AP Bio Unit 7 Practice Quiz

A common ancestor for both species C and E could be at position number __________. (a) 1(b) 2(c) 3(d) 4(e) 5

(d) 4

Researchers have undertaken a long-term study of populations of rock pocket mice, Chaetodipus intermedius, in Arizona and New Mexico. Rock pocket mouse fur is either dark or light in color. Most of the populations studied live in areas with light-colored granite rocks; however, some areas are dominated by dark-colored rocks from ancient lava flows. Researchers collected mice from six sites in Arizona and recorded their coat colors. Figure 1 shows the study sites, the rock colors, and the distribution of coat colors. In the Arizona populations, the melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) gene is responsible for coat color phenotype (light or dark). The MC1RD allele, which results in a dark coat, is dominant to the d allele. Researchers collected samples of mice from all six study sites and sequenced the MC1R gene. They also collected mice with dark coats from a location in New Mexico, the Carrizozo lava flow, to determine if the MC1Rgene was also responsible for the dark coat colors observed in that population. The rock pocket mouse population in Carrizozo is isolated from the populations in Arizona. Table 1 presents the genotypic data from sampled mice from all seven locations. Which of the following is closest to the frequency of the MC1RD allele in the Tule Mountain population?

0.03

Given a population that contains genetic variation, what is the correct sequence of the following events, under the influence of natural selection? 1. Well-adapted individuals leave more offspring than do poorly adapted individuals. 2. A change occurs in the environment. 3. Genetic frequencies within the population change. 4. Poorly adapted individuals have decreased survivorship.

2 → 4 → 1 → 3

Fireflies are a group of insects that possess a lantern organ composed of numerous light-producing cells (photocytes) in their abdomens. The light is produced by a chemical reaction involving the light-emitting organic compound luciferin. In each photocyte, luciferin is activated in an ATP-dependent reaction that is catalyzed by the enzyme luciferase. In the presence of oxygen, the activated luciferin emits light as it is converted to oxyluciferin. The flashes of light are controlled by neurons that innervate the lantern organ. Activated neurons stimulate the release of nitric oxide (NO), an inhibitor of the electron transport chain. Required:Identify the main source of the ATP used for activating luciferin

ATP comes from the breakdown of glucose in mitochondria of the cell in the process of aerobic respiration. The main source of ATP that is used for the activation of luciferin comes from the breakdown of glucose molecules in the mitochondria which is also known as powerhouse of the cell. The fireflies or other insects do aerobic respiration which is responsible for the production of ATP molecules in the presence of oxygen. A chemical reaction that occur inside fireflies enables them to light up through a process called bioluminescence. A glow is emitted when oxygen, calcium, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and luciferin pigments combines in the presence of the enzyme luciferase so we can conclude that ATP comes from the breakdown of glucose in mitochondria of the cell in the process of aerobic respiration.

A large population of laboratory animals has been allowed to breed randomly for a number of generations. After several generations, 25% of the animals display a recessive trait (aa), the same percentage as at the beginning of the breeding program. The rest of the animals show the dominant phenotype, with heterozygotes indistinguishable from the homozygous dominants.What is the most reasonable conclusion that can be drawn from the fact that the frequency of the recessive trait (aa) has not changed over time?A) The population is undergoing genetic drift.B) The two phenotypes are about equally adaptive under laboratory conditions.C) The genotype AA is lethal.D) There has been a high rate of mutation of allele A to allele a.E) There has been sexual selection favoring allele a.

B) The two phenotypes are about equally adaptive under laboratory conditions.

A current challenge for doctors involves the bacterial strain Clostridioides difficile, which no longer responds to traditional antibiotic treatments.Which of the following best explains why this particular strain of bacteria is resistant to antibiotic treatment?AMutations creating new alleles occur more frequently in this species of bacteria than in other species.BThe bacteria have high genetic variability and high reproductive rates.CCrossing over during meiosis increased genetic variability in the bacteria.DThe bacteria are able to recognize and destroy the antibiotics by breaking them down extracellularly.

B. The bacteria have high genetic variability and high reproductive rates.

A large population of laboratory animals has been allowed to breed randomly for a number of generations. After several generations, 25% of the animals display a recessive trait (aa), the same percentage as at the beginning of the breeding program. The rest of the animals show the dominant phenotype, with heterozygotes indistinguishable from the homozygous dominants.What proportion of the population is probably heterozygous (Aa) for this trait?A) 0.05B) 0.25C) 0.50D) 0.75

C) 0.50

The bird, Parus major, is commonly found in man-made habitats. During the summer these birds primarily feed on insects, and in the winter, when insects are scarce, they forage in gardens and bird feeders for seeds, nuts, and berries. Recently, climate change has led to a decrease in food available from gardens, and scientists have observed that the average beak length of the birds has increased.Which of the following best explains the directional shift in beak length in these birds?ALonger beaks allow the birds to better fend off predators.BLonger beaks increase the fitness of the birds in wild habitats.CLonger beaks allow the birds to better access seeds in bird feeders.DLonger beaks decrease the fitness of the birds in wild habitats.

CLonger beaks allow the birds to better access seeds in bird feeders.

Of the following, which is the best next step for the researchers to best determine the long-term effectiveness of these insecticides with regards to the development of resistance?

Continue treating the three insect populations with the same insecticides and determine whether their efficiencies decline significantly after several generations.

Over many generations, two populations of the same species can diverge into separate species through reproductive isolation. The figures below represent a model of speciation and show the results of matings between individuals from two diverging populations at four different stages of speciation. The males represented in the model are heterogametic, which means they have two different sex-determining chromosomes,Figure 1 shows the results of a mating between a male and a female from the two populations. In each subsequent figure, the males are from one of the diverging populations and the females are from the other population. The fertility and viability of the offspring from each mating are indicated in the figuresBased on the model of speciation presented, which of the following describes the most likely consequence to the populations over time?

Hybrid individuals are less likely to pass their genetic information on to subsequent generations.

Researchers have undertaken a long-term study of populations of rock pocket mice, Chaetodipus intermedius, in Arizona and New Mexico. Rock pocket mouse fur is either dark or light in color. Most of the populations studied live in areas with light-colored granite rocks; however, some areas are dominated by dark-colored rocks from ancient lava flows. Researchers collected mice from six sites in Arizona and recorded their coat colors. Figure 1 shows the study sites, the rock colors, and the distribution of coat colors. In the Arizona populations, the melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) gene is responsible for coat color phenotype (light or dark). The MC1RD allele, which results in a dark coat, is dominant to the d allele. Researchers collected samples of mice from all six study sites and sequenced the MC1R gene. They also collected mice with dark coats from a location in New Mexico, the Carrizozo lava flow, to determine if the MC1Rgene was also responsible for the dark coat colors observed in that population. The rock pocket mouse population in Carrizozo is isolated from the populations in Arizona. Table 1 presents the genotypic data from sampled mice from all seven locations. The researchers determined that the East lava flow population is not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Which of the following best explains why the population is not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

Researchers have undertaken a long-term study of populations of rock pocket mice, Chaetodipus intermedius, in Arizona and New Mexico. Rock pocket mouse fur is either dark or light in color. Most of the populations studied live in areas with light-colored granite rocks; however, some areas are dominated by dark-colored rocks from ancient lava flows. Researchers collected mice from six sites in Arizona and recorded their coat colors. Figure 1 shows the study sites, the rock colors, and the distribution of coat colors. In the Arizona populations, the melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) gene is responsible for coat color phenotype (light or dark). The MC1RD allele, which results in a dark coat, is dominant to the d allele. Researchers collected samples of mice from all six study sites and sequenced the MC1R gene. They also collected mice with dark coats from a location in New Mexico, the Carrizozo lava flow, to determine if the MC1Rgene was also responsible for the dark coat colors observed in that population. The rock pocket mouse population in Carrizozo is isolated from the populations in Arizona. Table 1 presents the genotypic data from sampled mice from all seven locations. The researchers determined that the East lava flow population is not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.Which of the following best explains why the population is not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

In eastern gray squirrels, Sciurus carolinensis, the allele for black fur (B) is dominant to the allele for gray fur (b). In a particular population of gray squirrels, 64% have black fur and 36% have gray fur. A researcher calculated the allelic frequencies to be B=0.4 and b=0.6. Five years later, the researcher returned to the location and determined the allelic frequencies within the squirrel population to be B=0.6B and b=0.4b. Which of the following could best explain the increase in the frequency of the B allele in the population after five years?

The frequency of the B allele increased due to the selective pressures of the environment.

Evolution is one of the unifying themes of biology.....

https://secure-media.collegeboard.org/apc/ap08_biology_form_b_q3.pdf

Some cells release active signaling proteins when membrane-bound precursor proteins are cleaved by proteolytic enzymes. The signaling proteins can then bind to receptors on the surface of a target sell, thereby activating intracellular signaling pathway and eliciting a response from the target cell. This mechanism of activating receptor binding signaling proteins has been observed in a variety of organisms from bacteria to humans. Many of the enzyme responsible for proteolysis of membrane-bound precursor proteins have been isolated and characterized. Which of the following questions would be most appropriate to investigate whether the proteolytic enzyme's are evolutionarily conserved among species?

if proteolytic enzyme from one species is incubated with a precursor protein from another species, does correct cleavage occur?

Which of the following mechanisms could most likely account for the origin of species B in Lake I?

sympatric speciation

Researchers have undertaken a long-term study of populations of rock pocket mice, Chaetodipus intermedius, in Arizona and New Mexico. Rock pocket mouse fur is either dark or light in color. Most of the populations studied live in areas with light-colored granite rocks; however, some areas are dominated by dark-colored rocks from ancient lava flows. Researchers collected mice from six sites in Arizona and recorded their coat colors. Figure 1 shows the study sites, the rock colors, and the distribution of coat colors. In the Arizona populations, the melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) gene is responsible for coat color phenotype (light or dark). The MC1RD allele, which results in a dark coat, is dominant to the d allele. Researchers collected samples of mice from all six study sites and sequenced the MC1R gene. They also collected mice with dark coats from a location in New Mexico, the Carrizozo lava flow, to determine if the MC1Rgene was also responsible for the dark coat colors observed in that population. The rock pocket mouse population in Carrizozo is isolated from the populations in Arizona. Table 1 presents the genotypic data from sampled mice from all seven locations. Owls (primary predators of rock pocket mice) are nocturnal visual predators that are able to distinguish effectively between dark and light colors in low-light conditions. Which of the following best explains the relationship between coat color and predation rate in the rock pocket mouse population on the lava flow rocks with respect to the different coat color phenotypes?

A dark coat color provides camouflage to mice on the lava flow rocks; therefore, mice with dark coats have a lower predation rate in that habitat.

A moth's color is controlled by two alleles, G and g, at a single locus. G (gray) is dominant to g (white). A large population of moths was studied, and the frequency of the G allele in the population over time was documented, as shown in the figure below. In 1980 a random sample of 2,000 pupae was collected and moths were allowed to emerge. (Diagram for #109-110)Assuming that the population was in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for the G locus, what was the frequency of allele G in the gray moths that emerged in 1980?

B) 0.50

A moth's color is controlled by two alleles, G and g, at a single locus. G (gray) is dominant to g (white). A large population of moths was studied, and the frequency of the G allele in the population over time was documented, as shown in the figure below. In 1980 a random sample of 2,000 pupae was collected and moths were allowed to emerge. (Diagram for #106-110)Which of the following is the most likely reason for the observed differences in the frequency of the G allele between 1965 and 1972?

C) Selection against gray phenotypes

Researchers have undertaken a long-term study of populations of rock pocket mice, Chaetodipus intermedius, in Arizona and New Mexico. Rock pocket mouse fur is either dark or light in color. Most of the populations studied live in areas with light-colored granite rocks; however, some areas are dominated by dark-colored rocks from ancient lava flows. Researchers collected mice from six sites in Arizona and recorded their coat colors. Figure 1 shows the study sites, the rock colors, and the distribution of coat colors. In the Arizona populations, the melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) gene is responsible for coat color phenotype (light or dark). The MC1RD allele, which results in a dark coat, is dominant to the d allele. Researchers collected samples of mice from all six study sites and sequenced the MC1R gene. They also collected mice with dark coats from a location in New Mexico, the Carrizozo lava flow, to determine if the MC1Rgene was also responsible for the dark coat colors observed in that population. The rock pocket mouse population in Carrizozo is isolated from the populations in Arizona. Table 1 presents the genotypic data from sampled mice from all seven locations. Which of the following best describes the processes occurring between the mouse populations and their environments?

Dark color is selected for in mice from the West, Mid, and East populations.

African elephants, Loxodonta africana, are often hunted illegally for their tusks. Both male and female elephants have tusks, although the tusks are much larger in the males. Researchers have followed the elephant population in Gorongosa National Park in Mozambique for many years. Figure 1 shows the percent of tuskless female elephants expected in wild populations throughout the species' range, as well as the percent of tuskless females that survived the hunting between 1977 and 1992 (those over 25 years old) and the percent of female elephants born after 1992 without tusks in the park. The data are based on 200 known female elephants in the park.Which of the following best describes the process responsible for the change in the percent of tuskless female elephants in the Gorongosa National Park population shown in Figure 1 ?

Human hunting of elephants with tusks between 1977 and 1992.

Scientists investigated the role that beak depth plays in the ability of one species of seed-eating finch to reproduce. The scientists calculated the average beak depth of finches in mating pairs and then observed whether or not the pairs produced at least one offspring that survived to the next season. The data are represented in Figure 1.Based on the data in Figure 1, which of the following best describes the concept illustrated?

Parental pairs with a specific beak depth had the highest reproductive fitness.

The California newt, Taricha torosa, lives in the coastal areas around Los Angeles. Which of the following is a valid null hypothesis relating fitness to survival of a bottleneck event in a coastal area where a small, isolated population of California newts resides?

Surviving the bottleneck event will be random, so any change in the allelic frequencies of the salamander population is not attributed to fitness.

Researchers have undertaken a long-term study of populations of rock pocket mice, Chaetodipus intermedius, in Arizona and New Mexico. Rock pocket mouse fur is either dark or light in color. Most of the populations studied live in areas with light-colored granite rocks; however, some areas are dominated by dark-colored rocks from ancient lava flows. Researchers collected mice from six sites in Arizona and recorded their coat colors. Figure 1 shows the study sites, the rock colors, and the distribution of coat colors. In the Arizona populations, the melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) gene is responsible for coat color phenotype (light or dark). The MC1RD allele, which results in a dark coat, is dominant to the d allele. Researchers collected samples of mice from all six study sites and sequenced the MC1R gene. They also collected mice with dark coats from a location in New Mexico, the Carrizozo lava flow, to determine if the MC1Rgene was also responsible for the dark coat colors observed in that population. The rock pocket mouse population in Carrizozo is isolated from the populations in Arizona. Table 1 presents the genotypic data from sampled mice from all seven locations. Based on the data in Table 1, which of the following best describes the relationship between the MC1R gene and coat color in the Carrizozo, New Mexico, rock pocket mouse population?

The MC1RD allele is not responsible for dark coat color in the Carrizozo population, so the dark coat color is likely a result of convergent evolution.

Researchers have undertaken a long-term study of populations of rock pocket mice, Chaetodipus intermedius, in Arizona and New Mexico. Rock pocket mouse fur is either dark or light in color. Most of the populations studied live in areas with light-colored granite rocks; however, some areas are dominated by dark-colored rocks from ancient lava flows. Researchers collected mice from six sites in Arizona and recorded their coat colors. Figure 1 shows the study sites, the rock colors, and the distribution of coat colors. In the Arizona populations, the melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) gene is responsible for coat color phenotype (light or dark). The MC1RD allele, which results in a dark coat, is dominant to the d allele. Researchers collected samples of mice from all six study sites and sequenced the MC1R gene. They also collected mice with dark coats from a location in New Mexico, the Carrizozo lava flow, to determine if the MC1Rgene was also responsible for the dark coat colors observed in that population. The rock pocket mouse population in Carrizozo is isolated from the populations in Arizona. Table 1 presents the genotypic data from sampled mice from all seven locations. The researchers built an enclosure to prevent migration into and out of the O'Neill rock pocket mouse population for a period of two years.Which of the following best predicts the effect of the enclosure on the O'Neill population?

The frequency of the MC1RDMC1RD allele will decline due to natural selection.

A famous study from the nineteenth century involves the peppered moth, Biston betularia, commonly found in Great Britain and Ireland. At that time, the moths, normally white with black speckles, known as the peppered variety, became less common than the solid black variety. The population was predominantly black throughout the nineteenth century. By the end of the twentieth century, the peppered version of the moth was again more common than the black version.Which of the following best explains the phenotypic pattern in the moths over time?

The increased air pollution of the nineteenth century due to the use of coal led to a darkening of surfaces from soot. The darker backgrounds conferred a selective advantage to the black variety, as described by natural selection. A shift to less polluting fuel in the twentieth led to cleaner air and a lightening of the moth's normal habitat.

Goats and sheep belong to the same family but different genera. While they often live together in the same pastures, the hybrid offspring that are occasionally produced between the two species rarely survive. When such a hybrid does survive, it is usually sterile. Which of the following best explains the mechanism that maintains reproductive isolation between goats and sheep?

The two species have a different number of chromosomes, resulting in a post zygotic barrier

A moth's color is controlled by two alleles, G and g, at a single locus. G (gray) is dominant to g (white). A large population of moths was studied, and the frequency of the G allele in the population over time was documented, as shown in the figure below. In 1980 a random sample of 2,000 pupae was collected and moths were allowed to emerge. (Diagram for #106-110)Assuming that the population was in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for the G locus, what percentage of moths in the natural population was white in 1962?

b. 4%

Lobe finned fishes were present in the oceans of the world approximately 400 million years ago. The first tetrapods ( vertebrates that had limbs and could move on land) date to about 365 million years ago. One hypothesis states that early tetrapods evolved from lobed-finned fishes. Which of the following is the best plan for testing the hypothesis? a. Determining the number of fins found on the lobe-finned fishes from different geographical locations b. Measuring the proportion of radioisotopes found in fossils of early tetrapods c. Comparing the arrangements of bones in the fins of lobe-finned fishes and limbs d. Sequencing DNA isolated from fossils of lobe-finned fishes to determine the size of the genome

c. Comparing the arrangements of bones in the fins of lobe-finned fishes and limbs

A moth's color is controlled by two alleles, G and g, at a single locus. G (gray) is dominant to g (white). A large population of moths was studied, and the frequency of the G allele in the population over time was documented, as shown in the figure below. In 1980 a random sample of 2,000 pupae was collected and moths were allowed to emerge. (Diagram for #106-110)Assuming that the population was in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for the G locus, what percentage of the gray moths that emerged in 1980 was heterozygous?

d. 67%