AP BIO SEMESTER EXAM

Which of the following radio-labeled precursors is most appropriate for the researcher to use?

14-C

Which of the flowing describes a metabolic consequence of a shortage of oxygen in muscle cells?

A buildup of lactic acid in the muscle tissue due to fermentation

When comparing cell samples of Alzheimer's patients to those taken from the control group, which of the following pieces of evidence would support this hypothesis ?

A lower number of receptors proteins in the Alzheimer's fell sampels

Which of the following best explains why ATP serves as a common energy source for organisms?

ATP energy can be easily transferred to do cellular work

Which of the following best describes a benefit of the many steps involved in a protein kinase cascade?

All of the above

Mitochondria are found in most eukaryotic cells and contain their own DNA and ribosomes that are similar to those typical of many prokaryote cells. which of the following statements is justified by these observations?

An ancestral cells most likely engulfed an aerobic prokaryote in a relationship that proved beneficial for both cells.

After exercise, an athletes blood pH has dropped below the normal level. How will normal pH be restored?

An increase in breathing rate will lead to decrease in blood CO2 and H+ concentration

If hypoxia in a cell is the trigger for the production of the p53 protein, what might be the affect of p53 in the cell?

Angiogenesis which could result in tumor suppression

If a large number of organelle A were to break open and release their contents into the cytoplasm of this cell, which of the following would most likely happen?

Apoptosis if the cell

The vertebrate forelimb initially develops in the embryo as a solid mass of tissue. As development progresses, the solid mass near the end of the forelimb is remodeled into individual digits. Which of the following best explains the role of apoptosis in remodeling of the forelimb?

Apoptosis involves the regulated activation of proteins in specific cells of the developing forelimb that leads to the death of those cells.

Which of the following is correct concerning a spherical cell?

As the diameter decreases, the surface-to-volume ratio increases

Which of the following pairs of functional groups characterizes the structure of an amino acid?

B

Which of the following graphs is the most appropriate representation of the experimental results documented in the table?

Bar graph

Which of the following methods for the transport of CO2 provides a buffering system for the blood?

CO 2 combines with H2O to form carbonic a doc and then bicarbonate

A dog is following the scent of a jackrabbit. Which of the following accurately describes how the dog's brain integrates information for smell?

Chemoreceptors cells in the nasal cavity send impulses to the appropriate area of the brain

Which of the following provides the best indication that light is required for the activation of electron transfer reactions in chloroplast?

Comparing the observed results for sample 2 and sample 3

Which of the following molecules act as a second messenger in the cascade by which epinephrine stimulates the activation of the enzyme glycogen phosphorylase ?

Cyclic Acid

Which of the following would likely not be observed in a person injected with epinephrine?

Decreased production of cAMP in liver cells

Which of the following questions might a scientist ask to most reliably determine if there has ever been life on Mars?

Did Mars have elements present in its atmosphere to support life?

The experiment demonstrates which of the following about the digestive system of crayfish?

Different region of the digestive system are specialized for different functions

The diagram represents a typical rod-shaped bacterium. Which of the following best describes a feature shown in the diagram that is unique to archaea and bacteria? The organism is :

Does not have a nuclear membrane surrounding its genetic material

The result for treatment group V and VI could suggest which of the following questions about the design of the experiment?

Does the aquarium water contain living microorganisms?

All of the following are enzymes involved in the signal transduction pathway shown EXCEPT

Epinephrine

When a substance moves across the plasma membrane along a concentration gradient at a rate faster then would be expected by simple diffusion alone, but without the expenditure of metabolic energy, the process is best described as:

Facilitated diffusion

Which of the following represents the correct ordering of the molecules that are activated by a single molecule of epinephrine, from highest number of molecules to loweest?

Glycogen > cAMP

Penicillin is toxic to new bacteria cells because it prevents cell wall formation, causing the cells to burst. This would indicate that these bacteria live in a(n):

Hypotonic medium

To investigate whether an organism in the study is capable of both photosynthesis and respiration, a comparison of which treatment groups is most appropriate?

I and II

Which of the following modifications to the experiment design will best help reduce the standard errors do the means?

Increasing the sample size of each treatment group

This molecule:

Is a steroid as cholesterol

Which of the following questions will best direct an investigation of the mechanism of ATP synthese?

Is the phosphorylation of ADP by ATP synthase dependent on the formation of a proton gradient?

Radioactive isotopes were never detected in any samples containing just soil taken during the experiment. The findings imply that the

Isotopes were transported via vascular tissue

Which of the following can be reasonably concluded from the experimental resukts?

Light from a lamp can substitute for sunlight in stimulating chloroplast processes

Which of the following statements regarding crayfish digestion is most consistent with data?

Little digestion occurs in the stomach

Within complex biological systems, many chemical reactions that, by themselves, require energy input can occur because the reactions

May be coupled to the hydrolysis of ATP

Which of the following best supports the statement that mitochondria are descendants of endosymbiotic bacteria-like cells?

Mitochondria and bacteria possess similar ribosomes and DNA

According to the data, which of the following can correctly be concluded about crayfish?

Most digestive enzymes are found in the digestive gland

If ATP breakdown (hydrolysis) is inhibited, which of the following types of movement across cell membranes is also inhibited?

Passage of a solute against its concentration gradient

Which of the following is NOT a valid mechanism for substrate-enzyme binding ?

Peptide bonds

What most likely causes the trends in oxygen concentration shown in the graph?

Photosynthesis produces more oxygen than it consumed by respiration during the day

Which of the following best describes the role in which the G protein is most intimately involved in the process shown above?

Production of the ligand molecule

In graphing the data from this experiment, the sampling time would be shown on the x-axis because

Sampling time is the independent variable

Radioactivity labeled starch was later added to the stump; in subsequent observations, no labeled starch molecules were ever detected in neighboring plants. Which of the following is the most logical explanation for the observation?

Starch molecule are too large to cross cell membranes

Which of the following is the dependent variable?

The absorbance of 460 nm light by the treatment solutions

Intravenous (IV) solutions administered to patients are normally isotonic. Which of the following is most likely if ab IV of distilled water is administered to a patient?

The cells that are exposed to hypotonic solutions will expand as water moves osmotically into the cells from the blood

The students concluded that pea plants grew better in compost then did melon plants. Which of the following best addresses the validity of the the conclusion made by the students?

The conclusion is invalid because other variables in the experiment (both biotic and abiotic) affected the results

The figure shows an organelle typically found in eukaryotic cells. Which of the following best describes the function of the double membrane system in this organelle?

The inner membrane system has specialized proteins that create a hydrogen ion concentration gradient between the intermembrane space and the matrix

Which of the following observations provides the best evidence that photosynthesis occurred in treatment group 1?

The mean pH of the samples increased after one hour

Which of the following statements justifies the claim that the conditions in at least one of the experiments could generate the molecular building blocks essential for life?

The nitrogen (N2) gas and ammonia (NH3) gas

The mechanism by which this works is that :

The organelle (A) contains hydrolytic enzymes that will break down the nonfunctioning organelle when it fuses with the vacuole (B)

Predict which of the following would be consistent with this observation:

There is a corresponding increase in the number of ribosomes found in the cytosol

Which of the following identifies the treatment group most likely to have provided an unreliable estimate of the mean, and correctly explains why the estimate appears unreliable ?

Treatment group II

The synthesis of protein or carbohydrates polymers always produces which of the following as a byproduct of these synthesis reaction?

Water

Which of the following statements is true of movement of substance across cell membrane ?

Water is unable to move through the phospholipid bilayer because the polar head regions of the phospholipids are charged

Based on the data from the investigation, which of the following is the best scientific question about organisms living in water that is polluted with organic solvents?

Will organisms living in polluted environments exhibit detrimental effects from an increased permeability of their cellular membranes?

In the series of enzyme reactions shown above, product Z is able to occupy the active site of enzyme E2. Product Z can therefore first inhibit the production of

Y

Which of the following cells would most likely have the greatest concentration of densely packed rough endoplasmic reticulum?

a pancreatic cell engaged in the production of digestive enzymes

If chemical signals in the cytoplasm control the progression of a cell to the M phase of the cell cycle, then fusion of a cell in G1 with a cell in early M phase would most likely result in the

condensation of chromatin in preparation of nuclear division in both cells

Simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion are related in that both

depend on a concentration gradient

Which of the following is most relevant to understanding the Calvin Cycle?

how ATP is used in the formation of 3-carbon carbohydrates?

If plant cells are immersed in distilled water, the resulting movement of water into the cells is called

osmosis

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells generally have which of the following features in common?

ribosomes

Which of the following would be useful as a substrate to measure the activity of amylase in crayfish?

starch