbon by covalent bonds E) a carbon atom joined to an oxygen by a double covalent bond Answer: E Topic: Concept 4.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension Figure 4.4 30) What is the name of the functional group shown in Figure 4.4? A) carbonyl B) ketone C) aldehyde D) carboxyl E) hydroxyl Answer: D Topic: Concept 4.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 31) Which of the following contains nitrogen in addition to carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen? A) an alcohol such as ethanol B) a monosaccharide such as glucose C) a steroid such as testosterone D) an amino acid such as glycine E) a hydrocarbon such as benzene Answer: D Topic: Concept 4.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension Chapter 4, Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life 73 32) Which of the following is a false statement concerning amino groups? A) They are basic in pH. B) They are found in amino acids. C) They contain nitrogen. D) They are nonpolar. E) They are components of urea. Answer: D Topic: Concept 4.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 33) Which two functional groups are always found in amino acids? A) ketone and aldehyde B) carbonyl and carboxyl C) carboxyl and amino D) phosphate and sulfhydryl E) hydroxyl and aldehyde Answer: C Topic: Concept 4.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 34) Amino acids are acids because they always possess which functional group? A) amino B) carbonyl C) carboxyl D) sulfhydryl E) aldehyde Answer: C Topic: Concept 4.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 35) A carbon skeleton is covalently bonded to both an amino group and a carboxyl group. When placed in water it A) would function only as an acid because of the carboxyl group. B) would function only as a base because of the amino group. C) would function as neither an acid nor a base. D) would function as both an acid and a base. E) is impossible to determine how it would function. Answer: D Topic: Concept 4.3 Skill: Application/Analysis 36) A chemist wishes to make an organic molecule less acidic. Which of the following functional groups should be added to the molecule in order to do so? A) carboxyl B) sulfhydryl C) hydroxyl D) amino E) phosphate Answer: D Topic: Concept 4.3 Skill: Application/Analysis 74 Chapter 4, Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life 37) Which functional groups can act as acids? A) amine and sulfhydryl B) carbonyl and carboxyl C) carboxyl and phosphate D) hydroxyl and aldehyde E) ketone and amino Answer: C Topic: Concept 4.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension The following questions refer to the structures shown in Figure 4.5. Figure 4.5 38) Which of the structures is an impossible covalently bonded molecule? A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E Answer: C Topic: Concept 4.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 39) Which of the structures contain(s) a carboxyl functional group? A) A B) B C) C D) C and E E) none of the structures Answer: E Topic: Concept 4.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension Chapter 4, Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life 75 40) In which of the structures are the atoms bonded by ionic bonds? A) A B) B C) C D) C, D, and E only E) none of the structures Answer: E Topic: Concept 4.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension The following questions refer to the functional groups shown in Figure 4.6. Figure 4.6 41) Which is a hydroxyl functional group? Answer: A Topic: Concept 4.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 42) Which is an amino functional group? Answer: D Topic: Concept 4.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 43) Which is a carbonyl functional group? Answer: B Topic: Concept 4.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 44) Which is a functional group that helps stabilize proteins by forming covalent cross-links within or between protein molecules? Answer: E Topic: Concept 4.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 45) Which is a carboxyl functional group? Answer: C Topic: Concept 4.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 76 Chapter 4, Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life 46) Which is an acidic functional group that can dissociate and release H+ into a solution? Answer: C Topic: Concept 4.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 47) Which is a basic functional group that can accept H+ and become positively charged? Answer: D Topic: Concept 4.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension The following questions refer to the molecules shown in Figure 4.7. Figure 4.7 48) Which molecule is water soluble because it has a hydroxyl functional group? Answer: A Topic: Concept 4.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 49) Which molecule is an alcohol? Answer: A Topic: Concept 4.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 50) Which molecules contain a carbonyl group? A) A and B B) B and C C) C and D D) D and E E) E and A Answer: B Topic: Concept 4.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 51) Which molecule has a carbonyl functional group in the form of a ketone? Answer: C Topic: Concept 4.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension Chapter 4, Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life 77 52) Which molecule has a carbonyl functional group in the form of an aldehyde? Answer: B Topic: Concept 4.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 53) Which molecule contains a carboxyl group? Answer: D Topic: Concept 4.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 54) Which molecule can increase the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution and is therefore an organic acid? Answer: D Topic: Concept 4.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension The following questions refer to the molecules shown in Figure 4.8. Figure 4.8 55) Which molecule contains a sulfhydryl functional group? Answer: B Topic: Concept 4.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 56) Which molecule functions to transfer energy between organic molecules? Answer: D Topic: Concept 4.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 57) Which molecule contains an amino functional group, but is not an amino acid? Answer: A Topic: Concept 4.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 58) Which molecule is a thiol? Answer: B Topic: Concept 4.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 78 Chapter 4, Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life 59) Which molecule is an organic phosphate? Answer: D Topic: Concept 4.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 60) Which molecule can function as a base? Answer: A Topic: Concept 4.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 61) Testosterone and estradiol are A) nucleic acids. B) carbohydrates. C) proteins. D) phospholipids. E) steroids. Answer: E Topic: Concept 4.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 62) Testosterone and estradiol are male and female sex hormones, respectively, in many vertebrates. In what way(s) do these molecules differ from each other? A) Testosterone and estradiol are structural isomers but have the same molecular formula. B) Testosterone and estradiol are geometric isomers but have the same molecular formula. C) Testosterone and estradiol have different functional groups attached to the same carbon skeleton. D) Testosterone and estradiol have distinctly different chemical structures, with one including four fused rings of carbon atoms, while the other has three rings. E) Testosterone and estradiol are enantiomers of the same organic molecule. Answer: C Topic: Concept 4.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension Chapter 4, Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life 79 Self-Quiz Questions The following questions are from the end-of-chapter-review Self-Quiz questions in Chapter 4 of the textbook. 1) Organic chemistry is currently defined as A) the study of compounds made only by living cells. B) the study of carbon compounds. C) the study of vital forces. D) the study of natural (as opposed to synthetic) compounds. E) the study of hydrocarbons. Answer: B 2) Which of the following hydrocarbons has a double bond in its carbon skeleton? A) C3H8 B) C2H6 C) CH4 D) C2H4 E) C2H2 Answer: D 3) Choose the term that correctly describes the relationship between these two sugar molecules: A) structural isomers B) geometric isomers C) enantiomers D) isotopes Answer: A 4) Identify the asymmetric carbon in this molecule: Answer: B 80 Chapter 4, Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life 5) Which functional group is not present in this molecule? A) carboxyl B) sulfhydryl C) hydroxyl D) amino Answer: B 6) Which action could produce a carbonyl group? A) the replacement of the OH of a carboxyl group with hydrogen B) the addition of a thiol to a hydroxyl C) the addition of a hydroxyl to a phosphate D) the replacement of the nitrogen of an amine with oxygen E) the addition of a sulfhydryl to a carboxyl Answer: A 7) Which chemical group is most likely to be responsible for an organic molecule behaving as a base? A) hydroxyl B) carbonyl C) carboxyl D) amino E) phosphate Answer: D Chapter 4, Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life 81 Chapter 5 The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules Most of the new and revised questions in Chapter 5 are based on the concept of macromolecules as polymers. Questions require the student to recognize the structure, formation, properties, and function of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Most questions are at the Knowledge/Comprehension level, but wherever possible, Application/Analysis questions are utilized. Multiple-Choice Questions 1) For this pair of items, choose the option that best describes their relationship. (A) The number of alpha glucose 1-4 linkages in cellulose (B) The number of alpha glucose 1-4 linkages in starch A) Item (A) is greater than item (B). B) Item (A) is less than item (B). C) Item (A) is exactly or very approximately equal to item (B). D) Item (A) may stand in more than one of the above relations to item (B). Answer: B Topic: Concept 5.1 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 2) For this pair of items, choose the option that best describes their relationship. (A) The probability of finding chitin in fungal cell walls (B) The probability of finding chitin in arthropod exoskeletons A) Item (A) is greater than item (B). B) Item (A) is less than item (B). C) Item (A) is exactly or very approximately equal to item (B). D) Item (A) may stand in more than one of the above relations to item (B). Answer: C Topic: Concept 5.2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 3) For this pair of items, choose the option that best describes their relationship. (A) The number of cis double bonds in saturated fatty acids (B) The number of cis double bonds in unsaturated fatty acids A) Item (A) is greater than item (B). B) Item (A) is less than item (B). C) Item (A) is exactly or very approximately equal to item (B). D) Item (A) may stand in more than one of the above relations to item (B). Answer: B Topic: Concept 5.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 82 4) For this pair of items, choose the option that best describes their relationship. (A) The probability that amino acids with nonpolar side chains are hydrophobic. (B) The probability that amino acids with side chains containing a carboxyl group are hydrophobic. A) Item (A) is greater than item (B). B) Item (A) is less than item (B). C) Item (A) is exactly or very approximately equal to item (B). D) Item (A) may stand in more than one of the above relations to item (B). Answer: A Topic: Concept 5.4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 5) For this pair of items, choose the option that best describes their relationship. (A) The number of purines in the DNA strand 5ʹ-AAGAGGAGAAA-3ʹ (B) The number of pyrimidines in the DNA strand 5ʹ-AAGAGGAGAAA-3ʹ A) Item (A) is greater than item (B). B) Item (A) is less than item (B). C) Item (A) is exactly or very approximately equal to item (B). D) Item (A) may stand in more than one of the above relations to item (B). Answer: A Topic: Concept 5.5 Skill: Application/Analysis 6) Which of the following is not a polymer? A) glucose B) starch C) cellulose D) chitin E) DNA Answer: A Topic: Concept 5.1 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 7) What is the chemical mechanism by which cells make polymers from monomers? A) phosphodiester linkages B) hydrolysis C) dehydration reactions D) ionic bonding of monomers E) the formation of disulfide bridges between monomers Answer: C Topic: Concept 5.1 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension Chapter 5, The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules 83 8) How many molecules of water are needed to completely hydrolyze a polymer that is 11 monomers long? A) 12 B) 11 C) 10 D) 9 E) 8 Answer: C Topic: Concept 5.1 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 9) Which of the following best summarizes the relationship between dehydration reactions and hydrolysis? A) Dehydration reactions assemble polymers, and hydrolysis reactions break down polymers. B) Macromolecular synthesis occurs through the removal of water and digestion occurs through the addition of water. C) Dehydration reactions can occur only after hydrolysis. D) Hydrolysis creates monomers, and dehydration reactions break down polymers. E) A and B are correct. Answer: E Topic: Concept 5.1 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 10) Which of the following polymers contain nitrogen? A) starch B) glycogen C) cellulose D) chitin E) amylopectin Answer: D Topic: Concept 5.2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 11) The molecular formula for glucose is C6H12O6. What would be the molecular formula for a molecule made by linking three glucose molecules together by dehydration reactions? A) C18H36O18 B) C18H30O15 C) C6H10O5 D) C18H10O15 E) C3H6O3 Answer: B Topic: Concept 5.2 Skill: Application/Analysis 84 Chapter 5, The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules 12) The enzyme amylase can break glycosidic linkages between glucose monomers only if the monomers are the α form. Which of the following could amylase break down? A) glycogen B) cellulose C) chitin D) A and B only E) A, B, and C Answer: A Topic: Concept 5.2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 13) On food packages, to what does the term ʺinsoluble fiberʺ refer? A) cellulose B) polypeptides C) starch D) amylopectin E) chitin Answer: A Topic: Concept 5.2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 14) A molecule with the chemical formula C6H12O6 is probably a A) carbohydrate. B) lipid. C) monosaccharide D) A and B only. E) A, B, and C. Answer: E Topic: Concept 5.2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension Figure 5.1 15) If 2 molecules of the general type shown in Figure 5.1 were linked together, carbon 1 of one molecule to carbon 4 of the other, the single molecule that would result would be A) maltose. B) fructose. C) glucose. D) galactose. E) sucrose. Answer: A Topic: Concept 5.2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension Chapter 5, The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules 85 16) Which of the following descriptors is true of the molecule shown in Figure 5.1? A) hexose B) fructose C) glucose D) A and B only E) A and C only Answer: E Topic: Concept 5.2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 17) Lactose, a sugar in milk, is composed of one glucose molecule joined by a glycosidic linkage to one galactose molecule. How is lactose classified? A) as a pentose B) as a hexose C) as a monosaccharide D) as a disaccharide E) as a polysaccharide Answer: D Topic: Concept 5.2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 18) All of the following are polysaccharides except A) glycogen B) starch C) chitin D) cellulose E) amylopectin Answer: A Topic: Concept 5.2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 19) Which of the following is true of both starch and cellulose? A) They are both polymers of glucose. B) They are geometric isomers of each other. C) They can both be digested by humans. D) They are both used for energy storage in plants. E) They are both structural components of the plant cell wall. Answer: A Topic: Concept 5.2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 20) Which of the following is true of cellulose? A) It is a polymer composed of sucrose monomers. B) It is a storage polysaccharide for energy in plant cells. C) It is a storage polysaccharide for energy in animal cells. D) It is a major structural component of plant cell walls. E) It is a major structural component of animal cell plasma membranes. Answer: D Topic: Concept 5.2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 86 Chapter 5, The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules 21) Humans can digest starch but not cellulose because A) the monomer of starch is glucose, while the monomer of cellulose is galactose. B) humans have enzymes that can hydrolyze the beta (β) glycosidic linkages of starch but not the alpha (α) glycosidic linkages of cellulose. C) humans have enzymes that can hydrolyze the alpha (α) glycosidic linkages of starch but not the beta (β) glycosidic linkages of cellulose. D) humans harbor starch-digesting bacteria in the digestive tract. E) the monomer of starch is glucose, while the monomer of cellulose is maltose. Answer: C Topic: Concept 5.2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 22) All of the following statements concerning saturated fats are true except A) They are more common in animals than in plants. B) They have multiple double bonds in the carbon chains of their fatty acids. C) They generally solidify at room temperature. D) They contain more hydrogen than saturated fats having the same number of carbon atoms. E) They are one of several factors that contribute to atherosclerosis. Answer: B Topic: Concept 5.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 23) A molecule with the formula C18H36O2 is probably a A) carbohydrate. B) fatty acid. C) protein. D) nucleic acid. E) hydrocarbon. Answer: B Topic: Concept 5.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 24) Which of the following statements is false for the class of biological molecules known as lipids? A) They are soluble in water. B) They are an important constituent of cell membranes. C) They contain more energy than proteins and carbohydrates. D) They are not true polymers. E) They contain waxes and steroids. Answer: A Topic: Concept 5.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension Chapter 5, The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules 87 25) What is a triacylglycerol? A) a protein with tertiary structure B) a lipid made with three fatty acids and glycerol C) a lipid that makes up much of the plasma membrane D) a molecule formed from three alcohols by dehydration reactions E) a carbohydrate with three sugars joined together by glycosidic linkages Answer: B Topic: Concept 5.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 26) Which of the following is true regarding saturated fatty acids? A) They are the predominant fatty acid in corn oil. B) They have double bonds between carbon atoms of the fatty acids. C) They are the principal molecules in lard and butter. D) They are usually liquid at room temperature. E) They are usually produced by plants. Answer: C Topic: Concept 5.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension Figure 5.2 27) Which of the following statements is true regarding the molecule illustrated in Figure 5.2? A) It is a saturated fatty acid. B) A diet rich in this molecule may contribute to atherosclerosis. C) Molecules of this type are usually liquid at room temperature. D) A and B only E) A, B and C Answer: D Topic: Concept 5.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 88 Chapter 5, The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules Figure 5.3 28) Which of the following statements is true regarding the molecule illustrated in Figure 5.3? A) It is a saturated fatty acid. B) A diet rich in this molecule may contribute to atherosclerosis. C) Molecules of this type are usually liquid at room temperature. D) A and B only E) A, B and C Answer: C Topic: Concept 5.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 29) The molecule shown in Figure 5.3 is a A) polysaccharide. B) polypeptide. C) saturated fatty acid. D) triacylglycerol. E) unsaturated fatty acid. Answer: E Topic: Concept 5.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 30) Large organic molecules are usually assembled by polymerization of a few kinds of simple subunits. Which of the following is an exception to this statement? A) a steroid B) cellulose C) DNA D) an enzyme E) a contractile protein Answer: A Topic: Concepts 5.1-5.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 31) The hydrogenation of vegetable oil results in which of the following? A) saturated fats and unsaturated fats with trans double bonds B) an increased contribution to artherosclerosis C) the oil (fat) being a solid at room temperature D) A and C only E) A, B, and C Answer: E Topic: Concept 5.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension Chapter 5, The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules 89 Figure 5.4 32) What is the structure shown in Figure 5.4? A) starch molecule B) protein molecule C) steroid molecule D) cellulose molecule E) phospholipid molecule Answer: C Topic: Concept 5.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 33) Why are human sex hormones considered to be lipids? A) They are essential components of cell membranes. B) They are steroids, which are not soluble in water. C) They are made of fatty acids. D) They are hydrophilic compounds. E) They contribute to atherosclerosis. Answer: B Topic: Concept 5.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 34) All of the following contain amino acids except A) hemoglobin. B) cholesterol. C) antibodies. D) enzymes. E) insulin. Answer: B Topic: Concepts 5.3, 5.4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 35) The bonding of two amino acid molecules to form a larger molecule requires A) the release of a water molecule. B) the release of a carbon dioxide molecule. C) the addition of a nitrogen atom. D) the addition of a water molecule. E) both B and C Answer: A Topic: Concept 5.4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 90 Chapter 5, The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules 36) There are 20 different amino acids. What makes one amino acid different from another? A) different carboxyl groups attached to an alpha (α) carbon B) different amino groups attached to an alpha (α) carbon C) different side chains (R groups) attached to an alpha (α) carbon D) different alpha (α) carbons E) different asymmetric carbons Answer: C Topic: Concept 5.4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension Figure 5.5 37) Which of the following statements is/are true regarding the chemical reaction illustrated in Figure 5.5? A) It is a hydrolysis reaction. B) It results in a peptide bond. C) It joins two fatty acids together. D) A and B only E) A, B, and C Answer: B Topic: Concept 5.4 Skill: Application/Analysis 38) The bonding of two amino acid molecules to form a larger molecule requires which of the following? A) removal of a water molecule B) addition of a water molecule C) formation of an ionic bond D) formation of a hydrogen bond E) both A and C Answer: A Topic: Concept 5.4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 39) Polysaccharides, lipids, and proteins are similar in that they A) are synthesized from monomers by the process of hydrolysis. B) are synthesized from monomers by dehydration reactions. C) are synthesized as a result of peptide bond formation between monomers. D) are decomposed into their subunits by dehydration reactions. E) all contain nitrogen in their monomer building blocks. Answer: B Topic: Concepts 5.1-5.4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension Chapter 5, The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules 91 40) Dehydration reactions are used in forming which of the following compounds? A) triacylglycerides B) polysaccharides C) proteins D) A and C only E) A, B, and C Answer: E Topic: Concepts 5.1-5.4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 41) Upon chemical analysis, a particular polypeptide was found to contain 100 amino acids. How many peptide bonds are present in this protein? A) 101 B) 100 C) 99 D) 98 E) 97 Answer: C Topic: Concept 5.4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension Refer to Figure 5.6 to answer the following questions. Figure 5.6 42) At which bond would water need to be added to achieve hydrolysis of the peptide, back to its component amino acid? Answer: C Topic: Concept 5.4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 43) Which bond is a peptide bond? Answer: C Topic: Concept 5.4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 44) Which bond is closest to the N-terminus of the molecule? Answer: A Topic: Concept 5.4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 92 Chapter 5, The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules 45) Which bond is closest to the carboxyl end of the molecule? Answer: E Topic: Concept 5.4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 46) How many different kinds of polypeptides, each composed of 12 amino acids, could be synthesized using the 20 common amino acids? A) 412 B) 1220 C) 125 D) 20 E) 2012 Answer: E Topic: Concept 5.4 Skill: Application/Analysis 47) Which bonds are created during the formation of the primary structure of a protein? A) peptide bonds B) hydrogen bonds C) disulfide bonds D) phosphodiester bonds E) A, B, and C Answer: A Topic: Concept 5.4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 48) What maintains the secondary structure of a protein? A) peptide bonds B) hydrogen bonds C) disulfide bonds D) ionic bonds E) phosphodiester bonds Answer: B Topic: Concept 5.4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 49) Which type of interaction stabilizes the alpha (α) helix and the beta (β) pleated sheet structures of proteins? A) hydrophobic interactions B) nonpolar covalent bonds C) ionic bonds D) hydrogen bonds E) peptide bonds Answer: D Topic: Concept 5.4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension Chapter 5, The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules 93 50) The α helix and the β pleated sheet are both common polypeptide forms found in which level of protein structure? A) primary B) secondary C) tertiary D) quaternary E) all of the above Answer: B Topic: Concept 5.4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension Figure 5.7 51) The structure depicted in Figure 5.7 shows the A) 1-4 linkage of the α glucose monomers of starch. B) 1-4 linkage of the β glucose monomers of cellulose. C) double helical structure of a DNA molecule. D) α helix secondary structure of a polypeptide. E) β pleated sheet secondary structure of a polypeptide. Answer: D Topic: Concept 5.4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 52) Figure 5.7 best illustrates the A) secondary structure of a polypeptide. B) tertiary structure of a polypeptide. C) quaternary structure of a protein. D) double helix structure of DNA. E) primary structure of a polysaccharide. Answer: A Topic: Concept 5.4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 94 Chapter 5, The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules 53) The tertiary structure of a protein is the A) bonding together of several polypeptide chains by weak bonds. B) order in which amino acids are joined in a polypeptide chain. C) unique three-dimensional shape of the fully folded polypeptide. D) organization of a polypeptide chain into an α helix or β pleated sheet. E) overall protein structure resulting from the aggregation of two or more polypeptide subunits. Answer: C Topic: Concept 5.4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 54) A strong covalent bond between amino acids that functions in maintaining a polypeptideʹs specific three-dimensional shape is a (an) A) ionic bond. B) hydrophobic interaction. C) van der Waals interaction. D) disulfide bond. E) hydrogen bond. Answer: D Topic: Concept 5.4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 55) At which level of protein structure are interactions between the side chains (R groups) most important? A) primary B) secondary C) tertiary D) quaternary E) all of the above Answer: C Topic: Concept 5.4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 56) The R group or side chain of the amino acid serine is —CH2OH. The R group or side chain of the amino acid alanine is —CH3. Where would you expect to find these amino acids in a globular protein in aqueous solution? A) Serine would be in the interior, and alanine would be on the exterior of the globular protein. B) Alanine would be in the interior, and serine would be on the exterior of the globular protein. C) Both serine and alanine would be in the interior of the globular protein. D) Both serine and alanine would be on the exterior of the globular protein. E) Both serine and alanine would be in the interior and on the exterior of the globular protein. Answer: B Topic: Concept 5.4 Skill: Application/Analysis Chapter 5, The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules 95 57) Misfolding of polypeptides is a serious problem in cells. Which of the following diseases are associated with an accumulation of misfolded proteins? A) Alzheimerʹs B) Parkinsonʹs C) diabetes D) A and B only E) A, B, and C Answer: D Topic: Concept 5.4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 58) What would be an unexpected consequence of changing one amino acid in a protein consisting of 325 amino acids? A) The primary structure of the protein would be changed. B) The tertiary structure of the protein might be changed. C) The biological activity or function of the protein might be altered. D) Only A and C are correct. E) A, B, and C are correct. Answer: E Topic: Concept 5.4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 59) Altering which of the following levels of structural organization could change the function of a protein? A) primary B) secondary C) tertiary D) quaternary E) all of the above Answer: E Topic: Concept 5.4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 60) What method did Frederick Sanger use to elucidate the structure of insulin? A) X-ray crystallography B) bioinformatics C) analysis of amino acid sequence of small fragments D) NMR spectroscopy E) high-speed centrifugation Answer: C Topic: Concept 5.4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 96 Chapter 5, The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules 61) Roger Kornberg used this method for elucidating the structure of RNA polymerase. A) X-ray crystallography B) bioinformatics C) analysis of amino acid sequence of small fragments D) NMR spectroscopy E) high-speed centrifugation Answer: A Topic: Concept 5.4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 62) Which of the following uses the amino acid sequences of polypeptides to predict a proteinʹs three-dimensional structure? A) X-ray crystallography B) bioinformatics C) analysis of amino acid sequence of small fragments D) NMR spectroscopy E) high-speed centrifugation Answer: B Topic: Concept 5.4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 63) The function of each protein is a consequence of its specific shape. What is the term used for a change in a proteinʹs three-dimensional shape or conformation due to disruption of hydrogen bonds, disulfide bridges, or ionic bonds? A) hydrolysis B) stabilization C) destabilization D) renaturation E) denaturation Answer: E Topic: Concept 5.4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 64) What is the term used for a protein molecule that assists in the proper folding of other proteins? A) tertiary protein B) chaperonin C) enzyme protein D) renaturing protein E) denaturing protein Answer: B Topic: Concept 5.4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension Chapter 5, The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules 97 65) DNAase is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of the covalent bonds that join nucleotides together. What would first happen to DNA molecules treated with DNAase? A) The two strands of the double helix would separate. B) The phosphodiester bonds between deoxyribose sugars would be broken. C) The purines would be separated from the deoxyribose sugars. D) The pyrimidines would be separated from the deoxyribose sugars. E) All bases would be separated from the deoxyribose sugars. Answer: B Topic: Concepts 5.1, 5.5 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 66) Which of the following statements about the 5ʹ end of a polynucleotide strand of DNA is correct? A) The 5ʹ end has a hydroxyl group attached to the number 5 carbon of ribose. B) The 5ʹ end has a phosphate group attached to the number 5 carbon of ribose. C) The 5ʹ end has thymine attached to the number 5 carbon of ribose. D) The 5ʹ end has a carboxyl group attached to the number 5 carbon of ribose. E) The 5ʹ end is the fifth position on one of the nitrogenous bases. Answer: B Topic: Concept 5.5 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 67) Of the following functions, the major purpose of RNA is to A) transmit genetic information to offspring. B) function in the synthesis of protein. C) make a copy of itself, thus ensuring genetic continuity. D) act as a pattern or blueprint to form DNA. E) form the genes of higher organisms. Answer: B Topic: Concept 5.5 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 68) Which of the following best describes the flow of information in eukaryotic cells? A) DNA → RNA → proteins B) RNA → proteins → DNA C) proteins → DNA → RNA D) RNA → DNA → proteins E) DNA → proteins → RNA Answer: A Topic: Concept 5.5 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 69) Which of the following descriptions best fits the class of molecules known as nucleotides? A) a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group B) a nitrogenous base and a pentose sugar C) a nitrogenous base, a phosphate group, and a pentose sugar D) a phosphate group and an adenine or uracil E) a pentose sugar and a purine or pyrimidine Answer: C Topic: Concept 5.5 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 98 Chapter 5, The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules 70) Which of the following are nitrogenous bases of the pyrimidine type? A) guanine and adenine B) cytosine and uracil C) thymine and guanine D) ribose and deoxyribose E) adenine and thymine Answer: B Topic: Concept 5.5 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 71) Which of the following are nitrogenous bases of the purine type? A) cytosine and guanine B) guanine and adenine C) adenine and thymine D) thymine and uracil E) uracil and cytosine Answer: B Topic: Concept 5.5 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 72) If a DNA sample were composed of 10% thymine, what would be the percentage of guanine? A) 10 B) 20 C) 40 D) 80 E) impossible to tell from the information given Answer: C Topic: Concept 5.5 Skill: Application/Analysis 73) A double-stranded DNA molecule contains a total of 120 purines and 120 pyrimidines. This DNA molecule could be composed of A) 120 adenine and 120 uracil molecules. B) 120 thymine and 120 adenine molecules. C) 120 cytosine and 120 thymine molecules. D) 240 adenine and 240 cytosine molecules. E) 240 guanine and 240 thymine molecules. Answer: B Topic: Concept 5.5 Skill: Application/Analysis 74) The difference between the sugar in DNA and the sugar in RNA is that the sugar in DNA A) is a six-carbon sugar and the sugar in RNA is a five-carbon sugar. B) can form a double-stranded molecule. C) has a six-membered ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms. D) can attach to a phosphate. E) contains one less oxygen atom. Answer: E Topic: Concept 5.5 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension Chapter 5, The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules 99 75) Which of the following statements best summarizes the structural differences between DNA and RNA? A) RNA is a protein, whereas DNA is a nucleic acid. B) DNA is a protein, whereas RNA is a nucleic acid. C) DNA nucleotides contain a different sugar than RNA nucleotides. D) RNA is a double helix, but DNA is single-stranded. E) A and D are correct. Answer: C Topic: Concept 5.5 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 76) In the double helix structure of nucleic acids, cytosine hydrogen bonds to A) deoxyribose. B) ribose. C) adenine. D) thymine. E) guanine. Answer: E Topic: Concept 5.5 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 77) If one strand of a DNA molecule has the sequence of bases 5ʹATTGCA3ʹ, the other complementary strand would have the sequence A) 5ʹTAACGT3ʹ. B) 3ʹTAACGT5ʹ. C) 5ʹUAACGU3ʹ. D) 3ʹUAACGU5ʹ. E) 5ʹUGCAAU3ʹ. Answer: B Topic: Concept 5.5 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 78) What is the structural feature that allows DNA to replicate? A) sugar-phosphate backbone B) complementary pairing of the nitrogenous bases C) disulfide bonding (bridging) of the two helixes D) twisting of the molecule to form an α helix E) three-component structure of the nucleotides Answer: B Topic: Concept 5.5 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 100 Chapter 5, The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules 79) A new organism is discovered in the forests of Costa Rica. Scientists there determine that the polypeptide sequence of hemoglobin from the new organism has 72 amino acid differences from humans, 65 differences from a gibbon, 49 differences from a rat, and 5 differences from a frog. These data suggest that the new organism A) is more closely related to humans than to frogs. B) is more closely related to frogs than to humans. C) may have evolved from gibbons but not rats. D) is more closely related to humans than to rats. E) may have evolved from rats but not from humans and gibbons. Answer: B Topic: Concept 5.5 Skill: Application/Analysis 80) Which of the following is an example of hydrolysis? A) the reaction of two monosaccharides, forming a disaccharide with the release of water B) the synthesis of two amino acids, forming a peptide with the release of water C) the reaction of a fat, forming glycerol and fatty acids with the release of water D) the reaction of a fat, forming glycerol and fatty acids with the utilization of water E) the synthesis of a nucleotide from a phosphate, a pentose sugar, and a nitrogenous base with the production of a molecule of water Answer: D Topic: Concepts 5.1-5.4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 81) The element nitrogen is present in all of the following except A) proteins. B) nucleic acids. C) amino acids. D) DNA. E) monosaccharides. Answer: E Topic: Concepts 5.1-5.4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 82) Which of the following is a diverse group of hydrophobic molecules? A) carbohydrates B) lipids C) proteins D) nucleic acids Answer: B Topic: Concept 5.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 83) Which of the following store and transmit hereditary information? A) carbohydrates B) lipids C) proteins D) nucleic acids Answer: D Topic: Concept 5.5 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension Chapter 5, The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules 101 84) Enzymes are A) carbohydrates. B) lipids. C) proteins. D) nucleic acids. Answer: C Topic: Concept 5.4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension The following questions are based on the 15 molecules illustrated in Figure 5.8. Each molecule may be used once, more than once, or not at all. Figure 5.8 85) Which molecule has hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties and would be found in plasma membranes? A) 1 B) 5 C) 6 D) 12 E) 14 Answer: B 102 Chapter 5, The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules Topic: Concept 5.2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 86) Which of the following combinations could be linked together to form a nucleotide? A) 1, 2, and 11 B) 3, 7, and 8 C) 5, 9, and 10 D) 11, 12, and 13 E) 12, 14, and 15 Answer: D Topic: Concept 5.5 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 87) Which of the following molecules contain(s) an aldehyde type of carbonyl functional group? A) 1 B) 4 C) 8 D) 10 E) 1 and 4 Answer: E Topic: Concept 5.2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 88) Which molecule is glycerol? A) 1 B) 6 C) 10 D) 14 E) 15 Answer: C Topic: Concept 5.2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 89) Which molecule is a saturated fatty acid? A) 1 B) 5 C) 6 D) 8 E) 9 Answer: E Topic: Concept 5.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension Chapter 5, The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules 103 90) Which of the following molecules is a purine type of nitrogenous base? A) 2 B) 3 C) 5 D) 12 E) 13 Answer: E Topic: Concept 5.5 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 91) Which of the following molecules act as building blocks (monomers) of polypeptides? A) 1, 4, and 6 B) 2, 7, and 8 C) 7, 8, and 13 D) 11, 12, and 13 E) 12, 13, and 15 Answer: B Topic: Concept 5.4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 92) Which of the following molecules is an amino acid with a hydrophobic R group or side chain? A) 3 B) 5 C) 7 D) 8 E) 12 Answer: C Topic: Concept 5.4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 93) Which of the following molecules could be joined together by a peptide bond as a result of a dehydration reaction? A) 2 and 3 B) 3 and 7 C) 7 and 8 D) 8 and 9 E) 12 and 13 Answer: C Topic: Concept 5.4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 94) A fat (or triacylglycerol) would be formed as a result of a dehydration reaction between A) one molecule of 9 and three molecules of 10. B) three molecules of 9 and one molecule of 10. C) one molecule of 5 and three molecules of 9. D) three molecules of 5 and one molecule of 9. E) one molecule of 5 and three molecules of 10. Answer: B Topic: Concept 5.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 104 Chapter 5, The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules 95) Which of the following molecules could be joined together by a phosphodiester type of covalent bond? A) 3 and 4 B) 3 and 8 C) 6 and 15 D) 11 and 12 E) 11 and 13 Answer: D Topic: Concept 5.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 96) Which of the following molecules is the pentose sugar found in RNA? A) 1 B) 4 C) 6 D) 12 E) 13 Answer: D Topic: Concept 5.5 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 97) Which of the following molecules contains a glycosidic linkage type of covalent bond? A) 4 B) 6 C) 12 D) 13 E) 15 Answer: E Topic: Concept 5.2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 98) Which of the following molecules has (have) a functional group that frequently is involved in maintaining the tertiary structure of a protein? A) 2 B) 3 C) 9 D) 11 E) 9 and 11 Answer: A Topic: Concept 5.4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension Chapter 5, The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules 105 99) Which of the following molecules consists of a hydrophilic ʺheadʺ region and a hydrophobic ʺtailʺ region? A) 2 B) 5 C) 7 D) 9 E) 11 Answer: B Topic: Concept 5.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 100) Which of the following statements is false? A) 1 and 4 could be joined together by a glycosidic linkage to form a disaccharide. B) 9 and 10 could be joined together by ester bonds to form a triacylglycerol. C) 2 and 7 could be joined together to form a short peptide. D) 2, 7, and 8 could be joined together to form a short peptide. E) 14 and 15 could be joined together to form a polypeptide. Answer: E Topic: Concepts 5.2-5.4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 106 Chapter 5, The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules Self-Quiz Questions The following questions are from the end-of-chapter-review Self-Quiz questions in Chapter 5 of the textbook. 1) Which term includes all others in the list? A) monosaccharide B) disaccharide C) starch D) carbohydrate E) polysaccharide Answer: D 2) The molecular formula for glucose is C6H12O6. What would be the molecular formula for a polymer made by linking ten glucose molecules together by dehydration reactions? A) C60H120O60 B) C6H12O6 C) C60H102O51 D) C60H100O50 E) C60H111O51 Answer: C 3) The enzyme amylase can break glycosidic linkages between glucose monomers only if the monomers are the α form. Which of the following could amylase break down? A) glycogen, starch, and amylopectin B) glycogen and cellulose C) cellulose and chitin D) starch and chitin E) starch, amylopectin, and cellulose Answer: A 4) Which of the following statements concerning unsaturated fats is true? A) They are more common in animals than in plants. B) They have double bonds in the carbon chains of their fatty acids. C) They generally solidify at room temperature. D) They contain more hydrogen than saturated fats having the same number of carbon atoms. E) They have fewer fatty acid molecules per fat molecule. Answer: B 5) The structural level of a protein least affected by a disruption in hydrogen bonding is the A) primary level. B) secondary level. C) tertiary level. D) quaternary level. E) All structural levels are equally affected. Answer: A Chapter 5, The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules 107 6) Which of the following pairs of base sequences could form a short stretch of a normal double helix of DNA? A) 5ʹ-purine-pyrimidine-purine-pyrimidine-3ʹ with 3ʹ-purine-pyrimidine-purine-pyrimidine-5ʹ B) 5ʹ-A-G-C-T-3ʹ with 5ʹ-T-C-G-A-3ʹ C) 5ʹ-G-C-G-C-3ʹ with 5ʹ-T-A-T-A-3ʹ D) 5ʹ-A-T-G-C-3ʹ with 5ʹ-G-C-A-T-3ʹ E) All of these pairs are correct. Answer: D 7) Enzymes that break down DNA catalyze the hydrolysis of the covalent bonds that join nucleotides together. What would happen to DNA molecules treated with these enzymes? A) The two strands of the double helix would separate. B) The phosphodiester linkages between deoxyribose sugars would be broken. C) The purines would be separated from the deoxyribose sugars. D) The pyrimidines would be separated from the deoxyribose sugars. E) All bases would be separated from the deoxyribose sugars. Answer: B 8) Construct a table that organizes the following terms, and label the columns and rows. phosphodiester linkages polypeptides monosaccharides peptide bonds triacylglycerols nucleotides glycosidic linkages polynucleotides amino acids ester linkages polysaccharides fatty acids Answer: 108 Chapter 5, The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules 9) Draw the polynucleotide strand in Figure 5.27a from your textbook, and label the bases G, T, C, and T, starting from the 5ʹ end. Now, draw the complementary strand of the double helix, using the same symbols for phosphates (circles), sugars (pentagons), and bases. Label the bases. Draw arrows showing the 5ʹ → 3ʹ direction of each strand. Use the arrows to make sure the second strand is antiparallel to the first. Hint: After you draw the first strand vertically, turn the paper upside down; it is easier to draw the second strand from the 5ʹ toward the 3ʹ direction as you go from top to bottom. Answer: Chapter 5, The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules 109 Chapter 6 A Tour of the Cell This chapter is a preview of those to follow. Therefore, many of the questions take a rather holistic approach. Questions in the new edition reflect additions to the chapter and an increase of Application/Analysis and Synthesis/Evaluation questions. Where possible, some reflect integration with prior chapters on macromolecules. Multiple-Choice Questions 1) When biologists wish to study the internal ultrastructure of cells, they most likely would use A) a light microscope. B) a scanning electron microscope. C) a transmission electronic microscope. D) A and B E) B and C Answer: C Topic: Concept 6.1 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 2) The advantage of light microscopy over electron microscopy is that A) light microscopy provides for higher magnification than electron microscopy. B) light microscopy provides for higher resolving power than electron microscopy. C) light microscopy allows one to view dynamic processes in living cells. D) A and B E) B and C Answer: C Topic: Concept 6.1 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 3) A primary objective of cell fractionation is to A) view the structure of cell membranes. B) identify the enzymes outside the organelles. C) determine the size of various organelles. D) separate the major organelles so that their particular functions can be determined. E) crack the cell wall so the cytoplasmic contents can be released. Answer: D Topic: Concept 6.1 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 110 4) In the fractionation of homogenized cells using centrifugation, the primary factor that determines whether a specific cellular component ends up in the supernatant or the pellet is A) the relative solubility of the component. B) the size and weight of the component. C) the percentage of carbohydrates in the component. D) the number of enzymes in the fraction. E) the presence or absence of lipids in the component. Answer: B Topic: Concept 6.1 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 5) Which of the following correctly lists the order in which cellular components will be found in the pellet when homogenized cells are treated with increasingly rapid spins in a centrifuge? A) ribosomes, nucleus, mitochondria B) chloroplasts, ribosomes, vacuoles C) nucleus, ribosomes, chloroplasts D) vacuoles, ribosomes, nucleus E) nucleus, m