AP Bio - Previous Quiz/Test Questions

What are the structural components of a phospholipid? (Check all that apply)

- 2 fatty acids - Glycerol - Phosphate Group

What is required to make an Amino Acid? (circle all that apply)

- Carboxyl Group - R group - Amino Group

Which is found in the cell membrane (check all that apply)?

- Cholesterol - Phospholipids

Which is true about the molecule listed below? (Check all that apply)

- Cis Configuration - Monounsaturated Fatty Acid

Which is the correct statement(s) about carbohydrates?

- Glucose is broken down for immediate energy. - Starch, glycogen, and cellulose are polysaccharides.

What are the structural components of a Triglyceride? (Check all that apply)

- Glycerol - 3 Fatty Acids

Which is true about the molecule listed below? (Check all that apply)

- Is Hydrophobic & Hydrophilic - Contains a trans fatty acid - Phospholipid

An organism's genome is analyzed and found to contain 18% thymine. What percentage of that organism's DNA is uracil?

0%

An organism's genome is analyzed and found to contain 18% thymine. What percentage of that organism's DNA is adenine?

18%

Which of the following best describes the formation of the bond shown in Figure 1?

A covalent bond is formed between a carbon atom and a nitrogen atom along with the formation of H2O.

A triglyceride with 3 unsaturated fatty acid chains is likely to have which characteristic compared to a triglyceride with three saturated fatty acid chains?

A lower melting point and thus a liquid structure at room temperature.

When a glycosidic bond is formed, which is true?

A monosaccharide unit is joined to either another monosaccharide or to chain of monosaccharides, and a water molecule is released.

A researcher claims that the synthesis of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi) is essential to cellular function. Which of the following statements best helps justify the researcher's claim?

ATP hydrolysis is an energy-releasing reaction that is often coupled with reactions that require an input of energy.

Muscle contraction depends on ATP hydrolysis. During periods of intense exercise, muscle cells rely on the ATP supplied by three metabolic pathways: glycolysis, mitochondrial respiration, and the phosphagen system. Figure 1 shows the rates at which the three metabolic pathways produce ATP following the start of an intense period of exercise. Which of the following correctly uses the data to justify the claim that the phosphagen system is an immediate, short-term source of ATP for muscle cells?

ATP production by the phosphagen system increases and decreases rapidly following the start of the exercise period.

Which of the following best describes the numbered areas?

Areas 1 and 3 are polar since the membrane molecules are aligned with water molecules.

Many organisms use sugars as a source of energy to power their cell. This observation suggests that the pathways that break down sugars...

Arose early in life's history

The carbohydrates cellulose and starch are functionally different due to the

Arrangement of their monosaccharides

A scientist is doing an experiment to see which conditions are best for bacterial growth. The scientist has set up an array of several petri dishes and will subject the bacterial cultures to various cool and warm temperatures while comparing them to petri dishes at room temperature. Identify how the condition of temperature is used in this experiment.

As an independent variable

A researcher claims that only a portion of the light energy captured by green plants is available for growth and repair. Which of the following observations best helps justify the researcher's claim?

As light energy is converted to chemical energy by metabolic processes, some of the energy is lost as heat.

During Photosynthesis, what molecule is reduced?

CO2

Which statement explains why water is a good solvent for carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids, but not for lipids.

Carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids have polar regions capable of forming hydrogen bonds with water. Lipids are not very polar.

Which is NOT part of the cell theory?

Cells produce ALL of the energy our body uses.

Aquaporins are channel proteins that facilitate the transport of water across the cell membrane. One group of researchers hypothesizes that without functional aquaporins, no water will be able to enter the cell. A different group proposes an alternative hypothesis, stating that even with nonfunctional aquaporins, a small amount of water will still cross the cell membrane. An experiment is set up in which plant cells with mutated (nonfunctional) aquaporins and plant cells with normally functioning aquaporins are both placed in distilled water. Which of the following data would support the alternative hypothesis?

Cells with mutated aquaporins exhibit moderate turgor pressure and are hypertonic.

Cell membrane

Controls what goes in and out of the cell.

Unlike saturated fatty acids, unsaturated fatty acids.

Could have a kinked structure.

This is fructose. Identify the type of bond linking the oxygen and hydrogen atoms.

Covalent

Describe is the function of mitochondria?

Creates all of the energy for the cell. Called ATP

...Based on the information in Figure 1, which type of mutation explains the nature of the change in DNA that resulted in cystic fibrosis in the affected individual?

Deletion, because a thymine is missing, which changes the reading frame.

Which is NOT a eukaryote?

E.Coli

Labeled nucleotides were supplied to a cell culture before the cells began DNA replication. A simplified representation of the process for a short segment of DNA is shown in Figure 1. Labeled DNA bases are indicated with an asterisk (*). Which of the following best helps explain how the process represented in Figure 1 produces DNA molecules that are hybrids of the original and the newly synthesized strands?

Each newly synthesized strand remains associated with its template strand to form two copies of the original DNA molecule.

Which of the following describes the most likely location of cholesterol in an animal cell?

Embedded in the plasma membrane

Survival in some mushroom species is enhanced by the presence of gills with large surface areas. Mushrooms with larger gill surface areas produce more spores and reproduce more successfully than those with smaller gill surface areas in a particular environment. Identify which of the four Big Ideas of biology this example best describes.

Evolution

True or False: The Rough ER makes fats.

False

True or False: The cell wall is only found in plant and animal cells.

False

Which is NOT true about cholesterol?

Found in the liver

A biomolecule's properties and chemical reactions are because of the ____________

Functional Groups

A group of atoms that give a hydrocarbon a specific characteristic or function is called an

Functional group

Which is not a function of lipids?

Genetic information storage.

Which is the correct statement about carbohydrates?

Gluclose is broken down for immediate energy.

_____ linkages are to carbohydrates as ____ linkages are to lipids.

Glycosidic, ester

The illustration shows the active transport of hydrogen ions through a membrane protein. Which of the following best predicts the effect of not having ATP available to supply energy to this process? (image not available)

H+ ions will stop moving through the protein.

Which of the following best explains why a cell's plasma membrane is composed of two layers of phospholipids rather than just a single layer?

Having two oppositely oriented layers of phospholipids allows only the hydrophilic heads to interact with water inside and outside of the cell.

Secondary structures are stabilized by which type of interaction?

Hydrogen Bond

Figure 1 is a diagram of water molecules at the air-water interface at the surface of a pond. Based on Figure 1, which of the following best describes how the properties of water at an air-water interface enable an insect to walk on the water's surface?

Hydrogen bonds between molecules at the surface of the water provide surface tension, which allows the water surface to deform but not break under the insect.

Sugars are soluble in water which means they are ____ this is because of their ____ group.

Hydrophilic & Polar, OH

Plant cell walls are composed of cellulose, while fungal cell walls are composed of chitin. A group of scientists hypothesize that this difference means the cell wall has largely different functions in plant cells and fungal cells. Alternatively, another group of scientists hypothesize that despite their biochemical differences, plant and fungal cell walls serve similar functions. Which of the following observations would best support the alternative hypothesis described above?

In both plant cells and fungal cells, the cell wall surrounds the outside of the cell membrane.

Water is constantly diffusing into the cytosol of freshwater single-celled organisms. In order to maintain the proper solute concentrations in the cytosol, contractile vacuoles pump out the excess water. An experimenter placed single-celled organisms into various saline concentrations and recorded the ATP used by the contractile vacuole. The data are shown in the graph. Which additional investigation can be used to determine when the cells are in an isotonic solution?

Increasing the salinity of the environment a little at a time until the ATP usage reaches a minimum

A model that represents a process occurring in a cell of a particular organism is shown in Figure 1. Which of the following correctly explains the process shown in Figure 1 ?

Initiation of transcription is occurring because a strand of RNA is being produced from a DNA template strand.

A model of the plasma membrane showing several biological molecules, including a transmembrane protein, is shown in Figure 1. Which statement best explains why correct protein folding is critical in the transmembrane protein shown above? (no image available)

Interactions of the hydrophobic and hydrophilic amino acids of the tertiary structure help to anchor the protein in the membrane.

What type of bond is formed between a sodium ion and a chloride ion?

Ionic

Fluorine (F) is a strongly electronegative element with seven valence electrons in its outermost energy level. Compared to the less electronegative sodium (Na), which has one valence electron in its outermost energy level. Fluorine...

Is likely to become a anion

Polypeptides are continuously being formed and degraded. One of these processes is shown in Figure 1 above. What is a statement that is the most accurate description of the reaction shown in the Figure?

It represents a polypeptide chain that is broken down through a hydrolysis reaction.

The CFTR protein is made up of amino acids linked together in a chain. Some humans produce a version of the CFTR protein in which phenylalanine (an amino acid) has been deleted from position 508 of the amino acid chain. Which of the following best predicts how the amino acid deletion will affect the structure of the CFTR protein?

It will affect the primary, secondary, and tertiary structures of the CFTR protein.

Cell Wall

Located in prokaryotic cells and plant cells only.

Which membrane-bound organelle contains digestive enzymes that can dissolve worn out cell parts?

Lysosomes

Golgi Apparatus

Modifies, sorts, and packaged proteins form the ER.

One mechanism of evolution, or change over time is...

Natural Selection

In a phosphorous limited environment, the production of which macromolecule would be affected the most?

Nucleic Acids

Which is true of nucleic acids and proteins?

Nucleic acids carry genetic information, while proteins provide structure and do much of the work of the cell.

Which is NOT found in a prokaryotic cell?

Nucleus

Below is the golgi appartus (body), describe it's function.

Package and ship proteins to different parts of the body.

The molecular structures of linoleic acid and palmitic acid, two naturally occurring substances, are shown in the figure. Based on the molecular structures shown in the figure, which molecule is likely to be solid at room temperature?

Palmitic acid, because the absence of carbon-carbon double bonds allows the molecules to pack closely together.

A student accidentally spilled a bag of rock salt on some plants while moving the bag to the garage. After some time, the student noticed that the plants in this area were turning brown and withering. The student formulated a hypothesis that the plants were dying because they do not grow well in salty soil. Among the proposed experiments below, identify the most effective way of testing this hypothesis.

Planting some seeds in a container of salty soil and some seeds in a container of soil and observing plant growth in each over a period of weeks.

The fully folded structure of a functional protein is referred to as the

Quaternary Structure

Which of the following statements best describes how organisms such as rabbits obtain the carbon necessary for building biological molecules?

Rabbits eat plants and break down plant molecules to obtain carbon and other atoms that they rearrange into new carbon-containing molecules.

Which statement correctly explains the role of oxidation-reduction in the transfer of energy?

Reduction and oxidation reactions are coupled so they always occur together.

The image below is a series of flattened sacs that contain ribosomes and make proteins. What is this an image of?

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum, Rough ER

Erwin Chargaff investigated the nucleotide composition of DNA. He analyzed DNA from various organisms and measured the relative amounts of adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T) present in the DNA of each organism. Table 1 contains a selected data set of his results. Which of the following statements best explains the data set?

Since the %A and the %T are approximately the same in each sample, adenine and thymine molecules must pair up in a double-stranded DNA molecule.

Which is the best example of the flow of matter through a community?

Sunlight is necessary for trees to grow --> leaves wash into a cave where they are colonized by fungi and bacteria --> small mites gaze on the bacteria for food --> insects and spiders feed on the mites.

Cholesterol is an important component of animal cell membranes. Cholesterol molecules are often delivered to body cells by the blood, which transports the molecules in the form of cholesterol-protein complexes. The complexes must be moved into the body cells before the cholesterol molecules can be incorporated into the phospholipid bilayers of cell membranes. Based on the information presented, which of the following is the most likely explanation for a buildup of cholesterol molecules in the blood of an animal.

The animal's body cells are defective in endocytosis.

You decide to test whether helium is light enough to cause balloons to rise. In the first group, you will fill the balloons with helium. In the second group, you will fill the balloons with air. What is the dependent variable in your experiment?

The balloons and if they rise or not.

Which best explains the type of bond between monomers and its role in the function of the macromolecule it forms?

The combination of phosphodiester bonds and hydrogen bonds in nucleic acids allows for as table structure that is easily unzipped to transfer genetic information.

A team of biologists develop a new drug, and one team member hypothesizes that the drug is incapable of freely passing across the plasma membrane and requires the help of membrane proteins to enter cells. Alternatively, another biologist on the team hypothesizes that the drug can diffuse passively across the plasma membrane like O2 and CO2 can. Which of the following, if true about the drug, best supports the alternative hypothesis that the new drug will exhibit simple diffusion across plasma membranes?

The drug is a small nonpolar molecule.

Which statement best explains the orientation of the phospholipid molecules in this model?

The hydrophilic phosphate groups of the phospholipid molecules are attracted to the aqueous internal and external environments.

Which of the following best describes how amino acids affect the tertiary structure of a protein?

The interactions of the different R-groups with other R-groups and with their environment determine the tertiary structure of the protein.

A cell's membrane potential is maintained by the movement of ions into and out of the cell. A model showing the influence of membrane proteins on the movement of sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) ions across the plasma membrane is represented in Figure 1. Based on the model represented in Figure 1 which of the following outcomes will most likely result in a loss of protein X function?

The membrane potential will be disrupted by an increase in K+ concentration inside the cell.

Many chemical reactions that take place inside a cell require an input of energy. Which best describes how these reactions occur?

The reactions utilize energy released from the hydrolysis of ATP.

HIV and hepatitis B virus use RNA as their genetic material rather than DNA. In addition, they contain molecules of reverse transcriptase, an enzyme that uses an RNA template to synthesize complementary DNA. Which of the following best predicts what will happen when a normal cell is exposed to a retrovirus?

The reverse transcriptase will produce DNA from the viral RNA which can be incorporated into the host's genome and then transcribed and translated.

Nearly all cells use ATP as their primary energy source. This is evidence that

The use of ATP by cells began long ago and has been conserved over time

In an experiment, cells were isolated from an aquatic plant and suspended in pond water, a sucrose sugar solution, or distilled water. All of the cells were then viewed under a microscope. Compared with the cell in the pond water, the cell in the sugar solution appeared shriveled, and the cell in the distilled water appeared inflated. The results of the experiment are represented in Figure 1. Figure 1. The results of an experiment using aquatic plant cells. Which of the following statements best explains the observations represented in Figure 1?

There was a net movement of sucrose into the cell suspended in the sugar solution and a net movement of sucrose out of the cell suspended in the distilled water.

How do hydroxyl groups affect the properties of a simple sugar?

They increase the solubility of simple sugars.

Chromosome

Threadlike structure that contains the genetic material

True or False: Cell division is part of the cell theory.

True

True or False: Lysosomes are the garbage cans of the cell.

True

True or False: Plant cells have one large vacuole.

True

Which property of water contributes most to its ability to form hydrogen bonds with other water molecules?

Water is a polar molecule

Chloroplast

Where photosynthesis occurs in plant cells

Fatty acid molecules contain

a carboxyl group and hydrocarbon tail

The carbohydrates cellulose and amylose are functionally different due to the

arrangement of their monosaccharides

The structure below controls what goes in and out of the cell. It serves as a gatekeeper for the cell. What is this structure?

cell membrane

H2O is a

molecule, formula, compound (all of the above)

The ________ _________ is a membrane barrier that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm.

nuclear envelope

In the chloroplast of plant cells, the synthesis of carbohydrates takes place in the

stroma of the chloroplast

Photosynthesis is the pathway used to synthesize carbohydrates from

sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water