AP BIO EXAM
large standard deviation
The data points are spread out over a wider range of values
A team of biologists develop a new drug, and one team member hypothesizes that the drug is incapable of freely passing across the plasma membrane and requires the help of membrane proteins to enter cells. Alternatively, another biologist on the team hypothesizes that the drug can diffuse passively across the plasma membrane like O2 and CO2 can. Which of the following, if true about the drug, best supports the alternative hypothesis that the new drug will exhibit simple diffusion across plasma membranes?
The drug is a small nonpolar molecule.
Which of the following best explains how treatment with a drug that stimulates the production of insulin receptors on target cells will affect the insulin signaling pathway in an individual with type 1 diabetes?
The drug will have little or no effect on the signaling pathway because the receptors will not be activated in the absence of insulin.
ATP synthase
The enzyme that produces ATP during the final stage of cellular respiration
Why is water good at holding heat?
because it requires a lot of energy to change state of matter
Why is water a good solvent?
because of its polarity, it attracts molecules
Carbon
builds carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acid
Phosphorus
builds nucleic acids and some lipids
Nitrogen
builds protein and nucleic acids
Types of solution: hypotonic
less solute than another solution or another area (diluted)-more water
bilayer of phospholipids
lipid tails are between phosphate heads creating a barrier, surrounds the whole cell
Plasmosis
the contraction or shrinking of the cell membrane of a plant cell in a hypertonic solution in response to the loss of water by osmosis
ATP
-(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work -third phosphate will break off of ATP, leaving ADP phosphate will attach to another molecule making the new molecule reactive
An open system, pressure potential
0
pure water has the water potential of
0
pure water water potential
0
The following questions refer to an experiment that is set up to determine the relative volume of O2 consumed by germinating and nongerminating (dry) pea seeds at two different temperatures. The change in volume is detected by using a respirometer over a given period of time. The data are given below. The rate of oxygen consumption in germinating pea seeds at 26ºC is
0.05 mL / min
Fluidity of bilayer
1) Allows membrane proteins to interact with each other 2) allows proteins to move to other places 3)when 2 membranes fuse to each other fluidity will allow them to mix of 2 molecules 4) Cell division allows an even distribution of membrane components Cholesterol important to fluidity
Fluidity of bilayer
1) Allows membrane proteins to interact with each other 2) allows proteins to move to other places 3)when 2 membranes fuse to each other fluidity will allow them to mix of 2 molecules 4) Cell division allows an even distribution of membrane components LETS MORE IN Cholesterol important to fluidity
Why do cells need to be small?
1. differentiation 2. complex structures and functions 3. Efficiency in diffusion
Steps of Standard Deviation
1: Find the mean 2: For each data point find square root of its distance to the mean 3: Sum of values from step 2 4: Divide by the number of data points 5: Take square root
how many times does Calvin Cycle occur?
3 times
Equation for photosynthesis
6CO2 (carbon dioxide) + 6H2O (water) +energy---> C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6O2 (oxygen)
16.Oxygen consumption can be used as a measure of metabolic rate because oxygen is A. necessary for ATP synthesis by oxidative phosphorylation B. necessary to replenish glycogen levels C. necessary for fermentation to take place D. required by all living organisms E. required to break down the ethanol that is produced in muscles
A
25) Most photosynthesis in typical C3 angiosperms takes place in the a. palisade mesophyll b. spongy mesophyll c. epidermis d. pericycle e. vascular bundles
A
4) The energy required to run the Calvin cycle reactions of photosynthesis comes from which two substances produced during the light-dependent reactions? a. ATP and NADPH b. ADP and PO4 c. H+ and O2 d. O2 and CO2 e. H2O and CO2
A
78.(A) Cytochrome (B) FADH2 (C) NAD+ (D) NADP+ (E) Oxygen (O2) A membrane-bound electron carrier found in the electron transport systems of both aerobic respiration and photosynthesis
A
86.A. Glycolysis B. Krebs cycle C. Calvin cycle D. Light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis E. Chemiosmosis Process in which sugar is oxidized to pyruvic acid
A
88) (slide 9) An increase in the rate of oxygen production by algae would be accompanied by a comparable increase in the rate of production of which of the following substances? a. C6H12O6 b. CO2 c. CH4 d. NH3 e. H2O
A
covalent bond
A chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule, hold elements together
Hydrolysis
A chemical process that splits a molecule by adding water.
dehydration synthesis
A chemical reaction in which two molecules are bonded together with the removal of a water molecule.
polar covalent bond
A covalent bond between atoms that differ in electronegativity. The shared electrons are pulled closer to the more electronegative atom, making it slightly negative and the other atom slightly positive.
Based on the information presented, which of the following genetic changes in an individual without diabetes is most likely to result in a disrupted cellular response to insulin signaling similar to that of an individual with type 2 diabetes?
A deletion in the gene encoding the insulin receptor that removes only the cytoplasmic domain of the protein
Chemiosmotic gradient
A greater concentration of hydrogen ions in the innermembrane space than in the mitochondrial matrix
Solvent
A liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances
Glycolysis
A metabolic process that breaks down carbohydrates and sugars through a series of reactions to either pyruvic acid or lactic acid and release energy for the body in the form of ATP
The figure above shows a model of a ligand precursor being cleaved to produce an active ligand that binds to a specific receptor. Which of the following is most likely to reduce the binding of the active ligand to its receptor?
A mutation in the receptor gene that causes a substitution of a charged amino acid for a nonpolar amino acid in the ligand binding site of the receptor
electron transport chain
A sequence of electron carrier molecules (membrane proteins) that shuttle electrons during the redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP.
isotonic solution
A solution in which the concentration of solutes is essentially equal to that of the cell which resides in the solution
Gelatin is a protein that is derived from collagen which is found in the bones, skin, and connective tissue of animals. To investigate the ability of various enzymes to digest gelatin, a group of students set up an assay involving camera film. Camera film contains gelatin and appears black when exposed to light but turns clear as the gelatin gets broken down. The students incubated pieces of exposed camera film in test tubes, each containing one of three different enzyme solutions (trypsin, lipase, or amylase) as indicated in Figure 1. The students recorded the time it took for the enzymes to digest the gelatin in each test tube, turning the film from black to clear. Which of the following would be the most appropriate control for this experiment?
A test tube containing a piece of exposed camera film submerged in water
Oxygen
Aerobic respiration evolved after what was added to the earth's atmosphere
A tissue culture of vertebrate muscle was provided with a constant excess supply of glucose under anaerobic conditions starting at time zero and the amounts of pyruvic acid and ATP produced were measured. The solid line in the graph above represents the pyruvic acid produced in moles per liter per minute. ATP levels were also found to be highest at points A and C, lowest at B and D. A second culture was set up under the same conditions, except that substance X was added, and the results are indicated by the dotted line. Which of the following best accounts for the shape of the solid line between points A and D?
ATP acted as an allosteric inhibitor on one or more of the enzymes.
A tissue culture of vertebrate muscle was provided with a constant excess supply of glucose under anaerobic conditions starting at time zero and the amounts of pyruvic acid and ATP produced were measured. The solid line in the graph above represents the pyruvic acid produced in moles per liter per minute. ATP levels were also found to be highest at points A and C, lowest at B and D. A second culture was set up under the same conditions, except that substance X was added, and the results are indicated by the dotted line. Which of the following best accounts for the shape of the solid line between points A and D?
ATP acted as an allosteric inhibitor on one or more of the enzymes.
the energy required to run the Calvin cycle reactions of photosynthesis comes from which two substances produced during the light-dependent reactions?
ATP and NADPH
Lactic acid
After intense activity muscles feel sore because of...
Citric acid cycle
Also known as the Krebs cycle
Carbon dioxide is released
An alcoholic fermentation...
Fermentation
An important way of making ATP without oxygen
SA:V ratio
An organism or structure's surface area in relation to its volume.
Step 9 of photosynthesis
As electrons go down ETC they at the end join NADPH+ to make NADPH. NADPH is an electron carrier.
33.Which of the following physiological effects would likely occur first in a volunteer who was breathing air from which the CO2 was removed? A. decreased blood pH B. Decreased respirator rate C. Increased respiratory rate D. increase pulse rate E. increase blood pressure
B
40) An airtight, temperature-controlled glass box containing actively growing tomato plants was placed under a light source. Plastic wrapping that only transmits green light was placed over the box, and two days later air samples from inside the box were collected and analyzed. The most likely change in air quality is a. an increase in nitrogen (N2) b. an increase in carbon dioxide (CO2) c. an increase in oxygen (O2) d. a decrease in nitrogen (N2) e. a decrease in carbon dioxide (CO2)
B
41.During respiration most ATP is formed as a direct result of the net movement of A. Potassium against a concentration gradient B. protons down a concentration gradient C. electrons against a concentration gradient D. electrons through a channel E. sodium ions into the cells
B
44. Which metabolic process is common to both aerobic cellular respiration and alcoholic fermentation? (A) Krebs cycle (B) Glycolysis (C) Electron transport chain (D) Conversion of pyruvic acid to acetyl CoA (E) Production of a proton gradient
B
54.Which of the following directly produces the most ATP per mole of glucose during aerobic cellular respiration? (A) Which of the following directly produces the most ATP per mole of glucose during aerobic cellular respiration? (B) Electron transport chain and hemiosmosis (C) Substrate-level phosphorylation (D) Kreb's cycle (E) Alcoholic fermentation
B
59.All of the following are common to C3 and C4 photosynthesis EXCEPT A. photolysis B. Initial step of CO2 fixation C. Cyclic photophosphorylation D. Noncyclic photophosphorylation E. Chemiosmotic phosphorylation
B
79.(A) Cytochrome (B) FADH2 (C) NAD+ (D) NADP+ (E) Oxygen (O2) Coenzyme that transfers electrons from the Krebs cycle to the mitochondrial electrontransport chain at a lower energy level than that of electrons entering at the beginning of the chain
B
83.A. Glycolysis B. Krebs cycle C. Calvin cycle D. Light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis E. Chemiosmosis Process in which CO2 is released as a by product of oxidation-reduction reactions
B
9.The function of which of the following organelles directly requires oxygen? A. Ribosome B. Mitochondrion C. Nucleus D. Centriole E. Golgi apparatus
B
Which of the following outcomes will most likely result from the irreversible binding of GDP to the G protein?
The intracellular concentration of glycogen will increase.
Butterflies of the genus Colias live in the Rocky Mountains, where they experience a wide range of temperatures. Different variants of a particular glycolytic enzyme in the flight muscles are optimally active at different temperatures. Within the same population, some individual butterflies fly most effectively at 29°C , while others fly most effectively at 40°C. Still others can be equally active at both temperatures. Which of the following claims is most consistent with the observed butterfly behavior?
Butterflies that express two variants of the enzyme are active over a greater range of temperature.
(A) Glysolysis (B) Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle) (C) Calvin cycle (light-independent reactions of photosynthesis) (D) Light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis (E) Chemiosmosis Process in which carbon from CO2 is incorporated into organic molecules:
C
20) Which two cellular organelles in eukaryotes have both electron transport systems and chemiosmotic mechanisms? a. Ribosomes and endoplasmic reticulum b. Chloroplasts and endoplasmic reticulum c. Chloroplasts and mitochondria d. Mitochondria and nuclei e. Nuclei and Golgi apparatus
C
42.ATP serves as a common energy source for organisms because (A) it is the smallest energy molecule (B) it stores the least energy of any energy source (C) its energy can be easily transferred to do cellular work (D) it is extremely stable and can be stored in the cell for long periods of time (E) traces of it have been found in fossils of ancient organisms dating back to the beginning of life on Earth
C
6) ATP is produced in all of the following EXCEPT a. glycolysis b. the Krebs cycle c. the Calvin cycle d. cyclic and noncyclic light-reactions e. the electron transport system with chemiosmosis
C
60.Red algae can grow at greater ocean depths than most other algae can because red algae are A. specialized for absorbing red wavelengths of light for photosynthesis B. specialized for absorbing ultraviolet wavelengths of light for photosynthesis C. specialized for absorbing blue wavelengths of light for photosynthesis D. unable to use chlorophyll for photosynthesis E. adapted for chemosynthesis, rather than photosynthesis
C
80.(A) Cytochrome (B) FADH2 (C) NAD+ (D) NADP+ (E) Oxygen (O2) An intermediate electron acceptor for oxidations that occur in both glycolysis and in Krebs cycle reactions
C
84.A. Glycolysis B. Krebs cycle C. Calvin cycle D. Light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis E. Chemiosmosis Process in which carbon from CO2 is incorporated into organic molecules
C
Cristae
Folds created by the mitochondria inner membrane
ionic bond
Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another
A student studied the effects of light intensity on oxygen production in green algae. The algae were suspended in water inside a sealed glass jar, and the jar was placed into a constant-temperature, lightproof box containing a light source. A probe was inserted into the jar to record the concentration of oxygen. The probe was connected to a recording device. The setup is shown below. The student decreased the intensity of the light hourly and recorded the corresponding changes in oxygen concentration. The graph below shows the results from the recording device. An increase in the rate of oxygen production by algae would be accompanied by a comparable increase in the rate of production of which of the following substances?
C6H12O6
cellular respiration equation
C6H12O6+6O2---> 6CO2+6H2O+ATP
Yeast
Can use alcoholic fermentation for energy
Muscle cells
Can use lactic acid fermentation for energy
Step 3 of Calvin Cycle
Carbohydrate formation: G3P used to make glucose one 3-carbon chain (G3P) exits the cycle (thus will join up with another 3-carbon chain to form glucose)
Aquaporins are channel proteins that facilitate the transport of water across the cell membrane. One group of researchers hypothesizes that without functional aquaporins, no water will be able to enter the cell. A different group proposes an alternative hypothesis, stating that even with nonfunctional aquaporins, a small amount of water will still cross the cell membrane. An experiment is set up in which plant cells with mutated (nonfunctional) aquaporins and plant cells with normally functioning aquaporins are both placed in distilled water. Which of the following data would support the alternative hypothesis?
Cells with mutated aquaporins exhibit moderate turgor pressure and are hypertonic.
Anaerobic respiration
Cellular respiration in the absence of oxygen
Aerobic respiration
Cellular respiration in the presence of oxygen
ATP synthase
Channel protein and enzyme that makes ATP
H20
Chemical formula for water
Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) is an enzyme that aids in the decomposition of ethyl alcohol (C2H5OH) into nontoxic substances. Methyl alcohol acts as a competitive inhibitor of ethyl alcohol by competing for the same active site on ADH. When attached to ADH, methyl alcohol is converted to formaldehyde, which is toxic in the body. Which of the following statements best predicts the effect of increasing the concentration of substrate (ethyl alcohol), while keeping the concentration of the inhibitor (methyl alcohol) constant?
Competitive inhibition will decrease because the proportion of the active sites occupied by substrate will increase.
Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) is an enzyme that aids in the decomposition of ethyl alcohol (C2H5OH) into nontoxic substances. Methyl alcohol acts as a competitive inhibitor of ethyl alcohol by competing for the same active site on ADH. When attached to ADH, methyl alcohol is converted to formaldehyde, which is toxic in the body. Which of the following statements best predicts the effect of increasing the concentration of substrate (ethyl alcohol), while keeping the concentration of the inhibitor (methyl alcohol) constant?
Competitive inhibition will decrease because the proportion of the active sites occupied by substrate will increase.
Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain
Correct order of stages of cellular respiration
(A) Glysolysis (B) Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle) (C) Calvin cycle (light-independent reactions of photosynthesis) (D) Light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis (E) Chemiosmosis Process in which O2 is released as a by-product of oxidation-reduction reactions
D
18.In a mesophyll cell of a leaf, the synthesis of ATP occurs in which of the following: 1. Ribosomes 2. Mitochondria 3. Chloroplasts A. 1 only B. 2 only C. 3 only D. 2 and 3 only 4. 1, 2 and 3
D
45.Which of the following processess is carried out more efficiently by a C4 plant than by a C3 plant? A. Light absorption B. Chemiosomtic coupling C. Photolysis D. Fixation of CO2 E. transport of sugars
D
55.All of the following could reduce the yield of photosynthetic products EXCEPT (A) lower concentrations of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere (B) Increased photorespiration (C) reduced carbon dioxide concentrations in the air spaces of the leaf (D) increased frequency of stomatal openings (E) fewer Calvin cycle enzymes
D
82.A. Glycolysis B. Krebs cycle C. Calvin cycle D. Light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis E. Chemiosmosis Process in which O2 is released as a by-product of oxidation-reduction reactions
D
Which of the following questions is most relevant to understanding the Calvin cycle?
How is ATP used in the formation of 3-carbon carbohydrates?
ETC
The last two stages of cellular respiration occur in the?
Osmosis
Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane, concentration of water is dependent on concentration of solute
The diagram below shows energy changes in a specific chemical reaction with and without the addition of an enzyme to the reaction. Which of the following questions can best be answered by the diagram?
Does the addition of an enzyme reduce the activation energy required for a reaction?
2 used, 4 made
During glycolysis how many molecules of ATP are used? and how many molecules of ATP are made?
Pyruvate
During glycolysis, enzymes split a molecule of glucose into two molecules of?
NADH, ATP, FADH2
During the Krebs cycle energy is captured in the molecules of?
The chemical reaction for photosynthesis is 6 CO2 + 12 H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H2O If the input water is labeled with a radioactive isotope of oxygen, 18O, then the oxygen gas released as the reaction proceeds is also labeled with 18O. Which of the following is the most likely explanation?
During the light reactions of photosynthesis, water is split, removing electrons and protons, and oxygen gas is released.
41.Which of the following statements about mitochondrial chemiosmosis is NOT true? (A) A proton gradient is established across the inner membrane of the mitochondrion. (B) The potential energy released from the mitochondrial proton gradient is used to produce ATP. (C) The mitochondrial proton gradient provides energy for muscle contraction. (D) Proteins embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane play an important role in ATP synthesis. (E) Heat energy is required to establish the electron transport chain.
E
49.Which of the following pathways for the transformation of cellular energy most likely evolved first? A. Cyclic photophosphorylation B. Citric acid cycle C. Calvin cycle D. C4 photosynthesis E. Glycolysis
E
81.(A) Cytochrome (B) FADH2 (C) NAD+ (D) NADP+ (E) Oxygen (O2) The final electron acceptor for cellular respiration
E
85.A. Glycolysis B. Krebs cycle C. Calvin cycle D. Light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis E. Chemiosmosis Process found in both photosynthesis and cellular respiration
E
Step 6 of Photosynthesis
Electrons continue down ETC to photosynthesis II. At the end of the ETC electrons go to fill hole in Photosynthesis I.
Pyruvate
End products of glycolysis
NADH
Energy caring compound involved in stage one and stage two of cellular respiration
FADH2
Energy carrying compound produced during the Krebs cycle
ATP
Energy in the cell
All eukaryotic cells contain at least one Golgi complex, typically located in the cytoplasm and near the endoplasmic reticulum. Which of the following best describes a process that occurs within the Golgi complex?
Enzymatic modification of newly synthesized integral membrane proteins
Epinephrine is a protein hormone found in many animals. Epinephrine stimulates a signaling pathway that results in the breakdown of glycogen to glucose in the liver cells. Which of the following describes the initial steps in the process whereby epinephrine stimulates glycogen breakdown?
Epinephrine binds to a cell-surface receptor; the activated receptor stimulates production of the second messenger, cAMP.
Alcoholic fermentation
Fermenation in which pyruvic acid changes to alcohol and carbon dioxide
Lactic acid fermentation
Fermentation in which pyruvic acid from glycolysis changes to lactic acid
Which of the following claims is scientifically accurate and consistent with an observation that a decrease in lysosome production within a cell leads to a decline in mitochondrial activity?
Fewer lysosomes will be available to break down macromolecules to provide the necessary nutrients for cellular respiration.
The enzyme hexokinase catalyzes the conversion of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate, which is an important step in glycolysis. The reaction involves the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to glucose. Either a glucose molecule or a water molecule can fit in the active site of hexokinase. The presence of a water molecule in hexokinase's active site would result in the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP instead of the conversion of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate. Which of the following statements best helps explain the reaction specificity of hexokinase?
Glucose has the right shape and charge to cause hexokinase to undergo a structural change needed for catalysis, whereas water does not.
Which of the following statements best helps explain the reaction specificity of hexokinase?
Glucose has the right shape and charge to cause hexokinase to undergo a structural change needed for catalysis, whereas water does not.
Glycolysis
Glucose splitting
A researcher claims that the epinephrine signaling pathway controls a catabolic process in muscle cells. Which of the following statements best helps justify the researcher's claim?
Glycogen phosphorylase catalyzes the conversion of glycogen to glucose-1-phosphate.
Phosphofructokinase (PFK) is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate during glycolysis, as represented in Figure 1. PFK can be allosterically inhibited by ATP at high concentrations. Which of the following is the benefit of regulating glycolysis by the concentration of ATP?
Glycolysis proceeds when the intracellular concentration of ATP is low, which provides ATP to drive cellular reactions.
Phosphofructokinase (PFK) is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate during glycolysis, as represented in Figure 1. PFK can be allosterically inhibited by ATP at high concentrations. Which of the following is the benefit of regulating glycolysis by the concentration of ATP?
Glycolysis proceeds when the intracellular concentration of ATP is low, which provides ATP to drive cellular reactions. B
For following group of questions first study the description of the situation or data and then choose the one best answer to each question following it and fill in the corresponding oval on the answer sheet. In the first step of an experiment, rat liver cells were exposed for 5 minutes to amino acids labeled with a radioactive isotope. The cells were then washed to stop any further incorporation of radioactive amino acids. The cells were sampled periodically thereafter, and the radioactivity of a certain protein (protein X) was measured in various cell components, as shown below. The same procedure was repeated with a second protein (protein Y). If the function of Y is protein processing and packaging, the most radioactivity would be found in the
Golgi apparatus
Liver cells manufacture glycoproteins, while adipose cells store fat. Which of the following subcellular structures is likely to be more prominent in liver cells than in adipose cells?
Golgi apparatus
A cell is treated with a drug that prevents the formation of new lysosomes. The cell continues to transcribe the genes that code for the hydrolytic enzymes that are normally found in lysosomes and continues to translate the mRNAs for those proteins on membrane-bound ribosomes. The hydrolytic enzymes are most likely to accumulate in which of the following cellular structures?
Golgi complex
Which of the following best predicts the effect of not having ATP available to supply energy to this process?
H+H+ ions will stop moving through the protein.
The O2 released during photosynthesis comes from
H2O
For the following questions: Graphs I-IV depict the effect of pH on the activity of four different hydrolytic enzymes. Graphs representing enzymes sensitive to changes in pH include which of the following?
I, II, and III only
In a mesophyll cell of a leaf, the synthesis of ATP occurs in which of the following? I. Ribosomes II. Mitochondria III. Chloroplasts
II and III only
For the following questions: Graphs I-IV depict the effect of pH on the activity of four different hydrolytic enzymes. Enzymes with their highest activity at an alkaline (basic) pH are represented by which of the following graphs?
II only
Based on the experimental results, which of the following describes the most likely defect in muscle cells of patients with type 2 diabetes?
IRS-1 activation is reduced at high insulin concentrations.
38
In all three stages of aerobic respiration how many molecules of ATP may be produced from a single molecule of glucose?
Based on Figure 1, which of the following statements best describes the epinephrine signaling pathway?
In involves enzymes activating other enzymes.
Lactic acid is produced
In lactic acid fermentation...
The following questions refer to an experiment that is set up to determine the relative volume of O2 consumed by germinating and nongerminating (dry) pea seeds at two different temperatures. The change in volume is detected by using a respirometer over a given period of time. The data are given below. Which of the following conclusions is best supported by the data?
In pea seeds an increase in temperature results in an increase in oxygen consumption.
38 ATP
In the presence of oxygen one glucose molecule has the energy to make up to...
Electron transport chain
Involved in stage III of cellular respiration
Chemiosmotic gradient of cellular respiration
Ion gradient made by the pumping of hydrogen ions across the inner membrane using energy of electrons as they are transported down the electron transport chain
Which of the following statements is true regarding the movement of substances across cell membranes?
Ions are unable to move through the phospholipid bilayer because the nonpolar tail regions of the phospholipids are hydrophobic.
Which of the following statements best describes the role of adenylyl cyclase in the epinephrine signaling pathway?
It accelerates the production of a second messenger.
Which of the following statements best describes the role of cyclic AMP in the signal transduction pathway.
It acts as a second messenger that helps relay and amplify the signal within the cell.
Amylase is a protein that catalyzes the conversion of starch to simple sugars. Amylase activity in an aqueous solution can be measured by using iodine as a starch indicator. A solution containing iodine and starch will have a dark-blue color, whereas a solution containing iodine but no starch will have a light-brown color. The color change of an iodine solution from dark blue to light brown can be used to measure the rate at which starch is converted to simple sugars. A student designs an experiment to investigate the effect of environmental pH on amylase function. The design of the experiment is presented in Table 1. Which of the following statements best justifies the inclusion of test tube V as a control in the experiment?
It will show the color change that occurs in the absence of enzyme activity.
The following questions refer to an experiment in which a dialysis-tubing bag is filled with a mixture of 3% starch and 3% glucose and placed in a beaker of distilled water, as shown below. After 3 hours, glucose can be detected in the water outside the dialysis-tubing bag, but starch cannot. If, instead of the bag, a potato slice were placed in the beaker of distilled water, which of the following would be true of the potato slice?
It would gain mass.
Lactic acid
Makes your muscles feel tired and sore after intense exercise
The function of which of the following organelles directly requires oxygen?
Mitochondrion
Oxygen
Most living things use what to make ATP from glucose?
3
Most of the ATP is produced in what stage?
Diffusion
Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration, in between molecules of lipid bilayer, gases or other lipid soluble molecules can
Diffusion
Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
facilitated diffusion
Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels, used to transport proteins, has polar and larger molecules, movement from high concentration to low concentration
The manner in which several different ions and molecules move through a cell membrane is shown in the diagram above. For each ion or molecule, the relative concentration on each side of the membrane is indicated. Which of the following accurately describes one of the movements taking place?
Na+ transport out of the cell requires ATP hydrolysis.
Individuals with an inherited autosomal recessive disorder called primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) often have severe respiratory problems due to defective cilia. Males with PCD are often sterile because they produce sperm with defective flagella. Which of the following most likely explains the effect of the recessive allele?
The cells do not produce functional motor proteins in flagella and cilia.
In chloroplasts, ATP is synthesized from ADP plus inorganic phosphate (Pi) in a reaction catalyzed by ATP synthase molecules that are embedded in the thylakoid membrane. Which of the following statements provides evidence to support the claim that no ATP will be synthesized in the absence of a proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane?
No ATPATP is synthesized when channel proteins that allow the free passage of protons are inserted into the thylakoid membrane.
water molecule bonding
Oxygen of one molecule and hydrogen of another form a hydrogen bond
If ATP breakdown (hydrolysis) is inhibited, which of the following types of movement across cell membranes is also inhibited?
Passage of a solute against its concentration gradient
Which of the following statements best explains the processes of passive and active transport?
Passive transport is the net movement of substances down a concentration gradient that does not require metabolic energy. Active transport is the movement of substances up a concentration gradient that requires energy.
Which of the following best predicts how the structure and function of pepsin will change as it enters the small intestine?
Pepsin will change in shape because of the basic environment of the small intestine; therefore, its enzymatic activity will decrease.
Aerobic organisms
Perform cellular respiration in the presence of oxygen
Contains hydrolytic enzymes associated with the intracellular digestion of macromolecules
Peroxisome
A student studied the effects of light intensity on oxygen production in green algae. The algae were suspended in water inside a sealed glass jar, and the jar was placed into a constant-temperature, lightproof box containing a light source. A probe was inserted into the jar to record the concentration of oxygen. The probe was connected to a recording device. The setup is shown below.The student decreased the intensity of the light hourly and recorded the corresponding changes in oxygen concentration. The graph below shows the results from the recording device.Based on the data shown, changes in the light intensity resulted in changes in the rate of which of the following processes?
Photosynthesis
Intravenous (IV) solutions administered to patients are normally isotonic. Which of the following is most likely if an IV of distilled water is administered to a patient?
The cells that are exposed to hypotonic solutions will expand as water moves osmotically into the cells from the blood.
Photosystem II
Photosystem II is the first link in the chain of photosynthesis. Captures photons + uses the energy to take electrons from H2O. These electrons are used in several ways. First, when the electrons are removed, the H2O is broken into oxygen gas, which bubbles away, and hydrogen ions- used to power ATP synthesis. Second, the electrons are passed down ETC, getting an additional boost along the way from photosystem I. As these electrons go down the chain, they're used to pump H+ ions across membrane, providing more power for ATP synthesis. Finally, the electrons placed on a carrier molecule, NADPH, which delivers them to enzymes that build sugar from H2O and CO2.
Which of the following experimental designs should the students use as a control for the experiment?
Place a catalase-soaked disk in a beaker of water.
Based on the information presented, which of the following will also occur in response to steroid signaling?
Production of a specific mRNA will increase as a result of the binding of the hormone-receptor complex to the DNA.
Pyruvic acid
Products of glycolysis
Which of the following components of the cell membrane is responsible for active transport?
Protein
Directions: This group of questions consists of five lettered headings followed by a list of phrases or sentences. For each phrase or sentence, select the one heading to which it is most closely related. Each heading may be used once, more than once, or not at all. This group of questions refers to the following groups of biological compounds. (A) Proteins (B) Carbohydrates (C) Nucleic acids (D) Lipids (E) Steroids Synthesized at the ribosome
Proteins
Which of the following can be used to determine the rate of enzyme-catalyzed reactions?
Rate of disappearance of the substrate
Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain
Reactions of cellular respiration
NAD+
Recycles during fermentation
Step 2 of Calvin Cycle
Reduction Phase- gain electrons from ATP and NADPH, ATP and NADPH into G3P molecule
Step 4 of Calvin Cycle
Regeneration Phase- other G3Ps (5) get energy from ATP to regenerate RuBP G3P+ATP=RuBP
Cellular respiration
Releases the energy in glucose to make ATP
A researcher claims that different enzymes exhibit maximal function over different pH ranges. To test the claim, the researcher carries out an experiment that includes three different enzymes: pepsin, salivary amylase, and arginase. The results of the experiment are represented in Figure 1 Which of the following actions will provide the most appropriate negative control for the experiment?
Repeating the experiment with denatured enzymes
A researcher claims that different enzymes exhibit maximal function over different pH ranges. To test the claim, the researcher carries out an experiment that includes three different enzymes: pepsin, salivary amylase, and arginase. The results of the experiment are represented in Figure 1. Which of the following actions will provide the most appropriate negative control for the experiment?
Repeating the experiment with denatured enzymes
Quantitative Research
Research that provides data that can be expressed with numbers, such as ranks or scales.
Anaerobic respiration
Respiration in the absence of oxygen
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells generally have which of the following features in common?
Ribosomes
Cells contain smaller components called organelles that are necessary for a cell's survival. Organelle functions have often been compared to components of larger systems. Which of the following functional differences between the rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is explained by the structural differences between them?
Rough ERER can synthesize and package proteins for export, and smooth ERER cannot.
starting molecule for the Calvin Cycle
RuBP
Cell communication is critical for the function of both unicellular and multicellular eukaryotes. Which of the following is likely true of cell signaling?
Similar cell signaling pathways in diverse eukaryotes are evidence of conserved evolutionary processes.
The salinity of a small inland lake has recently started to increase. Researchers are planning to study the lake over several decades to investigate how freshwater organisms survive significant changes in their natural habitat. Which of the following physiological mechanisms will the researchers most likely observe among the surviving organisms in the lake?
Single-celled organisms will use various mechanisms to counteract the increased flow of water from cells to the environment.
diffusion and particle size
Smaller/lighter particles will diffuse the farthest. Smaller particles can move faster than heavier particles therefore diffuse faster
hypertonic solution
Solute concentration is greater than that inside the cell; cell loses water
hypotonic solution
Solute concentration is less than that inside the cell; cell gains water
Glycolysis
Stage of cellular respiration occurs with or without oxygen
Krebs cycle
Stage two of cellular respiration
The figure above represents a rough endoplasmic reticulum. Which of the following best describes the role of the structure labeled Y?
Structure Y is the location where proteins are synthesized.
Step 1 of photosynthesis
Sunlight is absorbed by chlorophyll in photosynthesis II
Which of the following organelles modifies and packages for secretion the materials produced by the ribosomes?
The Golgi apparatus
Researchers have proposed a model of the process by which a newly synthesized protein is transported to the plasma membrane and secreted into the extracellular space. The model is represented in Figure 1. Figure 1. A model of the intracellular transport of a newly synthesized secreted protein Based on the model, the newly synthesized protein is transported directly from the endoplasmic reticulum to which of the following?
The Golgi complex
The following questions refer to an experiment in which a dialysis-tubing bag is filled with a mixture of 3% starch and 3% glucose and placed in a beaker of distilled water, as shown below. After 3 hours, glucose can be detected in the water outside the dialysis-tubing bag, but starch cannot. Which of the following best describes the condition expected after 24 hours?
The bag will contain more water than it did in the original condition.
A researcher proposes a model of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction in which a reactant is converted to a product. The model is based on the idea that the reactant passes through a transition state within the enzyme-substrate complex before the reactant is converted to the product. Which of the following statements best helps explain how the enzyme speeds up the reaction?
The enzyme's active site binds to and stabilizes the transition state, which decreases the activation energy of the reaction.
Step 8 of Photosynthesis
The excited electrons escape and get caught by a primary electron acceptor and they travel down ETC
A student formulated a hypothesis that water-soluble pollutants damage living organisms by increasing the permeability of cellular membranes. To test the hypothesis, the student investigated the effect of isopropanol and acetone on beet root cells. The vacuoles of beet root cells contain large amounts of betacyanin, a water-soluble pigment that is released into the extracellular environment as a result of increased membrane permeability. The student prepared identical samples of beet root tissue and incubated each sample for 15 minutes in the specific solution for that group. At the end of the incubation period, the student measured the absorbance of 460 nm light for each sample. A greater concentration of betacyanin in the solution surrounding the beet root cells results in a greater absorbance of 460 nm light. The results of the experiment are shown in the table above. The illustration above is a model of a typical beet root cell. Based on the experimental results, which of the following best represents the effect of acetone on the permeability of cellular membranes?
The figure shows two models of a cell with a right-facing arrow between the two cells. The cell model on the left shows 4 Betacyanin Molecules inside the Vacuole. The cell model on the right shows 6 Betacyanin Molecules outside the Cell Wall three to the right and three to the left of the cell. The Vacuole membrane and the Plasma membrane are represented with dashed outlines.
Oxygen
The final electronic acceptor at the end of cellular respiration is?
cell compartmentalisation
The formation in the cytosol of specialized structures enclosed by membranes, including the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, endosomes, lysosomes, and chloroplasts.
Which of the following statements best predicts the effect of a mutation that results in a loss of the glucocorticoid receptor's ligand binding function?
The glucocorticoid receptor will remain associated with the accessory proteins.
Which of the following best describes why the disks rose to the surface faster in the more concentrated hydrogen peroxide solutions?
The higher substrate concentrations in the more concentrated solutions speeded the reaction.
Step 5 of Photosynthesis
The hydrogen ion gradient powers ATP synthase to make ATP
The model below shows the structure of a portion of a plasma membrane in an animal cell. Which statement best explains the orientation of the phospholipid molecules in this model?
The hydrophilic phosphate groups of the phospholipid molecules are attracted to the aqueous internal and external environments.
A researcher designs an experiment to investigate the effect of environmental temperature on the function of an enzyme. For each trial included in the experiment, the researcher will add the enzyme and its substrate to an aqueous buffer solution and then measure the amount of product formed over 20 minutes. Which of the following must remain the same for all trials of this experiment?
The initial concentration of the substrate
A researcher designs an experiment to investigate the effect of environmental temperature on the function of an enzyme. For each trial included in the experiment, the researcher will add the enzyme and its substrate to an aqueous buffer solution and then measure the amount of product formed over 20 minutes. Which of the following must remain the same for all trials of this experiment?
The initial concentration of the substrate
Muscle cells have high ATP demands. Which of the following is a scientific claim about how the structure of the mitochondria in muscle cells should be different than it is in other cells because of the high energy demands of mitochondria?
The inner membrane of the mitochondria in muscle cells should have more folds to increase the surface area, allowing more ATPATP to be synthesized.
Which of the following is an important difference between light-dependent and light-independent reactions of photosynthesis?
The light-dependent reactions produce ATP and NADPH; the light-independent reactions use energy stored in ATP and NADPH.
Pyruvate
The molecule that enters the krebs cycle
Which of the following best explains how small molecules move between adjacent cells in a plant shoot?
The molecules pass freely through plasmodesmata, which are cytoplasmic strands connecting two cells.
water potential
The physical property predicting the direction in which water will flow, governed by solute concentration and applied pressure.
The following questions refer to an experiment in which a dialysis-tubing bag is filled with a mixture of 3% starch and 3% glucose and placed in a beaker of distilled water, as shown below. After 3 hours, glucose can be detected in the water outside the dialysis-tubing bag, but starch cannot. From the initial conditions and results described, which of the following is a logical conclusion?
The pores of the bag are larger than the glucose molecules but smaller than the starch molecules.
cellular respiration
The process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen, coupled reaction
Which of the following is a valid interpretation of the experimental results that explains how individuals with type 2 diabetes differ from individuals without diabetes?
The relatively low levels of glucose uptake in individuals with type 2 diabetes indicate that mobilization of GLUT4 to the cell surface is reduced in muscle cells of those individuals.
Which of the following statements best helps explain the reaction specificity of an enzyme?
The shape and charge of the substrates are compatible with the active site of the enzyme.
Inner membrane of the mitochondria
Where are the electron transport chains of cellular respiration located?
Step 2 of photosynthesis
The sunlight causes the electrons to become excited (gain energy), and leave the chlorophyll and Photosynthesis II. Electrons begin to travel down the proteins of the Electron Transport Chain. In order to travel down the ETC they first have to get caught by the primary electron acceptor.
In an experiment, cells were isolated from an aquatic plant and suspended in pond water, a sucrose sugar solution, or distilled water. All of the cells were then viewed under a microscope. Compared with the cell in the pond water, the cell in the sugar solution appeared shriveled, and the cell in the distilled water appeared inflated. The results of the experiment are represented in Figure 1. Figure 1. The results of an experiment using aquatic plant cells Which of the following statements best explains the observations represented in Figure 1 ?
There was a net movement of water out of the cell suspended in the sugar solution and a net movement of water into the cell suspended in the distilled water.
Organelles such as mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum have membranes that compartmentalize reactions and other metabolic processes. To function properly, the organelles must move substances across their membranes. Which of the following statements describes a feature shared by mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum that increases the efficiency of their basic functions?
They have highly folded membranes.
Which of the following statements best justifies the inclusion of test tubes 3 and 7 in the experiment?
They will show whether the isolated cellular contents have enzymatic activity.
Step 7 of photosynthesis
Those electrons that filled the hole in photosynthesis I get with light and get excited
Which of the following best describes why ice was used during this experiment?
To retard the breakdown of the catalase
The figure below illustrates a eukaryotic cell. Which of the following best describes how the three structures indicated by the arrows work together?
To synthesize and isolate proteins for secretion or for use in the cell
One approach to treating patients with pancreatic cancer and other cancers in which the Hedgehog protein is detected is to modify the Hedgehog signaling pathway. Which of the following is the most useful approach?
Treating patients with a membrane-soluble compound that can bind to Smo and block its activity
Glycolysis
Uses 2 ATP and makes 4 ATP, 2 NADH and 2 Pyruvates
Step 3 of Photosynthesis
Water is split to replace electrons lost by photosynthesis II, also produces hydrogen ions and oxygen
water movement
Water moves from an area of higher water potential to an area of lower water potential
Step 4 of Photosynthesis
When electron travel down the ETC, the hydrogen ions set up the gradient in the thylakoid space
Which of the following scientific questions is most relevant to the model represented in the figure above?
Which molecular substance is actively transported across the plasma membrane?
Glycolysis
Which stage of cellular respiration does fermentation involve?
2
Without oxygen organisms can just split glucose into how many molecules of pyruvate
nonpolar covalent bond
a covalent bond in which the electrons are shared equally by the two atoms
standard error
a measure of how precise data is and if the independent variable affected by the dependent
permeable membrane
a membrane that allows for diffusion of certain solutes and water
Monomer
a molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer.
Exocytosis
a process by which the contents of a cell vacuole are released to the exterior through fusion of the vacuole membrane with the cell membrane.
amino acids
a simple organic compound containing both a carboxyl (—COOH) and an amino (—NH2) group. R group with hydrophilic, hydrophobic, or ionic properties - what gives the amino acid its property
Vacuole
a space or vesicle within the cytoplasm of a cell, enclosed by a membrane and typically containing fluid to push in or out proteins
water movment
a) water moves from high water concentration to low water concentration b) water moves from high water potential to low water potential c) water moves from low solute concentration to high solute concentration
A tissue culture of vertebrate muscle was provided with a constant excess supply of glucose under anaerobic conditions starting at time zero and the amounts of pyruvic acid and ATP produced were measured. The solid line in the graph above represents the pyruvic acid produced in moles per liter per minute. ATP levels were also found to be highest at points A and C, lowest at B and D. A second culture was set up under the same conditions, except that substance X was added, and the results are indicated by the dotted line. It is most reasonable to hypothesize that, in the breakdown of glucose, substance X is
an inhibitor
It is most reasonable to hypothesize that, in the breakdown of glucose, substance X is
an inhibitor
Simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion are related in that both
are endergonic processes and thus require the hydrolysis of ATP
A researcher claims that increased atmospheric carbon dioxide levels cause increased growth rates in plants. Which of the following statements best supports the researcher's claim?
atmospheric carbon dioxide is the raw material for photosynthesis, which plants rely on for producing sugars and other organic compounds.
phospholipid hydrophilic head
attracted to water
hydrogen bonds
attractive forces in which a hydrogen covalently bonded to a very electronegative atom is also weakly bonded to an unshared electron pair of another electronegative atom
chemical formula of cellular respiration
c6h12o6 + 6o2 -> 6co2 + 6h2o
oxygen and hydrogen are found in
carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acid
C=C
carbon double bonds meaning less hydrogen
Step 1 of Calvin Cycle
carbon fixation- CO2 +RuBP and 6-Carbon molecules splits into 2 3-Carbon molecules
The carbon 'that makes up organic molecules in plants is derived directly from
carbon fixed in photosynthesis
water surface tension
caused by the attraction between water molecules (hydrogen bonds) the capacity of a substance to withstand being ruptured when placed under tension or stress
Properties of water
cohesion, adhesion, excellent solvent, solid is less dense than liquid, specific heat
The figure above shows a series of microscope images taken over time of ovalbumin production in chick oviduct cells in response to stimulation with estrogen. The ovalbumin protein was detected using a fluorescent dye as shown by the white areas in the time-lapse sequence. The microscope images indicate that ovalbumin
crosses the endoplasmic reticulum membrane as it is translated, then moves to the Golgi apparatus, then to vesicles from which it is secreted
small standard deviation
data is close to the mean
Osmosis
diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
Phospholipid hydrophobic tail
does not like water, can be saturated or unsaturated ( have C=C meaning less hydrogen)
chloroplast stucture
double membrane
ionic bonding
the complete transfer of valence electron(s) between atoms, electrons given up or taken, tend to separate into ions
ionic bonding
electron given up/taken, tend to separate into ions
Oxygen is more ______________ than hydrogen.
electronegative
Photosystem I
electrons accepted by chlorophyll through another process of electron transport chain, it will produce NADPH
covalent bond
electrons are shared between atoms, holds elements together
Types of solution: isotonic
equal amounts of solute
iso
equal, same
scientific questions: significant
explains something; requires background knowledge to ask
When a substance moves across the plasma membrane along a concentration gradient at a rate faster than would be expected by simple diffusion alone but without the expenditure of metabolic energy, the process is best described as
facilitated diffusion
Fluid vs Viscous
fluid, has unsaturated hydrocarbon tails has more space and will let things in, it is not solid Viscous, has saturated hydrocarbon tails is flexible but more solid
scientific questions: Verification
gather data; little to no background knowledge
unsaturated hydrophobic tails
have C=C meaning that it has carbon double bonds meaning less hydrogen, making the bilayer more fluid.
water with solutes' water potential
have a negative water potential energy in water to dissolve thus making the energy no longer available to work further
facilitated diffusion
high to low concentration, use transport proteins, polar larger molecules
affect of temperature on diffusion
higher temperature = faster cell movement lower temperature = slower cell movement
standard deviation
how much scores vary around the mean score
Types of Solutions
hypertonic, hypotonic, isotonic
Diffusion and Temperature
increase in temperature causes faster movement
Qualitative Research
informal research methods, including observation, following social media sites, in-depth interviews, focus groups, and projective techniques
scientific questions: experimental
is testable; and explains and requires background knowledge
It's not considered scientific if?
it's answered with opinions it's based on beliefs, not data
Polymer
large compound formed from combinations of many monomers
The enzyme peroxidase is found in many organisms. It catalyzes the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen gas. The rate of peroxidase activity at different pH values was assessed by students in the lab. The students' results are shown in graph 1. If the experiment is repeated at pH 11, the observed activity level of the enzyme will most likely be
lower than the level at pHpH 9
nucleic acids
macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus information is encoded n the sequence of the monomers each nucleotide (monomer)is made up of 5 C sugar and a phosphate group
If the SE bars do not overlap the treatment
made a difference
Carbohydrates
made up of simple sugar monomers (monosaccharides) sugars have a chemical formula (CH2O) n form disaccharides and polysaccharides
The organelle that is a major producer of ATP and is found in both heterotrophs and autotrophs is the
mitochondrion
Viscous bilayer
more solid, saturated hydrocarbon tails, lets less in
Types of solution: hypertonic
more solute than another solution or another area (concentration), less water
If the potato solution was boiled for 10 minutes and cooled for 10 minutes before being tested, the average time for the disks to float to the surface of the hydrogen peroxide solution would be
more than 30 seconds
molecules in a solid
move the least because of organized structutre
role of energy in living systems
needed for activation energy -photosynthesis -needed to grow -needed to move
Lipids
nonpolar macromolecules (mostly hydrogen, a few oxygens, and sometimes P) not the typical monomer/polymer structure some are ring structures usually a foundation structure and hydrocarbon tails the hydrophobic, hydrocarbon tails ae carbon and hydrogen atoms bonded together Varying saturation of H (due to C=C) leads to different properties of lipids Phospholipids have a hydrophilic foundation
Mitochondria structure
outer membrane, folded inner membrane
Extracellular
outside the cell
extracellular
outside the cell
hyper
over
For the following questions: Graphs I-IV depict the effect of pH on the activity of four different hydrolytic enzymes. The most likely explanation for the results shown in Graph I is that
pH affects the shape of the active site of the enzyme
coupled reactions
pairs of chemical reactions in which some of the energy released from the breakdown of one compound is used to create a bond in the formation of another compound -energy output must be greater than energy loss for cells to do work -loss of energy flow results in death
cell membrane structure
phospholipid bilayer
cell membrane structure
phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins
water movement is based in
pressure and solute concentration
Endocytosis
process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane
Photosynthesis
process by which plants and some other organisms use light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and high-energy carbohydrates such as sugars and starches
goal of photosynthesis
produce glucose
Carbohydrate-synthesizing reactions of photosynthesis directly require
products of the light reactions
Molecules in a gas
randomly arranged, far apart together, moving past one another, vacuum between them because of LACK OF STRUCTURE
Calvin Cycle
reactions of photosynthesis in which energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high-energy compounds such as sugars
Precise regulation of specific hormone levels is required for optimal sperm production in mammals, as summarized in the figure above. Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) are synthetic variants of testosterone that are sometimes abused by persons who desire to enhance their athletic performance or alter their physique. Assuming that AAS function in the same way as naturally occurring testosterone, it is most likely that long-term abuse of AAS would
reduce sperm production
Diffusion: Cell Membrane
regulates diffusion into and out of the cell
cell memebrane functions
regulates diffusion into and out of the cell
For following group of questions first study the description of the situation or data and then choose the one best answer to each question following it and fill in the corresponding oval on the answer sheet. In the first step of an experiment, rat liver cells were exposed for 5 minutes to amino acids labeled with a radioactive isotope. The cells were then washed to stop any further incorporation of radioactive amino acids. The cells were sampled periodically thereafter, and the radioactivity of a certain protein (protein X) was measured in various cell components, as shown below. In graphing the data from this experiment, the sampling time would be shown on the x-axis because
sampling time is the independent variable
cell compartmentalization
separate activities from other parts of the cell, more efficient, helps in diffusion.
Pathways
series of reaction allows for a controlled energy transfer
Proteins
specific order of amino acids that determine the overall shape of the protein
as sample size increases
standard error decreases; the more data there is the more precise it will be
structure and function
structure determines function
phopholipid bilayer
surrounds the whole cell, has hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails
SA:V ratio results
the bigger the ratio, the easier it is to diffuse because there is more area exposed and less to diffuse
if SE bars overlap then that tells us
the independent variable did not have an affect
hydrogen bonding
the intermolecular force in which a hydrogen atom that is bonded to a highly electronegative atom is attracted to an unshared pair of electrons of an electronegative atom in a nearby molecule, WEAK ATTRACTION
molecule size affect on diffusion
the larger it is the more it cannot get through the membrane
Solvent
the substance in which the solute dissolves, water
Solute
the substance that is dissolved
Soulute
the substance that is dissolved
Endocytosis
the taking in of matter by a living cell by invagination of its membrane to form a vacuole.
turgor pressure
the vacuoles in plant cells swell up with water and make the plant rigid
Why is water a polar molecule?
there is an uneven distribution of electrons between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms
goal of diffusion
to reach equilibrium
hypo
under
tulgor pressure
vacuole full of water exerts pressure on to the cell wall making a plant stand up (not wilted)
water cohesion
water molecules stick to each other (H bonding), water molecules stick together because they are attracted to each other because of hydrogen bonding
osmoloarity
water moves from a low solute concentration to high solute concentration
hydrogen bonding
when polar covalent bonds containing hydrogen form, the hydrogen in that bond has a slightly positive charge because hydrogen's electron is pulled more strongly toward the other element and away from the hydrogen
intracellular
within the cell
