AP bio hard questions at the back (which is all)

Use the graph above to calculate the lag time in months between the change in the densities of the prey and the predator populations. gIve your answer to the nearest tenth of a month.

1.4-1.7

To estimate the size of an animal population, researchers often use a method known as mark-recapture, which involves marking individuals from a large population for easy identification upon recapture. The mark-recapture methods assumes that the proportion of marked individuals in the recapture group is equal to the proportion of marked individuals in the entire population. Researchers use the mark-recapture method to estimate the number of individuals in a population. Using the results presented in the table below, estimate the total number of individuals in the population. Give your answer to the nearest whole number.

1131

What percent of the biomass in the forest community represented above is tied up in the shrub layer? Give your answer to the nearest whole number

26 or 25

Use the graph above to calculate the mean rate of population growth (individuals per day) between day 3 and day 5. Give your answer to the nearest whole number

340-360

How much carbon (in g/mˆ2) is released into the atmosphere as a result of the metabolic activity of herbivores? Give your answer to the nearest whole number.

60 g/mˆ2 (the graph given shows 60 g/mˆ2 going from herbivores to soil/decomposers)

Based on the data, which of the following behaviors in elk could account for the differences between the percent of aspen browsed by herbivores and the height of aspen trees in the riparian (banks of a river) and upland environments? a. Elk tend to avoid riparian areas where the steep, wooded riverbanks make it difficult to escape predators b. elk tend to prefer riparian areas where there is easy access to water c. Elk tend to avoid upland areas where trees are too tall to be easily eaten d. Elk tend to prefer upland areas where there are richer sources of mineral nutrients such as potassium and iodine

a

Researchers are investigating the evolutionary relationships among organisms found near deep-sea hydrothermal vents and similar organisms found closer to the ocean surface. Which of the following scientific questions is most relevant to the investigation? a. What are the nucleotide sequences of ribosomal RNA genes that are found in the genomes of the different species? b. What large-scale geological events have occurred recently in the Mid-Atlantic Ocean? c. Does water temperature at different ocean depths affect the relative levels of dissolved oxygen? d. Do species found near deep-sea hydrothermal vents all have the same haploid number of chromosomes?

a

The diagram above shows the progression of ecological events after a fire in a particular ecosystem. Based on the diagram, which of the following best explains why the oak trees are later replaced by other trees? a. eventually the other trees grow taller than the oak trees and form a dense canopy that shades the understory b. oak trees alter the pH of the soil, making the forest better suited for shrubs and other trees c. roots of shrubs proliferate in the soil of the forest and prevent the oak trees from obtaining water d. oak trees succumb to environmental pollutants more readily than do either the shrubs or the other trees

a

To refine their model of deep-sea biological communities, the researchers investigated areas of the seafloor that are distant from any active hydrothermal vents. Which of the following is the best interpretation of the observation that some octopus species are only found near active hydrothermal vents? a. Octopuses depend indirectly on inorganic compounds in the seawater surrounding hydrothermal vents b. Organisms capable of moving across the seafloor are more difficult to observe than are organisms that are rooted in place c. Genetic bottleneck events in isolated areas of the deep ocean adversely affect some octopus populations but not others d. Biomass in a typical marine food web is expected to be greater in higher trophic levels than in lower trophic levels

a

Which of the following models best predicts the effect on the ecosystem if a deadly communicable disease is introduced into the wolf population? a. disease introduced makes wolf pop decrease and elk pop increase b. disease introduced makes wolf and elk pop stable c. disease introduced makes wolf pop increase and elk pop decrease d. disease introduced makes wolf and elk pop decrease

a

Based on an analysis of the food web, an observation that deep-sea bacteria consume molecular hydrogen (H2) is most relevant to resolving which of the following apparent contradictions? a. Water gushing from deep-sea hydrothermal vents can be as hot as 400°C, which is a lethal temperature for most organisms b. Some deep-sea organisms appear to be primary consumers, but no plants live near the hydrothermal vents c. Zoarcid fish are thought to be aggressive predators, but they are frequently described as being lazy swimmers d. Some tissues of tubeworms contain hemoglobin, which is an oxygen-carrying molecule, but there is little free oxygen at this depth

b

Based on the data, which of the following is the best explanation for the changes in the elk population size between 2000 and 2005? a. The heights of aspen trees increased during that time period b. Predation by wolves was higher than before 1995 c. The numbers of aspen trees increased during that time period d. Wolf populations increased more rapidly in the upland areas

b

If the experiment was continued for an additional 500 days, the population density of T. castaneum with the parasite would most likely stabilize at a value closet to which of the following? a. 5 beetles/culture dish b. 10 beetles/culture dish c. 20 beetles/culture dish d. 25 beetles/culture dish

b

The data over the duration of the experiment provide the strongest support for which of the following conclusions regarding the effect of the parasite on Tribolium populations? a. T. confusum is adversely affected by the parasite, while T. castaneum is not b. T. castaneum is adversely affect by the parasite, while T. confusum is not c. both T. confusum and T. castaneum are adversely affected by the parasite d. both T. confusum and T. castaneum show increased fitness in the presence of the parasite

b

The following is a food web for a meadow habitat that occupies 25.6 kmˆ2. The primary producers' biomass is uniformly distributed throughout the habitat and totals 1,500 kg/kmˆ2. Developers have approved a project that will permanently reduce the primary producers' biomass by 50 percent and remove all rabbits and deer. Which of the following is the most likely result at the completing of the project? a. the biomass of coyotes will be 6 kg, and the biomass of hawks will be 0.5 kg b. the biomass of coyotes will be dramatically reduced c. the coyotes will switch prey preferences and outcompete the hawks d. there will be 50 percent fewer voles and 90 percent fewer hawks

b

Figure 1 shows the growth of an algal species in a flask of sterilized pond water. If phosphate is added as indicated, the growth curve changes as shown in figure II. Which of the following is the best prediction of the algal growth if nitrate is added instead of phosphate? a. nitrate makes it increase b. nitrate makes it decrease c. nitrate makes it flat d. nitrate makes it sharply increase then decline

c

The graph below shows a model of population changes over time in a predator and its prey. Which of the following data would be most helpful in predicting possible disruptions to the relationship between the predator and its prey? a. Time of day, because as days become shorter, nighttime hunting increases b. Average birth weight of predators, because heavier offspring will begin hunting at younger ages c. Number of additional predator species, because additional predators will increase competition for prey d. Prey metabolic rates, because predators are less successful against prey with higher metabolic rates

c

Under which of the following conditions is the observed number of beetles per culture dish the greatest? a. T. confusum with parasite at 500 days b. T. confusum without parasite at 300 days c. T. castaneum with parasite at 100 days d. T. castaneum with parasite at 600 days

c

Which of the following best explains how biological communities near deep-sea hydrothermal vents can exist in a habitat lacking sunlight? a. Environmental conditions on some distant planets resemble those experienced by organisms living near hydrothermal vents b. Heterotrophs metabolize carbon-containing compounds produced by the photosynthetic organisms that live on the seafloor c. Some organisms rely on energy captured from inorganic compounds to drive basic biological processes d. Some organisms that can tolerate high temperatures are single celled, whereas others are multicellular

c

A researcher is investigating the relationship between the existing species diversity in a community and the ability of an introduced nonnative species to destabilize the community. Which of the following graphs is most consistent with the claim that communities with high diversity are more resistant to change than are communities with low diversity? a. straight line b. v shaped c. upward slant d. downward slant

d

Assume there are 50,000 joules (J) of energy available in trophic level II in the figure. According to the conventional model of energy flow in ecosystems, which of the following statements correctly describes the flow of energy in the system? a. Trophic level I generates a maximum of 50,000 J of energy b. Trophic level I has approximately 5,000 J of available energy c. Trophic level III has approximately 50 J of available enegry d. Trophic level IV has approximately 500 J of available energy

d

In figure 1, the different between the two curves can best be attributed to which of the following? a. The difference between controlled laboratory conditions and the natural enviornment b. The effect of the host on its parasite c. The influence of competition for limited resources d. The natural variation among populations

d

On the basis of the food web, which of the following members of a deep-sea biological community is most likely to also have a symbiotic relationship with chemosynthetic organisms? a. octopuses b. blind crabs c. zoarcid fish d. shrimp

d

Which of the following predictions about the community is most likely true? a. A decrease in the elk population will cause wolves to feed on aspen trees b. An increase in the wolf population will lead to a decrease in aspen growth c. An increase in the growth of aspens will lead to a decrease in the wolf population d. A decrease in the wolf population will lead to a decrease in the mean aspen height

d