AP BIO FINAL REVIEW

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This is the graph

A culture of Spirogyra (an autotrophic alga) is maintained in a water solution containing dissolved carbon dioxide and a source of phosphates but lacking nitrogen compounds. A researcher determines the rates of synthesis of several organic compounds found in the Spirogyra before and after several weeks in the water solution. Which of the following graphs best illustrates a likely result of the experiment?

carbon atoms covalently bonded to each other

A feature of organic compounds NOT found in inorganic compounds is the presence of

secondary consumer

A frog that eats a beetle that sips on flower sap is a ______________.

The conclusion is invalid because other variables in the experiment (both biotic and abiotic) affected the results.

A group of students designed an experiment to determine the effect of compost on the germination and growth of plants. The students set up experimental plots by mixing different ratios of soil and compost. They planted 20 pea and 20 melon seeds in each plot and watered each plot regularly. The students recorded the number of seeds that germinated, and as the plants grew, they recorded plant length, number and size of leaves, and general health observations. The following observations were recorded. In all treatments, more pea seeds germinated than melon seeds. There was a week of rainy weather at three weeks. Melon plants developed a fungal growth at four weeks. Melon plants grew longer than pea plants, but many melon leaves showed signs of yellowing as the weeks passed. The students concluded that pea plants grew better in compost than did melon plants. Which of the following best addresses the validity of the conclusion made by the students?

Proteins

A molecule made of amino acids

Nucleic Acid

A molecule that has C, H, O, N, and P

Starch

A polysaccharide of glucose that stores extra glucose in plants

Negative Correlation

A researcher is investigating the relationship between the existing species diversity in a community and the ability of an introduced nonnative species to destabilize the community. Which of the following graphs is most consistent with the claim that communities with high diversity are more resistant to change than are communities with low diversity?

It is DNA because of the nucleotides present

A short segment of a nucleic acid molecule. Which of the following statements is correct about the molecule shown in Figure 1?

Enzyme

A type of protein that acts as a biological catalyst

Trophic level IV has approximately 500 J of available energy.

Assume there are 50,000 joules (J) of energy available in trophic level II in the figure. According to the conventional model of energy flow in ecosystems, which of the following statements correctly describes the flow of energy in the system?

Elk tend to avoid riparian areas where the steep, wooded riverbanks make it difficult to escape predators.

Based on the data, which of the following behaviors in elk could account for the differences between the percent of aspens browsed by herbivores and the height of aspen trees in riparian and upland environments?

Predation by wolves was higher than before 1995.

Based on the data, which of the following is the best explanation for the changes in the elk population size between 2000 and 2005?

The surface fish populations would decline due to reduced populations of algae.

Beaked whales feed at various depths, but they defecate at the ocean's surface. Nitrogen-rich whale feces deposited in surface waters supply nutrients for algae that are eaten by surface- dwelling fish. Which of the following best predicts what would happen if the whale population decreased?

Glucose

Common monosaccharide - product of photosynthesis and blood sugar

K-selection

Describe what type of species selection does the blue line represent?

Hydrophobic/non-polar

Fatty acids have this property

Ionic

Formed when the sodium and chlorine are attracted due to opposite charges to make a salt

How many bonds can the following elements form in an organic molecule? Carbon

How many bonds can the following elements form in an organic molecule? Oxygen

How many waters would be produced if 4 amino acids were joined together by dehydration synthesis?

hydrogen bonds between the backbone of amino acids (no R-groups)

If a protein is in secondary folding stage, what type of bonds are helping it fold?

890

If producers have 89,000 Joules of energy, how much energy would be found at the secondary consumer level of the trophic pyramid?

If you have an acid that is pH 3 and then you change the solution to be 100X more basic (less H+ ions), what pH do you have now?

The field was primarily composed of light- colored soil and little vegetation, affording gray mice protection from predators.

In an experiment, 100 mice were released into a field to which no other mice had access. Immediately after their release, a representative sample of mice was captured, their fur color was recorded, and they were returned to the field. After twenty years, a representative sample of mice was captured and the distribution of fur color was again recorded. Which of the following could best explain the change in fur color distribution, as shown in the table above?

the ice blocks the light, so in years with more ice coverage, there is less photosynthesis by the phytoplankton

In the Arctic Ocean, the predominant primary producers are phytoplankton. Phytoplankton are consumed by zooplankton, which in turn are eaten by codfish. In years when there is more open water (less ice coverage), there are more zooplankton and fish than in years with less open water (more ice coverage). Based on the graph below, the difference is most likely because...

Triglyceride

Molecule that has glycerol and three fatty acid chains of hydrocarbons

III

One model of a sustainable fisheries practice is for individual fish to be removed from a natural population at a rate equal to the highest possible growth rate of an ideal population. The graph below represents a population of bluefin tuna living along the Atlantic coast. At which labeled point in the graph is the population growth rate the highest?

Bacteria and fungi

Only organisms that can be decomposers

Nitrogen influx will decrease because there will be less bear-salmon interaction.

Pacific salmon and black bears have often been cited as examples of keystone species. Pacific salmon spawn in freshwater streams but spend most of their lives at sea. When mature salmon return to the freshwater streams to spawn, they are preyed upon by bears and other predators. When salmon migrate from their marine habitat to the freshwater streams, they bring nitrogen and other marine-derived nutrients that subsequently remain in the areas surrounding the streams— a process called nitrogen influx. In an investigation, the relationship between black bears, salmon, and influx of marine nitrogen into the area around a southwestern Alaskan stream was studied. The investigators established several test plots of the same size along the stream with the following species composition: no salmon or black bears (N), bears but not salmon (B), salmon but not bears (S), and a plot where salmon and bears interact (SB). Nitrogen influx in the different sampling areas was measured as a means of assessing the impact of the different species on the health of the ecosystem. The data are plotted in Figure 1. If a dam is built downstream and prevents salmon migration to the test sites, which of the following most accurately predicts the impact on nitrogen influx?

When bears consume salmon, they leave parts of the carcasses on the ground, which decompose, releasing nitrogen into the environment

Pacific salmon and black bears have often been cited as examples of keystone species. Pacific salmon spawn in freshwater streams but spend most of their lives at sea. When mature salmon return to the freshwater streams to spawn, they are preyed upon by bears and other predators. When salmon migrate from their marine habitat to the freshwater streams, they bring nitrogen and other marine-derived nutrients that subsequently remain in the areas surrounding the streams— a process called nitrogen influx. In an investigation, the relationship between black bears, salmon, and influx of marine nitrogen into the area around a southwestern Alaskan stream was studied. The investigators established several test plots of the same size along the stream with the following species composition: no salmon or black bears (N), bears but not salmon (B), salmon but not bears (S), and a plot where salmon and bears interact (SB). Nitrogen influx in the different sampling areas was measured as a means of assessing the impact of the different species on the health of the ecosystem. The data are plotted in Figure 1. Which of the following most likely describes how the interaction between bears and salmon influences nitrogen dynamics in the environment?

The experimenters should remove the remains of salmon carcasses immediately after the salmon are eaten by the bears and determine the nitrogen content of the carcasses.

Pacific salmon and black bears have often been cited as examples of keystone species. Pacific salmon spawn in freshwater streams but spend most of their lives at sea. When mature salmon return to the freshwater streams to spawn, they are preyed upon by bears and other predators. When salmon migrate from their marine habitat to the freshwater streams, they bring nitrogen and other marine-derived nutrients that subsequently remain in the areas surrounding the streams— a process called nitrogen influx. In an investigation, the relationship between black bears, salmon, and influx of marine nitrogen into the area around a southwestern Alaskan stream was studied. The investigators established several test plots of the same size along the stream with the following species composition: no salmon or black bears (N), bears but not salmon (B), salmon but not bears (S), and a plot where salmon and bears interact (SB). Nitrogen influx in the different sampling areas was measured as a means of assessing the impact of the different species on the health of the ecosystem. The data are plotted in Figure 1. Which of the following pieces of additional data would help further investigate the relationship between bears, salmon, and influx of nitrogen into the local environment?

The presence of black bears and salmon correlates with a significant increase in nitrogen influx.

Pacific salmon and black bears have often been cited as examples of keystone species. Pacific salmon spawn in freshwater streams but spend most of their lives at sea. When mature salmon return to the freshwater streams to spawn, they are preyed upon by bears and other predators. When salmon migrate from their marine habitat to the freshwater streams, they bring nitrogen and other marine-derived nutrients that subsequently remain in the areas surrounding the streams— a process called nitrogen influx. In an investigation, the relationship between black bears, salmon, and influx of marine nitrogen into the area around a southwestern Alaskan stream was studied. The investigators established several test plots of the same size along the stream with the following species composition: no salmon or black bears (N), bears but not salmon (B), salmon but not bears (S), and a plot where salmon and bears interact (SB). Nitrogen influx in the different sampling areas was measured as a means of assessing the impact of the different species on the health of the ecosystem. The data are plotted in Figure 1. Which of the following statements is best supported by the data?

Cellulose

Polysaccharide of glucose and found in plant cell walls

Glycogen

Polysaccharide of glucose found in the liver

The warning bark changes the behavior of the related prairie dogs nearby, allowing the prairie dog's family to have increased survival and reproductive success.

Prairie dogs are small mammals that live in large colonies in burrows in the ground. Prairie dogs that are near their own relatives when a predator approaches are much more likely to issue a warning bark than those that are near unrelated prairie dogs. The prairie dogs that hear a warning bark are more likely to hide in their burrows than to remain above ground. However, the prairie dog that gives the warning bark is putting itself at increased risk of being identified and killed by the predator. Which of the following presents the most likely evolutionary explanation for the behaviors described?

an enzyme of winter wheat exposed to a snow fall

Proteins can denature due to all the following except...

The change leads to increased protein stability because of an increased number of S-S bonds in the tertiary structure of the proteins.

Researchers compared similar proteins from related organisms in different habitats. They found that the proteins from organisms living in harsh environments had a greater number of cysteine amino acids than did proteins from organisms not living in harsh environments. The structure of cysteine is shown. Bonds can form between the sulfur atom of different cysteine amino acids (bonds). Which of the following best describes the effect of a greater number of cysteine amino acids on the stability of the proteins?

Richness = 6. Relative Abundance / evenness high

Simpson's index = 0.8 Which of the following communities has the highest biodiversity based on the following data? Species (A, B, C, D)

I and II

Students investigated the effect of light on the carbon cycle in aquatic ecosystems by performing the controlled experiment summarized below. The students placed equal amounts of water (pH 7.0) from a large aquarium in glass beakers. The students transferred aquatic plants from the aquarium to several of the beakers, and then they placed equal numbers of the beakers in the light or the dark (Figure 1: groups I and II). Similarly, the students transferred goldfish from the same aquarium to other beakers, and then they placed equal numbers of those beakers in the light or dark (Figure 1: groups III and IV). Finally, the students placed an equal number of beakers containing water only in the light or dark (Figure 1: groups V and VI). After exposing the samples to light or dark for one hour, the students recorded the pH of the water in each beaker. Carbon dioxide dissolved in water will lower the pH of an aqueous solution. In the experiment, the students used changes in pH to monitor changes in the amount of carbon dioxide in the water. For each treatment group, the students calculated the mean pH and standard error, as documented in the table below. To investigate whether an organism in the study is capable of both photosynthesis and respiration, a comparison of which treatment groups is most appropriate?

Bar graph

Students investigated the effect of light on the carbon cycle in aquatic ecosystems by performing the controlled experiment summarized below. The students placed equal amounts of water (pH 7.0) from a large aquarium in glass beakers. The students transferred aquatic plants from the aquarium to several of the beakers, and then they placed equal numbers of the beakers in the light or the dark (Figure 1: groups I and II). Similarly, the students transferred goldfish from the same aquarium to other beakers, and then they placed equal numbers of those beakers in the light or dark (Figure 1: groups III and IV). Finally, the students placed an equal number of beakers containing water only in the light or dark (Figure 1: groups V and VI). After exposing the samples to light or dark for one hour, the students recorded the pH of the water in each beaker. Carbon dioxide dissolved in water will lower the pH of an aqueous solution. In the experiment, the students used changes in pH to monitor changes in the amount of carbon dioxide in the water. For each treatment group, the students calculated the mean pH and standard error, as documented in the table below. Which of the following graphs is the most appropriate representation of the experimental results documented in the table?

Increasing the sample size of each treatment group

Students investigated the effect of light on the carbon cycle in aquatic ecosystems by performing the controlled experiment summarized below. The students placed equal amounts of water (pH 7.0) from a large aquarium in glass beakers. The students transferred aquatic plants from the aquarium to several of the beakers, and then they placed equal numbers of the beakers in the light or the dark (Figure 1: groups I and II). Similarly, the students transferred goldfish from the same aquarium to other beakers, and then they placed equal numbers of those beakers in the light or dark (Figure 1: groups III and IV). Finally, the students placed an equal number of beakers containing water only in the light or dark (Figure 1: groups V and VI). After exposing the samples to light or dark for one hour, the students recorded the pH of the water in each beaker. Carbon dioxide dissolved in water will lower the pH of an aqueous solution. In the experiment, the students used changes in pH to monitor changes in the amount of carbon dioxide in the water. For each treatment group, the students calculated the mean pH and standard error, as documented in the table below. Which of the following modifications to the experimental design will best help reduce the standard errors of the means?

The mean pH of the samples increased after one hour.

Students investigated the effect of light on the carbon cycle in aquatic ecosystems by performing the controlled experiment summarized below. The students placed equal amounts of water (pH 7.0) from a large aquarium in glass beakers. The students transferred aquatic plants from the aquarium to several of the beakers, and then they placed equal numbers of the beakers in the light or the dark (Figure 1: groups I and II). Similarly, the students transferred goldfish from the same aquarium to other beakers, and then they placed equal numbers of those beakers in the light or dark (Figure 1: groups III and IV). Finally, the students placed an equal number of beakers containing water only in the light or dark (Figure 1: groups V and VI). After exposing the samples to light or dark for one hour, the students recorded the pH of the water in each beaker. Carbon dioxide dissolved in water will lower the pH of an aqueous solution. In the experiment, the students used changes in pH to monitor changes in the amount of carbon dioxide in the water. For each treatment group, the students calculated the mean pH and standard error, as documented in the table below. Which of the following observations provides the best evidence that photosynthesis occurred in treatment group I?

Lactose

Sugar in milk

Covalent

The bond formed when electrons are shared between elements

Peptide

The bond that holds amino acids together in proteins

Ester

The bond that holds glycerol and fatty acid chains together

The carbohydrates have different properties because they have different arrangements of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms.

The carbohydrates glucose, galactose, and fructose have the same chemical formula C6H12O6 but different structural formulas, as represented in the figure. Which of the following statements about glucose, galactose, and fructose is most likely true?

Eventually the other trees grow taller than the oak trees and form a dense canopy that shades the understory.

The diagram below shows the progression of ecological events after a fire in a particular ecosystem. Based on the diagram, which of the following best explains why the oak trees are later replaced by other trees?

The natural variation among populations

The figures below show the changes in populations of two species of flour beetles, Tribolium confusum (Figure I) and Tribolium castaneum (Figure II), in cultures without parasites (empty circle) and in cultures infected with a parasite (Filled in circle) Each data point represents the mean population size from ten culture dishes of equal size and food content. In Figure I, the difference between the two curves can best be attributed to which of the following?

T. castaneum with parasite at 100 days

The figures below show the changes in populations of two species of flour beetles, Tribolium confusum (Figure I) and Tribolium castaneum (Figure II), in cultures without parasites (empty circle) and in cultures infected with a parasite (Filled in circle) Each data point represents the mean population size from ten culture dishes of equal size and food content. Under which of the following conditions is the observed number of beetles per culture dish the greatest?

10 beetles/culture dish

The figures below show the changes in populations of two species of flour beetles, Tribolium confusum (Figure I) and Tribolium castaneum (Fiqure II), in cultures without parasites (empty circle) and in cultures infected with a parasite (Filled in circle) Each data point represents the mean population size from ten culture dishes of equal size and food content. If the experiment was continued for an additional 500 days, the population density of T. castaneum with the parasite would most likely stabilize at a value closest to which of the following?

T. castaneum is adversely affected by the parasite, while T. confusum is not.

The figures below show the changes in populations of two species of flour beetles, Tribolium confusum (Figure l) and Tribolium castaneum (Figure II), in cultures without parasites (empty circle) and in cultures infected with a parasite (Filled in circle) Each data point represents the mean population size from ten culture dishes of equal size and food content. The data over the duration of the experiment provide the strongest support for which of the following conclusions regarding the effect of the parasite on Tribolium populations?

The biomass of coyotes will be dramatically reduced.

The following is a food web for a meadow habitat that occupies 25.6 km2. The primary producers' biomass is uniformly distributed throughout the habitat and totals 1,500 kg/km2. Developers have approved a project that will permanently reduce the primary producers' biomass by 50 percent and remove all rabbits and deer. Which of the following is the most likely result at the completion of the project?

Some deep-sea organisms appear to be primary consumers, but no plants live near the hydrothermal vents.

The food web below represents feeding relationships in a biological community near a deep-sea hydrothermal vent. Hydrothermal vents are geysers on the seafloor that gush super-heated, mineral-rich water. The seawater surrounding hydrothermal vents typically contains carbon dioxide (CO2), molecular hydrogen (H2), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), and methane (CH4). Sunlight, however, fails to reach the seafloor where deep-sea hydrothermal vents are located. As part of an investigation, researchers collected living specimens from an area near a deep-sea hydrothermal vent. Mussels in the collection were found to be dependent on molecular hydrogen in seawater. Also, the researchers discovered multiple species of bacteria living in the gills of the mussels. Mussels use gills for filter-feeding and gas exchange with the surrounding seawater. On the basis of their experimental results, the researchers hypothesized that some bacteria living in the gills of the mussels are capable of chemosynthesis. Based on an analysis of the food web, an observation that deep-sea bacteria consume molecular hydrogen (H2) is most relevant to resolving which of the following apparent contradictions?

Some organisms rely on energy captured from inorganic compounds to drive basic biological processes.

The food web below represents feeding relationships in a biological community near a deep-sea hydrothermal vent. Hydrothermal vents are geysers on the seafloor that gush super-heated, mineral-rich water. The seawater surrounding hydrothermal vents typically contains carbon dioxide (CO2), molecular hydrogen (H2), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), and methane (CH4). Sunlight, however, fails to reach the seafloor where deep-sea hydrothermal vents are located. As part of an investigation, researchers collected living specimens from an area near a deep-sea hydrothermal vent. Mussels in the collection were found to be dependent on molecular hydrogen in seawater. Also, the researchers discovered multiple species of bacteria living in the gills of the mussels. Mussels use gills for filter-feeding and gas exchange with the surrounding seawater. On the basis of their experimental results, the researchers hypothesized that some bacteria living in the gills of the mussels are capable of chemosynthesis. Which of the following best explains how biological communities near deep-sea hydrothermal vents can exist in a habitat lacking sunlight?

The wolves were predators of the moose, which were otherwise reproductively successful.

The graph below represents the number of individuals in a population of wolves and in a population of moose observed in the same isolated geographic area over a 40-year period, from 1955 through 1995. Which of the following statements about the two populations is best supported by the information presented in the graph?

Numbers of additional predator species, because additional predators will increase competition for prey

The graph below shows a model of population changes over time in a predator and its prey. Which of the following data would be most helpful in predicting possible disruptions to the relationship between the predator and its prey?

With no natural predators, the lionfish population will become very large.

The lionfish is a venomous fish found primarily in the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean. In the 1990s, lionfish were accidentally released into the Atlantic Ocean, where they found abundant resources and favorable environmental conditions. Which of the following scenarios is most likely to result in the lionfish having a major impact on the communities into which they were introduced?

Type III

The mackerel, a marine fish, produces many eggs at a time. Out of 1 million eggs produced, only 10 will survive the first 70 days of life. What type of survivorship pattern do mackerel follow?

Phospholipid

The molecule that makes cell membranes

Secondary Predator

The niche that helps control herbivore populations

Producers

The organism that brings in carbon dioxide from the atmosphere

base

The pH scale is determined by the concentration of (hydrogen) H+ ions and (hydroxide) OH- ions. If you have more hydroxide ions than hydrogen ions, you have a__________.

Hydrophillic

The phosphate on a phospholipid has this property

Hydrogen

The weak bond that connects the two sides of DNA or between water molecules

Cohesion

This allows bugs to walk on water

Adhesion

This allows water to stick to the side of xylem and move up against gravity in trees

Interspecific Competitor

This niche will involve two different species and is symbolized by -/-

Density of rose pollen produced (g/m2)

Thrips are insects that feed on rose pollen. Scientists noted that the thrips population increased in the spring and decreased dramatically during the summer. The researchers hypothesized that food abundance was the limiting factor for the population. Which of the following types of data would be most useful for the scientists to collect at regular intervals on a designated test plants?

The nitrogen (N2) gas and ammonia (NH3) gas in experiment 1 could provide the elemental nitrogen required for the formation of amino acids.

Two groups of students attempted to re-create the primitive atmospheric conditions of early Earth using the apparatus represented below. Each group ran the experiment with different gas mixtures in the apparatus. Which of the following statements best justifies the claim that the conditions in at least one of the experiments could generate the molecular building blocks essential for life?

Polar

Water molecules have this characteristic

Glucose

What are the smaller molecules (building blocks or monomers) that make each of these molecules? Cellulose, Starch, and Glycogen

Amino Acids

What are the smaller molecules (building blocks or monomers) that make each of these molecules? Proteins

Cis is on same side, trans is across

What do the cis and trans orientations look like?

Amino