ap bio-unit two

Simple cuboidal epithelial cells line the ducts of certain human exocrine glands, Various materials are transported into or out of the cells by diffusion. (The formula for the surface area of a cube is 6 X S?, and the formula for the volume of a cube is S°, where S = the length of a side of the cube.) Which of the following cube-shaped cells would be most efficient in removing waste by diffusion?

10 (smallest cube)

matching:) 19.Site of glucose synthesis 20. Site of conversion of chemical energy of glucose to ATP 21. Site of modification and packaging of proteins and lipids prior to export from the cell 22. Site of transport of materials into and out of the cell 23. Evolved from a photoautotrophic prokaryote

19. Cytoplasm 20.Mitochondria 21.Golgi body 22.Membrane 23. Cytoplasm

Intact cells of two unknown cell types were placed into solutions with different concentrations of NaCl. Type I cells swelled and burst in the solution with the lowest concentration of NaCI. Type Il cells swelled but did not burst in the solution with the lowest concentration of NaCl. Which of the following descriptions of cell type I and cell type Il are most consistent with the data?

A. (look at google doc)

Which of the following groups of cellular components are found in eukaryotic cells but not prokaryotic cells?

An endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and a nucleus

A student formulated a hypothesis that water-soluble pollutants damage living organisms by increasing the permeability of cellular membranes. To test the hypothesis, the student investigated the effect of isopropanol and acetone on beet root extracellular environment as a result of increased membrane permeability. The student prepared identical samples of beet root tissue and incubated each sample for 15 minutes in the specific solution for that group. At the end of the incubation period, the student measured the absorbance of 460 nm light for each sample. A greater concentration of betaeyanin in the solution surrounding the beet root cells results in a greater absorbance of 460 nm light. The results of the experiment are shown in the table above. Which of the following graphs is the most appropriate representation of the experimental data?

Bar graph with the standard deviation

Bacteriophages are viruses that infect bacteria. In an experiment, bacteriophages were labeled with either radioactive phosphorus or radioactive sulfur. The labeled bacteriophages were incubated with bacteria for a brief amount of time and then removed. The infected bacteria cells were found to contain significant amounts of radioactive phosphorus but not radioactive sulfur. Based on the results of the experiment, which of the following types of molecules did the bacteriophages most likely inject into the bacteria cells?

DNA

Which of the following describes the most likely location of cholesterol in an animal cell?

Embedded in the plasma membrane

Liver cells manufacture glycoproteins, while adipose cells store fat. Which of the following sub-cellular structures is likely to be more prominent in liver cells than in adipose cells?

Golgi apparatus

The illustration above is a model of a typical beet toot cell. Based on the experimental results, which of the following best represents the effect of acetone on the permeability of cellular membranes?

Ions outside of the cell (picture)

Which of the following processes is most likely to occur as a result of an animal cell receiving a signal to initiate apoptosis?

Lysosomes will release digestive enzymes into the cytosol.

The manner in which several different ions and molecules move through a cell membrane is shown in the diagram above. For each ion or molecule, the relative concentration on each side of the membrane is indicated. Which of the following accurately describes one of the movements taking place?

Na transport out of the cell requires ATP hydrolysis.

Ultraviolet (UV) radiation can damage DNA by breaking weak bonds. Which of the following best explains how this occurs

UV radiation disrupts the double helix structure by breaking the hydrogen bonds between the nitrogenous base pairs.

Membrane-bound organelles have been an important component in the evolution of complex, multicellular organism. Which of the following best summarizes an advantage of eukaryotic cells having internal membranes

Organelles isolate specific reactions, increasing metabolic efficiency.

The figure above represents a rough endoplasmic reticulum. Which of the following best describes the role of the structure labeled 1?

Structure Y is the location where proteins are synthesized.

Which of the following is the dependent variable in the experiment?

The absorbance of 460 nm light by the treatment solutions

Which of the following best describes the hydrolysis of carbohydrates?

The addition of a water molecule breaks a covalent bond between sugar monomers.

Paramecia are unicellular protists that have contractile vacuoles to remove excess intracellular water. In an experimental investigation, paramecia were placed in salt solutions of increasing osmolarity. The rate at which the contractile vacuole contracted to pump out excess water was determined and plotted against osmolarity of the solutions, as shown in the graph. Which of the following is the correct explanation for the data?

The contraction rate increases as the osmolarity decreases

In an experiment, the efficiency of oxygen exchange across the plasma membrane is being assessed in four artificial red blood cells. The table above lists some properties of those artificial cells. Other conditions being equal, which artificial cell is predicted to be the most efficient in exchanging oxygen with the environment by diffusion?

The cuboidal cell

The diagram above represents a typical rod-shaped bacterium. Which of the following best describes a feature shown in the diagram that is unique to archaea and bacteria?

The organism does not have a nuclear membrane surrounding its genetic material.

A human kidney filters about 200 liters of blood each day. Approximately two liters of liquid and nutrient waste are excreted as urine. The remaining fluid and dissolved substances are reabsorbed and continue to circulate throughout the body. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is secreted in response to reduced plasma volume. ADH targets the collecting ducts in the kidney, stimulating the insertion of aquaporins into their plasma membranes and an increased reabsorption of water. If ADH secretion is inhibited, which of the following would initially result?

The person would produce greater amounts of dilute urine.

A scientist designed an experiment to test an artificial membrane that mimics the phospholipid bilayer of a cell. The scientist built a tube that was divided by an artificial membrane and filled with distilled water. The scientist put a known amount of a protein into the water on one side of the membrane. After some time, the scientist measured the concentration of the protein on either side of the membrane but found that there had been no change. Which of the following experimental changes would allow the scientist to observe transport of a solute across the artificial membrane?

Use a small, nonpolar solute instead of a protein

A sample of human blood was placed in a test tube containing a physiological saline solution (0.9% sodium chloride). This type of solution is often used intravenously to quickly rehydrate patients. A drop of the blood from the test tube was placed on a side and red blood cells (RBs) were observed under a microscope. Three possible vulcomes are diagrammed below

View 2 because the rate of water movement into the RBCs equals the rate of water movement out of the cells

. Based on the data from the investigation, which of the following is the best scientific question about organisms living in water that is polluted with organic solvents?

Will organisms living in polluted environments exhibit detrimental effects from an increased permeability of their cellular membranes?

Which of the following are statements true regarding the movement of substances across cell membranes?

lons are unable to move through the phospholipid bilayer because the nonpolar tail regions of the phospholipids are hydrophobic.

Humans produce sweat as a cooling mechanism to maintain a stable internal temperature. Which of the following best explains how the properties of water contribute to this physiological process?

the high heat of vaporization of water allows the body to remove excess heat through a phase change of water from liquid to gas.

The student analyzed the data from the investigation and concluded that the estimate of the mean of one treatment group was unreliable. Which of the following identifies the treatment group most likely to have provided an unreliable estimate of the mean, and correctly explains why the estimate appears unreliable?

treatment group2: it has a lower than expected mean absorbance and the largest standard error of the means